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Kohoutova Z, Prchalova E, Knittelova K, Musilek K, Malinak D. Reactivators of butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus compounds. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107526. [PMID: 38878749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In this review, the current progress in the research and development of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) reactivators is summarised and the advantages or disadvantages of these reactivators are critically discussed. Organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents (sarin, tabun, VX) or pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon) cause irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BChE in the human body. While AChE inhibition can be life threatening due to cholinergic overstimulation and crisis, selective BChE inhibition has presumably no adverse effects. Because BChE is mostly found in plasma, its activity is important for the scavenging of organophosphates before they can reach AChE in the central nervous system. Therefore, this enzyme in combination with its reactivator can be used as a pseudo-catalytic scavenger of organophosphates. Three structural types of BChE reactivators were found, i.e. bisquaternary salts, monoquaternary salts and uncharged compounds. Although the reviewed reactivators have certain limitations, the promising candidates for BChE reactivation were found in each structural group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kohoutova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Prchalova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Knittelova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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2
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Mlakić M, Čadež T, Šinko G, Škorić I, Kovarik Z. New Heterostilbene and Triazole Oximes as Potential CNS-Active and Cholinesterase-Targeted Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2024; 14:679. [PMID: 38927082 PMCID: PMC11201660 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
New furan, thiophene, and triazole oximes were synthesized through several-step reaction paths to investigate their potential for the development of central nervous systems (CNS)-active and cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in organophosphorus compound (OP) poisonings. Treating patients with acute OP poisoning is still a challenge despite the development of a large number of oxime compounds that should have the capacity to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The activity of these two enzymes, crucial for neurotransmission, is blocked by OP, which has the consequence of disturbing normal cholinergic nerve signal transduction in the peripheral and CNS, leading to a cholinergic crisis. The oximes in use have one or two pyridinium rings and cross the brain-blood barrier poorly due to the quaternary nitrogen. Following our recent study on 2-thienostilbene oximes, in this paper, we described the synthesis of 63 heterostilbene derivatives, of which 26 oximes were tested as inhibitors and reactivators of AChE and BChE inhibited by OP nerve agents-sarin and cyclosarin. While the majority of oximes were potent inhibitors of both enzymes in the micromolar range, we identified several oximes as BChE or AChE selective inhibitors with the potential for drug development. Furthermore, the oximes were poor reactivators of AChE; four heterocyclic derivatives reactivated cyclosarin-inhibited BChE up to 70%, and cis,trans-5 [2-((Z)-2-(5-((E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)benzonitrile] had a reactivation efficacy comparable to the standard oxime HI-6. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies, including molecular dynamics simulation, connected kinetic data to the structural features of these oximes and confirmed their productive interactions with the active site of cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Based on inhibition and reactivation and their ADMET properties regarding lipophilicity, CNS activity, and hepatotoxicity, these compounds could be considered for further development of CNS-active reactivators in OP poisoning as well as cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tena Čadež
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Li K, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Guo L, Xie J. The reactivation kinetic analysis, molecular docking, and dynamics of oximes against three V-type nerve agents inhibited four human cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 396:111061. [PMID: 38763347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents pose significant threats to civilian and military populations. The reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is critical in treating acute poisoning, but there is still lacking broad-spectrum reactivators, which presents a big challenge. Therefore, insights gained from the reactivation kinetic analysis and molecular docking are essential for understanding the behavior of reactivators towards intoxicated AChE. In this research, we present a systematic determination of the reactivation kinetics of three V agents-inhibited four human ChEs [(AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)) from either native or recombinant resources, namely, red blood cell (RBC) AChE, rhAChE, hBChE, rhBChE) reactivated by five standard oximes. We unveiled the effect of native and recombinant ChEs on the reactivation kinetics of V agents ex vitro, where the reactivation kinetics characteristic of Vs-inhibited BChE was reported for the first time. In terms of the inhibition type, all of the five oxime reactivators exhibited noncompetitive inhibition. The inhibition potency of these reactivators would not lead to the difference in the reactivation kinetics between native and recombinant ChE. Despite the significant differences between the native and recombinant ChEs observed in the inhibition, aging, and spontaneous reactivation kinetics, the reactivation kinetics of V agent-inhibited ChEs by oximes were less differentiated, which were supported by the ligand docking results. We also found differences in the reactivation efficiency between five reactivators and the phosphorylated enzyme, and molecular dynamic simulations can further explain from the perspectives of conformational stability, hydrogen bonding, binding free energies, and amino acid contributions. By Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) calculations, the total binding free energy trends aligned well with the experimental kr2 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Liu
