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Liu G, Walsh PJ, Mao J. Alkaline-Metal-Catalyzed One-Pot Aminobenzylation of Aldehydes with Toluenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:8514-8518. [PMID: 31542933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel and easily accessible MN(SiMe3)2 (M = Li or Na)/Cs2CO3 co-catalyzed benzylation of in situ generated N-(trimethylsilyl) aldimines with toluene derivatives has been successfully developed. The catalyst exhibits high chemoselectivity for deprotonation of toluenes at the benzylic position. The utility of this system is exemplified by the one-pot synthesis of a diverse array of bioactive 1,2-diarylethylamines with excellent efficiency and broad functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , P.R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , P.R. China
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Wagmann L, Richter LHJ, Kehl T, Wack F, Bergstrand MP, Brandt SD, Stratford A, Maurer HH, Meyer MR. In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4751-4763. [PMID: 30617391 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The market of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is characterized by a high turnover and thus provides several challenges for analytical toxicology. The analysis of urine samples often requires detailed knowledge about metabolism given that parent compounds either may be present only in small amounts or may not even be excreted. Hence, knowledge of the metabolism of NPS is a prerequisite for the development of reliable analytical methods. The main aim of this work was to elucidate for the first time the pooled human liver S9 fraction metabolism of the nine d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives 1-acetyl-LSD (ALD-52), 1-propionyl-LSD (1P-LSD), 1-butyryl-LSD (1B-LSD), N6-ethyl-nor-LSD (ETH-LAD), 1-propionyl-N6-ethyl-nor-LSD (1P-ETH-LAD), N6-allyl-nor-LSD (AL-LAD), N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide (ECPLA), (2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ), and lysergic acid morpholide (LSM-775) by means of liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Identification of the monooxygenase enzymes involved in the initial metabolic steps was performed using recombinant human enzymes and their contribution confirmed by inhibition experiments. Overall, N-dealkylation and hydroxylation, as well as combinations of these steps predominantly catalyzed by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, were found. For ALD-52, 1P-LSD, and 1B-LSD, deacylation to LSD was observed. The obtained mass spectral data of all metabolites are essential for reliable analytical detection particularly in urinalysis and for differentiation of the LSD-like compounds as biotransformations also led to structurally identical metabolites. However, in urine of rats after the administration of expected recreational doses and using standard urine screening approaches, parent drugs or metabolites could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lilian H J Richter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kehl
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Wack
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Pettersson Bergstrand
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byron Street, Liverpool, L33AF, UK
| | | | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Wang Z, Zheng Z, Xu X, Mao J, Walsh PJ. One-pot aminobenzylation of aldehydes with toluenes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3365. [PMID: 30135427 PMCID: PMC6105668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amines are fundamental motifs in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Using simple toluene derivatives, a one-pot aminobenzylation of aldehydes is introduced that provides rapid access to amines. Simply combining benzaldehydes, toluenes, NaN(SiMe3)2, and additive Cs(O2CCF3) (0.35 equiv.) generates a diverse array of 1,2-diarylethylamine derivatives (36 examples, 56-98% yield). Furthermore, suitably functionalized 1,2-diarylethylamines were transformed into 2-aryl-substituted indoline derivatives via Buchwald-Hartwig amination. It is proposed that the successful deprotonation of toluene by MN(SiMe3)2 is facilitated by cation-π interactions between the arene and the group(I) cation that acidify the benzylic C-Hs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China.
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China.
