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Macejova D, Kollar J, Bobal P, Otevrel J, Schuster D, Brtko J. Triphenyltin isoselenocyanate: a novel nuclear retinoid X receptor ligand with antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties in cell lines derived from human breast cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:3091-3106. [PMID: 38227157 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Several commercially available triorganotin compounds were previously found to function as agonist ligands for nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR) molecules. Triphenyltin isoselenocyanate (TPT-NCSe), a novel selenium atom containing a derivative of triorganotin origin, was found to represent a new cognate bioactive ligand for RXRs. TPT-NCSe displayed a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in the cell viability in both human breast carcinoma MCF-7 (estrogen receptor positive) and MDA‑MB‑231 (triple negative) cell lines. Reactive oxygen species levels generated in response to TPT-NCSe were significantly higher in both carcinoma cell lines treated with TPT-NCSe when compared to mock-treated samples. Treatment with 500 nM TPT-NCSe caused a decrease in SOD1 and increased SOD2 mRNA in MCF-7 cells. The levels of SOD2 mRNA were more increased following the treatment with TPT-NCSe along with 1 μM all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA) in MCF-7 cells. An increased superoxide dismutase SOD1 and SOD2 mRNA levels were also detected in combination treatment of 500 nM TPT-NCSe and 1 μM AtRA in TPT-NCSe-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. The data have also shown that TPT-NCSe induces apoptosis via a caspase cascade triggered by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. TPT-NCSe modulates the expression levels of apoptosis‑related proteins, Annexin A5, Bcl‑2 and BAX family proteins, and finally, it enhances the expression levels of its cognate nuclear receptor subtypes RXRalpha and RXRbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Macejova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jakub Kollar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pavel Bobal
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Otevrel
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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2
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Li B, Cai SY, Boyer JL. The role of the retinoid receptor, RAR/RXR heterodimer, in liver physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166085. [PMID: 33497820 PMCID: PMC11152086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activated by retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes, including embryo development, homeostasis, cell proliferation, differentiation and death. In this review, we summarized the functional roles of nuclear receptor RAR/RXR heterodimers in liver physiology. Specifically, RAR/RXR modulate the synthesis and metabolism of lipids and bile acids in hepatocytes, regulate cholesterol transport in macrophages, and repress fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells. We have also listed the specific genes that carry these functions and how RAR/RXR regulate their expression in liver cells, providing a mechanistic view of their roles in liver physiology. Meanwhile, we pointed out many questions regarding the detailed signaling of RAR/RXR in regulating the expression of liver genes, and hope future studies will address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixue Li
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - James L Boyer
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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3
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Anasamy T, Chee CF, Wong YF, Heh CH, Kiew LV, Lee HB, Chung LY. Triorganotin complexes in cancer chemotherapy: Mechanistic insights and future perspectives. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theebaa Anasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chin Fei Chee
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yuen Fei Wong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Choon Han Heh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Hong Boon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Subang Jaya Selangor Malaysia
| | - Lip Yong Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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4
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Brtko J, Dvorak Z. Natural and synthetic retinoid X receptor ligands and their role in selected nuclear receptor action. Biochimie 2020; 179:157-168. [PMID: 33011201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Important key players in the regulatory machinery within the cells are nuclear retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which compose heterodimers in company with several diverse nuclear receptors, playing a role as ligand inducible transcription factors. In general, nuclear receptors are ligand-activated, transcription-modulating proteins affecting transcriptional responses in target genes. RXR molecules forming permissive heterodimers with disparate nuclear receptors comprise peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstan receptor (CAR). Retinoid receptors (RARs) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) may form conditional heterodimers, and dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) is believed to form nonpermissive heterodimer. Thus, RXRs are the important molecules that are involved in control of many cellular functions in biological processes and diseases, including cancer or diabetes. This article summarizes both naturally occurring and synthetic ligands for nuclear retinoid X receptors and describes, predominantly in mammals, their role in molecular mechanisms within the cells. A focus is also on triorganotin compounds, which are high affinity RXR ligands, and finally, we present an outlook on human microbiota as a potential source of RXR activators. Nevertheless, new synthetic rexinoids with better retinoid X receptor activity and lesser side effects are highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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5
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Dvořák Z, Kopp F, Costello CM, Kemp JS, Li H, Vrzalová A, Štěpánková M, Bartoňková I, Jiskrová E, Poulíková K, Vyhlídalová B, Nordstroem LU, Karunaratne CV, Ranhotra HS, Mun KS, Naren AP, Murray IA, Perdew GH, Brtko J, Toporova L, Schön A, Wallace BD, Walton WG, Redinbo MR, Sun K, Beck A, Kortagere S, Neary MC, Chandran A, Vishveshwara S, Cavalluzzi MM, Lentini G, Cui JY, Gu H, March JC, Chatterjee S, Matson A, Wright D, Flannigan KL, Hirota SA, Sartor RB, Mani S. Targeting the pregnane X receptor using microbial metabolite mimicry. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11621. [PMID: 32153125 PMCID: PMC7136958 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human PXR (pregnane X receptor), a master regulator of drug metabolism, has essential roles in intestinal homeostasis and abrogating inflammation. Existing PXR ligands have substantial off-target toxicity. Based on prior work that established microbial (indole) metabolites as PXR ligands, we proposed microbial metabolite mimicry as a novel strategy for drug discovery that allows exploiting previously unexplored parts of chemical space. Here, we report functionalized indole derivatives as first-in-class non-cytotoxic PXR agonists as a proof of concept for microbial metabolite mimicry. The lead compound, FKK6 (Felix Kopp Kortagere 6), binds directly to PXR protein in solution, induces PXR-specific target gene expression in cells, human organoids, and mice. FKK6 significantly represses pro-inflammatory cytokine production cells and abrogates inflammation in mice expressing the human PXR gene. The development of FKK6 demonstrates for the first time that microbial metabolite mimicry is a viable strategy for drug discovery and opens the door to underexploited regions of chemical space.