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
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Wei Z, Zhang D, Liu X, Nie H, Ouyang Q, Zhang X, Zheng Z. Screening of efficient salicylaldoxime reactivators for DFP and paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1225-1235. [PMID: 38665821 PMCID: PMC11042241 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00628j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported two salicylaldoxime conjugates (L7R3 and L7R5) showing equal or even higher reactivating efficiency for both organophosphorus nerve agent and pesticide inhibited acetylcholinesterase in comparison to obidoxime and HI-6. In this study, L7R3 and L7R5 were selected as lead compounds and refined by employing a fragment-based drug design strategy, and a total of 32 novel salicylaldoxime conjugates were constructed and screened for DFP and paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. The findings demonstrate that the conjugate L73R3, which contains a 4-nitrophenyl group, exhibited a higher reactivation efficacy against paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase compared to obidoxime and HI-6. It was confirmed that the combination of a 4-pyridinyl or 4-nitrophenyl peripheral site ligand, a piperazine linker and a methyl or chloro-substituted salicylaldoxime could construct efficient nonquaternary oxime reactivators. The results hold promise for developing a new generation of highly effective antidotes for organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Huifang Nie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Zhibing Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing 100850 China
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Prchalova E, Kohoutova Z, Knittelova K, Malinak D, Musilek K. Strategies for enhanced bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the central nervous system. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2839-2860. [PMID: 37642747 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase are commonly used to treat highly toxic organophosphate poisoning. They are effective nucleophiles that can restore the catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase; however, their main limitation is the difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) because of their strongly hydrophilic nature. Various approaches to overcome this limitation and enhance the bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the CNS have been evaluated; these include structural modifications, conjugation with molecules that have transporters in the BBB, bypassing the BBB through intranasal delivery, and inhibition of BBB efflux transporters. A promising approach is the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as the delivery systems. Studies using mesoporous silica nanomaterials, poly (L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) NPs, metallic organic frameworks, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs, human serum albumin NPs, liposomes, solid lipid NPs, and cucurbiturils, have shown promising results. Some NPs are considered as nanoreactors for organophosphate detoxification; these combine bioscavengers with encapsulated oximes. This study provides an overview and critical discussion of the strategies used to enhance the bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Prchalova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kohoutova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Knittelova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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6
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Potential of Vitamin B6 Dioxime Analogues to Act as Cholinesterase Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113388. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven pyridoxal dioxime quaternary salts (1–7) were synthesized with the aim of studying their interactions with human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The synthesis was achieved by the quaternization of pyridoxal monooxime with substituted 2-bromoacetophenone oximes (phenacyl bromide oximes). All compounds, prepared in good yields (43–76%) and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, were evaluated as reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase and/or reactivators of enzymes inhibited by toxic organophosphorus compounds. Their potency was compared with that of their monooxime analogues and medically approved oxime HI-6. The obtained pyridoxal dioximes were relatively weak inhibitors for both enzymes (Ki = 100–400 µM). The second oxime group in the structure did not improve the binding compared to the monooxime analogues. The same was observed for reactivation of VX-, tabun-, and paraoxon-inhibited AChE and BChE, where no significant efficiency burst was noted. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies connected the kinetic data to the structural features of the tested compound, showing that the low binding affinity and reactivation efficacy may be a consequence of a bulk structure hindering important reactive groups. The tested dioximes were non-toxic to human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and human embryonal kidney cells (HEK293).