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Wang S, Tang X, Yang T, Xu J, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu L. Predicted contributions of cytochrome P450s to drug metabolism in human liver microsomes using relative activity factor were dependent on probes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:161-168. [PMID: 29375004 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1433902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Contributions of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms to drug metabolism are often predicted using relative activity factor (RAF) method, assuming RAF values were independent of probe. We aimed to report probe-dependent characteristic of RAF values using CYP3A4 or CYP2C9 probes. Metabolism of four CYP3A4 probes (testosterone, midazolam, verapamil and atorvastatin) and three CYP2C9 probes (tolbutamide, diclofenac and S-warfarin) in human liver microsomes (HLM) and cDNA-expressed recombinant CYP450 (Rec-CYP450) systems were characterized and RAFCL value was estimated as ratio of probe intrinsic clearance in HLM to that in Rec-CYP450. CYP450i contributions to metabolic reaction of a probe were predicted using other probes and compared with data from specific inhibitions. Contributions of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 to metabolism of deoxypodophyllotoxin and nateglinide were also predicted. RAF values were dependent on probes, leading to probe-dependently predicted contributions. Predicted contributions of CYP3A4 to formations of 6β-hydroxytestosterone, 1'-hydroxymidazolam, norverapamil, ortho-hydroxyatorvastatin and para-hydroxyatorvastatin using other probes were 47.46-219.46%, 21.62-98.87%, 186.49-462.44%, 21.87-101.15% and 53.62-247.97%, respectively. Predicted contributions of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 to nateglinide metabolism were 8.18-37.84% and 36.08-94.04%, separately. In conclusion, CYP450i contribution to drug metabolism in HLM estimated using RAF approach were probe-dependent. Therefore, contribution of each isoform must be confirmed by multiple probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- a Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiange Tang
- a Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Tingting Yang
- a Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jiong Xu
- a Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- a Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- a Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Li Liu
- a Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Wallach J, Brandt SD. 1,2-Diarylethylamine- and Ketamine-Based New Psychoactive Substances. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 252:305-352. [PMID: 30196446 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine remain the most well-studied and widely known dissociative drugs, a number of other agents have appeared since the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the pharmacological potential of this class was first realized. For example, hundreds of compounds have been pursued as part of legitimate research efforts to explore these agents. Some of these found their way out of the research labs and onto illicit markets of the 1960s and following decades as PCP analogs. Other "illicit analogs" apparently never appeared in the scientific literature prior to their existence on clandestine markets, thus originating as novel innovations in the minds of clandestine chemists and their colleagues. Like so much else in this world, new technologies changed this dynamic. In the 1990s individuals separated by vast geographical distances could now communicate nearly instantaneously with ease through the Internet. Some individuals used this newly found opportunity to discuss the chemistry and psychoactive effects of dissociative drugs as well as to collaborate on the design and development of novel dissociative compounds. Similar to modern pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers, these seekers tinkered with the structure of their leads pursuing goals such as improved duration of action, analgesic effects, and reduced toxicity. Whether all these goals were achieved for any individual compound remains to be seen, but their creations have been let out of the bag and are now materialized as defined compositions of matter. Moreover, these creations now exist not only in and of themselves but live on further as permutations into various novel analogs and derivatives. In some cases these compounds have made their way to academic labs where potential clinical applications have been identified. These compounds reached wider distribution when other individuals picked up on these discussions and began to market them as "research chemicals" or "legal highs". The result is a continuously evolving game that is being played between legislatures, law enforcement, and research chemical market players. Two structurally distinct classes that have appeared as dissociative-based new psychoactive substances (NPS) are the 1,2-diarylethylamines and β-keto-arylcyclohexylamines. Examples of the former include diphenidine and various analogs such as fluorolintane and N-ethyl-lanicemine, and examples of the latter are analogs of ketamine such as methoxetamine, deschloroketamine, and 2-fluoro-2-deschloroketamine. The subject of this chapter is the introduction to some of the dissociative NPS from these classes and their known pharmacology that have emerged on the market in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wallach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Caspar AT, Westphal F, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. LC-high resolution-MS/MS for identification of 69 metabolites of the new psychoactive substance 1-(4-ethylphenyl-)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl] propane-2-amine (4-EA-NBOMe) in rat urine and human liver S9 incubates and comparison of its screening power with further MS techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:897-912. [PMID: 28762065 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
4-EA-NBOMe (N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-4-ethylamphetamine, 1-(4-ethylphenyl-)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]propane-2-amine) is an amphetamine-derived new psychoactive substance (NPS) of the N-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) group first seized by German custom authorities. In contrast to the phenethylamine NBOMes, studies on the pharmacological, toxicological, or metabolic properties are not yet published. The aims of the presented work were the use of LC-HR-MS/MS for identification of the phase I and II metabolites of 4-EA-NBOMe in rat urine and pooled human S9 fraction (pS9) incubations, to compare metabolite formation in both models, to identify involved monooxygenases, and to elucidate its detectability in standard urine screening approaches (SUSAs) using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MS/MS. 4-EA-NBOMe was mainly metabolized by oxidation of the ethyl group to phenyl acetaldehyde, to benzoic acid, or to phenylacetic acid, by hydroxylation, and all combined with O-demethylation as well as by glucuronidation and sulfation of the main phase I metabolites in rats. With the exception of the oxidation to benzoic acid, all main metabolic reactions could be confirmed in the incubations with pS9. In total, 36 phase I and 33 phase II metabolites could be identified. Monooxygenase activity screenings revealed the general involvement of cytochrome-P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4. An intake of 4-EA-NBOMe was detectable only via its metabolites by all SUSAs after low-dose administration. The main targets for both LC-MS screenings should be the phenylacetic acid derivative, the mandelic acid derivative both with and without additional O-demethylation, and, for GC-MS, the hydroxy metabolite after conjugate cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- Section Narcotics/Toxicology, State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Mühlenweg 166, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.
