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Habas K, Brinkworth MH, Anderson D. A male germ cell assay and supporting somatic cells: its application for the detection of phase specificity of genotoxins in vitro. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:91-106. [PMID: 32046612 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1724577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Male germ stem cells are responsible for transmission of genetic information to the next generation. Some chemicals exert a negative impact on male germ cells, either directly, or indirectly affecting them through their action on somatic cells. Ultimately, these effects might inhibit fertility, and may exhibit negative consequences on future offspring. Genotoxic anticancer agents may interact with DNA in germ cells potentially leading to a heritable germline mutation. Experimental information in support of this theory has not always been reproducible and suitable in vivo studies remain limited. Thus, alternative male germ cell tests, which are now able to detect phase specificity of such agents, might be used by regulatory agencies to help evaluate the potential risk of mutation. However, there is an urgent need for such approaches for identification of male reproductive genotoxins since this area has until recently been dependent on in vivo studies. Many factors drive alternative approaches, including the (1) commitment to the principles of the 3R's (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), (2) time-consuming nature and high cost of animal experiments, and (3) new opportunities presented by new molecular analytical assays. There is as yet currently no apparent appropriate model of full mammalian spermatogenesis in vitro, under the REACH initiative, where new tests introduced to assess genotoxicity and mutagenicity need to avoid unnecessary testing on animals. Accordingly, a battery of tests used in conjunction with the high throughput STAPUT gravity sedimentation was recently developed for purification of male germ cells to investigate genotoxicity for phase specificity in germ cells. This system might be valuable for the examination of phases previously only available in mammals with large-scale studies of germ cell genotoxicity in vivo. The aim of this review was to focus on this alternative approach and its applications as well as on chemicals of known in vivo phase specificities used during this test system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Habas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Diana Anderson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Zhang X, Gan X, E Q, Zhang Q, Ye Y, Cai Y, Han A, Tian M, Wang Y, Wang C, Su L, Liang C. Ameliorative effects of nano-selenium against NiSO 4-induced apoptosis in rat testes. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:467-477. [PMID: 31050317 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1611979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) is a common environmental pollutant, which has toxic effects on reproductive system. Nowadays, nano-selenium (Nano-Se) has aroused great attention due to its unique antioxidant effect, excellent biological activities and low toxicity. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of Nano-Se on NiSO4-induced testicular injury and apoptosis in rat testes. Nickel sulfate (NiSO4) (5 mg/kg b.w.) was administered intraperitoneally and Nano-Se (0.5, 1, and 2 mg Se/kg b.w., respectively) was given by oral gavage in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Histological changes in the testes were determined by H&E staining. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the apoptosis in testes. Expression levels of mitochondrial apoptosis-related genes and proteins were analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The results showed that Nano-Se improved lesions of testicular tissue induced by NiSO4. Nano-Se significantly alleviated NiSO4-induced apoptosis in rat testes, as well as significantly downregulated the Bak, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3 and upregulated Bcl-2 expression levels, all of which were involved in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Altogether, we concluded that Nano-Se may potentially exert protective effects on NiSO4-induced testicular injury and attenuate apoptosis, at least partly, via regulating mitochondrial apoptosis pathways in rat testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhang
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Xiaoqin Gan
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Qiannan E
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yixing Ye
- b Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , China
| | - Yunyu Cai
- b Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , China
| | - Aijie Han
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Minmin Tian
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Caixia Wang
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Li Su
- a Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Changhao Liang
- b Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , China
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Toolee H, Rastegar T, Solhjoo S, Mortezaee K, Mohammadipour M, Kashani IR, Akbari M. Roles for Kisspeptin in proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells isolated from mice offspring when the cells are cocultured with somatic cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5042-5054. [PMID: 30269376 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kp) expression in testis has caused most of the recent research surveying its functional role in this organ. This peptide influences spermatogenesis and sperm capacitation, so it is considered as a regulator of reproduction. Kp roles exert through hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis. We aimed to evaluate direct roles for Kp on proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells (SCs) when the cells are cocultured with somatic cells. Somatic cells and SCs were isolated from adult azoospermic and newborn mice and then enriched using a differential attachment technique. After the evaluation of identity and colonization for SCs, the cells were cocultured with somatic cells, and three doses of Kp (10-8 -10-6 M) was assessed on proliferation (through evaluation of MVH and ID4 markers) and differentiation (via evaluation of c-Kit and SCP3 , TP1, TP2 , and, Prm1 markers) of the coculture system. Investigations were continued for four succeeding weeks. At the end of each level of testosterone in the culture media was also evaluated. We found positive influence from Kp on proliferative and differentiative markers in SCs cocultured with somatic cells. These effects were dose-dependent. There was no effect for Kp on testosterone level. From our findings, we simply conclude that Kp as a neuropeptide for influencing central part of reproductive axis could also positively affect peripheral processes related to spermatogenesis without having an effect on steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Toolee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Rastegar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Solhjoo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mohammadipour
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Regerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Habas K, Brinkworth MH, Anderson D. Silver nanoparticle-mediated cellular responses in isolated primary Sertoli cells in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:182-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Habas K, Brinkworth MH, Anderson D. Diethylstilbestrol induces oxidative DNA damage, resulting in apoptosis of spermatogonial stem cells in vitro. Toxicology 2017; 382:117-121. [PMID: 28315349 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
) in SSCs was detected using p-Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) assay. The viability of cells after DES treatment was examined in the CCK8 (cell counting kit-8) cytotoxicity assay. The results showed that DES-induced DNA damage causes an increase in intracellular superoxide anions which are reduced by the flavonoid, quercetin. Investigating the molecular mechanisms and biology of SSCs provides a better understanding of spermatogonial stem cell regulation in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Habas
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Martin H Brinkworth
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Diana Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.