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7
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Lindgren C, Forsgren N, Hoster N, Akfur C, Artursson E, Edvinsson L, Svensson R, Worek F, Ekström F, Linusson A. Broad‐Spectrum Antidote Discovery by Untangling the Reactivation Mechanism of Nerve‐Agent‐Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200678. [PMID: 35420233 PMCID: PMC9400889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactivators are vital for the treatment of organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) intoxication but new alternatives are needed due to their limited clinical applicability. The toxicity of OPNAs stems from covalent inhibition of the essential enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which reactivators relieve via a chemical reaction with the inactivated enzyme. Here, we present new strategies and tools for developing reactivators. We discover suitable inhibitor scaffolds by using an activity‐independent competition assay to study non‐covalent interactions with OPNA‐AChEs and transform these inhibitors into broad‐spectrum reactivators. Moreover, we identify determinants of reactivation efficiency by analysing reactivation and pre‐reactivation kinetics together with structural data. Our results show that new OPNA reactivators can be discovered rationally by exploiting detailed knowledge of the reactivation mechanism of OPNA‐inhibited AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | - Norman Hoster
- Department of Chemistry Umeå University 901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - Christine Akfur
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | - Elisabet Artursson
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Richard Svensson
- Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC Uppsala University 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology 80937 Munich Germany
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry Umeå University 901 87 Umeå Sweden
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Hofmanova T, Maraković N, Žunec S, Hrvat NM, Andrys R, Psotka M, Zandona A, Svobodova J, Prchal L, Fingler S, Katalinić M, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Halogen substituents enhance oxime nucleophilicity for reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by nerve agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Miličević A, Šinko G. Use of connectivity index and simple topological parameters for estimating the inhibition potency of acetylcholinesterase. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:369-376. [PMID: 35527825 PMCID: PMC9068751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has proven to be an effective drug target in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia. We developed a novel QSAR regression model for estimating potency to inhibit AChE, pKi, on a set of 75 structurally different compounds including oximes, N-hydroxyiminoacetamides, 4-aminoquinolines and flavonoids. Although the model included only three simple descriptors, the valence molecular connectivity index of the zero-order, 0χv, the number of 10-membered rings (nR10) and the number of hydroxyl groups (nOH), it yielded excellent statistics (r = 0.937, S.E. = 0.51). The stability of the model was evaluated when an initial set of 75 compounds was broadened to 165 compounds in total, with the increase of the range of pKi (exp) from 6.0 to 10.2, yielding r = 0.882 and S.E. = 0.89. The predictive power of the model was evaluated by calculating pKi values for 55 randomly chosen compounds (S.E.test = 0.90) from the calibration model created on other 110 compounds (S.E. = 0.89), all taken from the pool of 165 compounds.
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Mlakić M, Čadež T, Barić D, Puček I, Ratković A, Marinić Ž, Lasić K, Kovarik Z, Škorić I. New Uncharged 2-Thienostilbene Oximes as Reactivators of Organophosphate-Inhibited Cholinesterases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111147. [PMID: 34832929 PMCID: PMC8621217 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by organophosphates (OPs) as nerve agents and pesticides compromises normal cholinergic nerve signal transduction in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) leading to cholinergic crisis. The treatment comprises an antimuscarinic drug and an oxime reactivator of the inhibited enzyme. Oximes in use have quaternary nitrogens, and therefore poorly cross the brain–blood barrier. In this work, we synthesized novel uncharged thienostilbene oximes by the Wittig reaction, converted to aldehydes by Vilsmeier formylation, and transformed to the corresponding uncharged oximes in very high yields. Eight trans,anti- and trans,syn-isomers of oximes were tested as reactivators of nerve-agent-inhibited AChE and BChE. Four derivatives reactivated cyclosarin-inhibited BChE up to 70% in two hours of reactivation, and docking studies confirmed their productive interactions with the active site of cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Based on the moderate binding affinity of both AChE and BChE for all selected oximes, and in silico evaluated ADME properties regarding lipophilicity and CNS activity, these compounds present a new class of oximes with the potential for further development of CNS-active therapeutics in OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Tena Čadež
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Danijela Barić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Puček
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Ana Ratković
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Željko Marinić
- NMR Center, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Kornelija Lasić
- Pliva Tapi R&D, TEVA, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 25, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (I.Š.)
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (I.Š.)