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Caspar AT, Brandt SD, Stoever AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Metabolic fate and detectability of the new psychoactive substances 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N- [(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25B-NBOMe) and 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N- [(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25C-NBOMe) in human and rat urine by GC–MS, LC–MS n , and LC–HR–MS/MS approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Michely JA, Brandt SD, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Biotransformation and detectability of the new psychoactive substances N,N-diallyltryptamine (DALT) derivatives 5-fluoro-DALT, 7-methyl-DALT, and 5,6-methylenedioxy-DALT in urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1681-1695. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Beharry S, Gibbons S. An overview of emerging and new psychoactive substances in the United Kingdom. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 267:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kang H, Park P, Bortolotto ZA, Brandt SD, Colestock T, Wallach J, Collingridge GL, Lodge D. Ephenidine: A new psychoactive agent with ketamine-like NMDA receptor antagonist properties. Neuropharmacology 2016; 112:144-149. [PMID: 27520396 PMCID: PMC5084681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To avoid legislation based on chemical structure, research chemicals, frequently used for recreational purposes, are continually being synthesized. N-Ethyl-1,2-diphenylethanamine (ephenidine) is a diarylethylamine that has recently become popular with recreational users searching for dissociative hallucinogenic effects. In the present study, the pharmacological basis of its neural actions has been investigated, initially by assessing its profile in central nervous system receptor binding assays and subsequently in targeted electrophysiological studies. Ephenidine was a potent inhibitor of 3H-MK-801 binding (Ki: 66 nM), implying that it acts at the PCP site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It also showed modest activity at dopamine (379 nM) and noradrenaline (841 nM) transporters and at sigma 1 (629 nM) and sigma 2 (722 nM) binding sites. In experiments of extracellular recording of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) from area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices, ephenidine, 1 and 10 μM, respectively, produced a 25% and a near maximal inhibition of the NMDA receptor mediated fEPSP after 4 h superfusion. By contrast, ephenidine (50 μM) did not affect the AMPA receptor mediated fEPSPs. In whole cell patch clamp recordings, from hippocampal pyramidal cells, ephenidine (10 μM) blocked NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs in a highly voltage-dependent manner. Additionally, ephenidine, 10 μM, blocked the induction of long term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 induced by theta burst stimulation. The present data show that the new psychoactive substance, ephenidine, is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist with a voltage-dependent profile similar to ketamine. Such properties help explain the dissociative, cognitive and hallucinogenic effects in man. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Ionotropic glutamate receptors’. New ‘legal high’, the dissociative ephenidine, displaces MK-801 binding. Ephenidine, like ketamine, blocks NMDA receptor mediated synaptic potentials and plasticity. Ephenidine, like ketamine, blocks the NMDA receptor in a highly voltage-dependent manner. Ephenidine blocks long-term potentiation, LTP. NMDA receptor antagonism likely underlies the psychoactive effects of ephenidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kang
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Clinical Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Pojeong Park
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Tristan Colestock
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason Wallach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - David Lodge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK.
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Maurer HH, Meyer MR. High-resolution mass spectrometry in toxicology: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2161-2172. [PMID: 27369376 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches using time-of-flight or Orbitrap techniques for research and application in various toxicology fields, particularly in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology published since 2013 and referenced in PubMed. In the introduction, an overview on applications of HRMS in various toxicology fields is given with reference to current review articles. Papers concerning HRMS in metabolism, screening, and quantification of pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, and toxins in human body samples are critically reviewed. Finally, a discussion on advantages as well as limitations and future perspectives of these methods is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wink CSD, Michely JA, Jacobsen-Bauer A, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Diphenidine, a new psychoactive substance: metabolic fate elucidated with rat urine and human liver preparations and detectability in urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1005-1014. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina S. D. Wink
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University; D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
| | - Julian A. Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University; D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
| | | | - Josef Zapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology; Saarland University; D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University; D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
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