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Habas K, Brinkworth MH, Anderson D. In vitro responses to known in vivo genotoxic agents in mouse germ cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:99-107. [PMID: 28205273 DOI: 10.1002/em.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic compounds have induced DNA damage in male germ cells and have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes including enhanced risks for maternal, paternal and offspring health. DNA strand breaks represent a great threat to the genomic integrity of germ cells. Such integrity is essential to maintain spermatogenesis and prevent reproduction failure. The Comet assay results revealed that the incubation of isolated germ cells with n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (ENU), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) led to increase in length of Olive tail moment and % tail DNA when compared with the untreated control cells and these effects were concentration-dependent. All compounds were significantly genotoxic in cultured germ cells. Exposure of isolated germ cells to ENU produced the highest concentration-related increase in both DNA damage and gene expression changes in spermatogonia. Spermatocytes were most sensitive to 6-MP, with DNA damage and gene expression changes while spermatids were particularly susceptible to MMS. Real-time PCR results showed that the mRNA level expression of p53 increased and bcl-2 decreased significantly with the increasing ENU, 6-MP and MMS concentrations in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids respectively for 24 hr. Both are gene targets for DNA damage response and apoptosis. These observations may help explain the cell alterations caused by ENU, 6-MP and MMS in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids. Taken together, ENU, 6-MP and MMS induced DNA damage and decreased apoptosis associated gene expression in the germ cells in vitro. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:99-107, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Habas
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Martin H Brinkworth
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Anderson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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Habas K, Anderson D, Brinkworth MH. Germ cell responses to doxorubicin exposure in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Habas K, Anderson D, Brinkworth M. Detection of phase specificity of in vivo germ cell mutagens in an in vitro germ cell system. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:1-10. [PMID: 27059372 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo tests for male reproductive genotoxicity are time consuming, resource-intensive and their use should be minimised according to the principles of the 3Rs. Accordingly, we investigated the effects in vitro, of a variety of known, phase-specific germ cell mutagens, i.e., pre-meiotic, meiotic, and post-meiotic genotoxins, on rat spermatogenic cell types separated using Staput unit-gravity velocity sedimentation, evaluating DNA damage using the Comet assay. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (spermatogenic phase), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (5-BrdU) (meiotic phase), methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) (post-meiotic phase) were selected for use as they are potent male rodent, germ cell mutagens in vivo. DNA damage was detected directly using the Comet assay and indirectly using the TUNEL assay. Treatment of the isolated cells with ENU and MNU produced the greatest concentration-related increase in DNA damage in spermatogonia. Spermatocytes were most sensitive to 6-MP and 5-BrdU while spermatids were particularly susceptible to MMS and EMS. Increases were found when measuring both Olive tail moment (OTM) and% tail DNA, but the greatest changes were in OTM. Parallel results were found with the TUNEL assay, which showed highly significant, concentration dependent effects of all these genotoxins on spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids in the same way as for DNA damage. The specific effects of these chemicals on different germ cell types matches those produced in vivo. This approach therefore shows potential for use in the detection of male germ cell genotoxicity and could contribute to the reduction of the use of animals in such toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Habas
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Diana Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Martin Brinkworth
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Richmond Road, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK.
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Sun H, Wu W, Guo J, Xiao R, Jiang F, Zheng L, Zhang G. Effects of nickel exposure on testicular function, oxidative stress, and male reproductive dysfunction in Spodoptera litura Fabricius. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:178-187. [PMID: 26807937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nickel is an environmental pollutant that adversely affects the male reproductive system. In the present study, the effects of nickel exposure on Spodoptera litura Fabricius were investigated by feeding larvae artificial diets containing different doses of nickel for three generations. Damage to testes and effects on male reproduction were examined. The amount of nickel that accumulated in the testes of newly emerged males increased as the nickel dose in the diet increased during a single generation. Nickel exposure increased the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and decreased the amount of glutathione in treatment groups compared with the control. The activity levels of the antioxidant response indices superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the testes showed variable dose-dependent relationships with nickel doses and duration of exposure. Nickel doses also disrupted the development of the testes by decreasing the weight and volume of testes and the number of eupyrene and apyrene sperm bundles in treatment groups compared with the control. When the nickel-treated males mated with normal females, fecundity was inhibited by the higher nickel doses in all three generations, but fecundity significantly increased during the second generation, which received 5 mg kg(-1) nickel. Hatching rates in all treatments significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the three successive generations. The effects of nickel on these parameters correlated with the duration of nickel exposure. Results indicate assays of testes may be a novel and efficient means of evaluating the effects of heavy metals on phytophagous insects in an agricultural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Wenjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jixing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fengze Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lingyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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