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Strouhalova D, Macejova D, Mosna B, Bobal P, Otevrel J, Lastovickova M, Brtko J, Bobalova J. Down-regulation of vimentin by triorganotin isothiocyanates-nuclear retinoid X receptor agonists: A proteomic approach. Toxicol Lett 2019; 318:22-29. [PMID: 31634547 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
An attempt has been made to delineate the role of natural and synthetic retinoid receptor ligands on vimentin expression in the human triple-negative breast cancer cells. The effects of currently synthesized triorganotin derivatives of the general formula R3SnX (R is butyl or phenyl, X is isothiocyanate), which are considered RXR ligands, were investigated in the human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Studies were evaluated in the presence and absence of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a natural RAR ligand. Vimentin represents the major protein associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential process when the primary tumour transforms into a malignant one. mRNA and proteomic data obtained in this study, based on the PDQuest software protein evaluation and further quantification of proteins by iTRAQ analysis, suggest that vimentin was significantly reduced in the combination of RAR ligand and RXR ligand treatment. Both tested triorganotin compounds showed similarly reduced expression of vimentin, but tributyltin isothiocyanate (TBT-ITC) proved to be more effective than triphenyltin isothiocyanate (TPT-ITC). Furthermore, the effect of natural (9cRA) and synthetic RXR ligands, both chloride and isothiocyanate derivatives, on vimentin expression was compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Strouhalova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveri 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Macejova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Mosna
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavel Bobal
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Otevrel
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Lastovickova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveri 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Janette Bobalova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveri 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Genotoxic Effects of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin Isothiocyanates, Cognate RXR Ligands: Comparison in Human Breast Carcinoma MCF 7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051198. [PMID: 30857277 PMCID: PMC6429456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of two recently synthesized triorganotin isothiocyanate derivatives, nuclear retinoid X receptor ligands, was tested and compared in estrogen-receptor-positive MCF 7 and -negative MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cell lines. A 48 h MTT assay indicated that tributyltin isothiocyanate (TBT-ITC) is more cytotoxic than triphenyltin isothiocyanate (TPT-ITC) in MCF 7 cells, and the same trend was observed in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. A comet assay revealed the presence of both crosslinks and increasing DNA damage levels after the 17 h treatment with both derivatives. Differences in cytotoxicity of TBT-ITC and TPT-ITC detected by FDA staining correspond to the MTT data, communicating more pronounced effects in MCF 7 than in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Both derivatives were found to cause apoptosis, as shown by the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and caspase-3/7 activation. The onset of caspase activation correlated with MMP dissipation and the total cytotoxicity more than with the amount of active caspases. In conclusion, our data suggest that the DNA damage induced by TBT-ITC and TPT-ITC treatment could underlie their cytotoxicity in the cell lines studied.
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Barbosa CMDL, Ferrão FM, Graceli JB. Organotin Compounds Toxicity: Focus on Kidney. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:256. [PMID: 29872423 PMCID: PMC5972511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTs) are synthetic persistent organometallic xenobiotics widely used in several commercial applications. They exert well-described harmful effects in brain, liver, adipose tissue, and reproductive organs, as they are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), but the effects in the kidneys are less known. The kidneys are especially vulnerable to environmental contaminants because they are a metabolizing site of xenobiotics, therefore, pollutants can accumulate in renal tissue, leading to impaired renal function and to several renal abnormalities. Individuals chronically exposed to OTs present a threefold increase in the prevalence of kidney stones. These compounds can directly inhibit H+/K+-ATPase in renal intercalated cells, resulting in hypokalemia, renal tubular acidity, and increased urinary pH, which is a known risk factor for kidney stones formation. OTs effects are not only limited to induce nephrolithiasis, its nephrotoxicity is also due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). This increase leads to lipid peroxidation, abnormal cellular function, and cell death. Combined, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems become deficient and there is a consequent uncontrolled generation of ROS that culminates in renal tissue damage. Still, few epidemiological and experimental studies have reported renal impact correlated to OTs exposure. This lack of investigation of the complete effect of OTs in renal function and structure led us to perform this review reporting the main researches about this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Monteiro de Lemos Barbosa
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Department of Physiology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Ferrão
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Cellular Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
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9
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Sn- and Ge- triorganometallics exert different cytotoxicity and modulation of migration in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Rotstein BH, Placzek MS, Krishnan HS, Pekošak A, Collier TL, Wang C, Liang SH, Burstein ES, Hooker JM, Vasdev N. Preclinical PET Neuroimaging of [11C]Bexarotene. Mol Imaging 2016; 15:15/0/1536012116663054. [PMID: 27553293 PMCID: PMC5011434 DOI: 10.1177/1536012116663054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of retinoid X receptors (RXRs) has been proposed as a therapeutic mechanism for the treatment of neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We previously reported radiolabeling of a Food and Drug Administration-approved RXR agonist, bexarotene, by copper-mediated [11C]CO2 fixation and preliminary positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging that demonstrated brain permeability in nonhuman primate with regional binding distribution consistent with RXRs. In this study, the brain uptake and saturability of [11C]bexarotene were studied in rats and nonhuman primates by PET imaging under baseline and greater target occupancy conditions. [11C]Bexarotene displays a high proportion of nonsaturable uptake in the brain and is unsuitable for RXR occupancy measurements in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Rotstein
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Placzek
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Hema S Krishnan
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Pekošak
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Advion, Inc, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Changning Wang
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jacob M Hooker
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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