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11
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Liu DM, Xu B, Dong C. Recent advances in colorimetric strategies for acetylcholinesterase assay and their applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Bennion BJ, Malfatti MA, Be NA, Enright HA, Hok S, Cadieux CL, Carpenter TS, Lao V, Kuhn EA, McNerney MW, Lightstone FC, Nguyen TH, Valdez CA. Development of a CNS-permeable reactivator for nerve agent exposure: an iterative, multi-disciplinary approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15567. [PMID: 34330964 PMCID: PMC8324913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents have experienced a resurgence in recent times with their use against civilian targets during the attacks in Syria (2012), the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in the United Kingdom (2018) and Alexei Navalny in Russia (2020), strongly renewing the importance of antidote development against these lethal substances. The current standard treatment against their effects relies on the use of small molecule-based oximes that can efficiently restore acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Despite their efficacy in reactivating AChE, the action of drugs like 2-pralidoxime (2-PAM) is primarily limited to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and, thus, provides no significant protection to the central nervous system (CNS). This lack of action in the CNS stems from their ionic nature that, on one end makes them very powerful reactivators and on the other renders them ineffective at crossing the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) to reach the CNS. In this report, we describe the use of an iterative approach composed of parallel chemical and in silico syntheses, computational modeling, and a battery of detailed in vitro and in vivo assays that resulted in the identification of a promising, novel CNS-permeable oxime reactivator. Additional experiments to determine acute and chronic toxicity are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Bennion
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Michael A Malfatti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Nicholas A Be
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Heather A Enright
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Saphon Hok
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - C Linn Cadieux
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Timothy S Carpenter
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Victoria Lao
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Edward A Kuhn
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M Windy McNerney
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
- Affiliation: Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Felice C Lightstone
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Tuan H Nguyen
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Carlos A Valdez
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
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13
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Miličević A, Šinko G. Development of a simple QSAR model for reliable evaluation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor potency. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105757. [PMID: 33588047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the aging of the western population, more and more people are affected by the neurodegenerative Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have proven to be effective in the treatment of disease symptoms. We report the QSAR regression model for the estimation of potency of a set of 94 structurally diverse compounds (oximes, N-hydroxyiminoacetamides, 4-aminoquinolines and flavonoids) to inhibit AChE, pKi (AChE). The model is based on three simple descriptors: the valence molecular connectivity index of the zero-order, 0χv, combined with the number of 10-membered rings (nR10) and number of hydroxyl groups in a molecule (nOH). QSAR model yielded r = 0.947, S.E. = 0.51 and S.E.cv= 0.53; the range of pKi (exp) = 6.03. It showed its stability when the set of 94 compounds was enlarged, comprising 184 compounds in total (r = 0.886, S.E. = 0.85 and S.E.cv = 0.88; the range of pKi (exp) = 10.21), resulting in regression parameters which were similar, although only for 0χv coefficients within the limits of S.E. (0.167(13) and 0.172(16) for the set with 94 and 184 compounds, respectively. The predictive power of the model was shown by the prediction of pKi values for 61 randomly chosen compounds (S.E.test = 0.86) from the calibration model made on the other 123 compounds (S.E. = 0.85), all taken from the pool of 184 compounds. QSAR descriptors 0χv, nR10 and nOH were well chosen for describing the interactions of the AChE active site (amino acid interaction) with ligands through the estimation of the inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Miličević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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14
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2275-2292. [PMID: 32506210 PMCID: PMC7367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and nerve agents still pose a threat to the population. Treatment of OP poisoning is an ongoing challenge and burden for medical services. Standard drug treatment consists of atropine and an oxime as reactivator of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and is virtually unchanged since more than six decades. Established oximes, i.e. pralidoxime, obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MMB-4, are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and often cover only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides. Moreover, the value of oximes in human OP pesticide poisoning is still disputed. Long-lasting research efforts resulted in the preparation of countless experimental oximes, and more recently non-oxime reactivators, intended to replace or supplement the established and licensed oximes. The progress of this development is slow and none of the novel compounds appears to be suitable for transfer into advanced development or into clinical use. This situation calls for a critical analysis of the value of oximes as mainstay of treatment as well as the potential and limitations of established and novel reactivators. Requirements for a straightforward identification of superior reactivators and their development to licensed drugs need to be addressed as well as options for interim solutions as a chance to improve the therapy of OP poisoning in a foreseeable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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15
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Targeting organophosphorus compounds poisoning by novel quinuclidine-3 oximes: development of butyrylcholinesterase-based bioscavengers. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3157-3171. [PMID: 32583098 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A library of 14 mono-oxime quinuclidinium-based compounds with alkyl or benzyl substituent were synthesized and characterized in vitro as potential antidotes for organophosphorus compounds (OP) poisoning treatment. We evaluated their potency for reversible inhibition and reactivation of OP inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and evaluated interactions by molecular docking studies. The reactivation was notable for both AChE and BChE inhibited by VX, cyclosarin, sarin and paraoxon, if quinuclidinium compounds contained the benzyl group attached to the quinuclidinium moiety. Out of all 14, oxime Q8 [4-bromobenzyl-3-(hydroxyimino)quinuclidinium bromide] was singled out as having the highest determined overall reactivation rate of approximately 20,000 M-1 min-1 for cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Furthermore, this oxime in combination with BChE exhibited a capability to act as a bioscavenger of cyclosarin, degrading within 2 h up to 100-fold excess of cyclosarin concentration over the enzyme. Molecular modeling revealed that the position of the cyclohexyl moiety conjugated with the active site serine of BChE directs the favorable positioning of the quinuclidinium ring and the bromophenyl moiety of Q8, which makes phosphonylated-serine easily accessible for the nucleophilic displacement by the oxime group of Q8. This result presents a novel scaffold for the development of new BChE-based bioscavengers. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was not observed for Q8, which also makes it promising for further in vivo reactivation studies.
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16
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Zorbaz T, Mišetić P, Probst N, Žunec S, Zandona A, Mendaš G, Micek V, Maček Hrvat N, Katalinić M, Braïki A, Jean L, Renard PY, Gabelica Marković V, Kovarik Z. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Brain Penetrating Morpholine-3-hydroxy-2-pyridine Oxime as an Antidote for Nerve Agent Poisoning. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1072-1084. [PMID: 32105443 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents, the deadliest chemical warfare agents, are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cause rapid cholinergic crisis with serious symptoms of poisoning. Oxime reactivators of AChE are used in medical practice in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning, but the search for novel improved reactivators with central activity is an ongoing pursuit. For numerous oximes synthesized, in vitro reactivation is a standard approach in biological evaluation with little attention given to the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds. This study reports a comprehensive physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and safety profiling of five lipophilic 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes, which were recently shown to be potent AChE reactivators with a potential to be centrally active. The oxime JR595 was singled out as highly metabolically stable in human liver microsomes, noncytotoxic oxime for SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and 1321N1 astrocytoma cell lines, and its pharmacokinetic profile was determined after intramuscular administration in mice. JR595 was rapidly absorbed into blood after 15 min with simultaneous distribution to the brain at up to about 40% of its blood concentration; however, it was eliminated from both the brain and blood within an hour. In addition, the MDCKII-MDR1 cell line assay showed that oxime JR595 was not a P-glycoprotein efflux pump substrate. Finally, the preliminary antidotal study against multiple LD50 doses of VX and sarin in mice showed the potential of JR595 to provide desirable therapeutic outcomes with future improvements in its circulation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Mišetić
- Fidelta Ltd, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Probst
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anissa Braïki
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Vesna Gabelica Marković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Maček Hrvat N, Kalisiak J, Šinko G, Radić Z, Sharpless KB, Taylor P, Kovarik Z. Evaluation of high-affinity phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline aldoximes, linked through anti-triazoles, as reactivators of phosphylated cholinesterases. Toxicol Lett 2019; 321:83-89. [PMID: 31863869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a pivotal enzyme in neurotransmission. Its inhibition leads to cholinergic crises and could ultimately result in death. A related enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), may act in the CNS as a co-regulator in terminating nerve impulses and is a natural plasma scavenger upon exposure to organophosphate (OP) nerve agents that irreversibly inhibit both enzymes. With the aim of improving reactivation of cholinesterases phosphylated by nerve agents sarin, VX, cyclosarin, and tabun, ten phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline (PIQ) aldoximes were synthesized by Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition between alkyne- and azide-building blocks. The PIQ moiety may serve as a peripheral site anchor positioning the aldoxime moiety at the AChE active site. In terms of evaluated dissociation inhibition constants, the aldoximes could be characterized as high-affinity ligands. Nevertheless, high binding affinity of these oximes to AChE or its phosphylated conjugates did not assure rapid and selective AChE reactivation. Rather, potential reactivators of phosphylated BChE, with its enlarged acyl pocket, were identified, especially in case of cyclosarin, where the reactivation rates of the lead reactivator was 100- and 6-times that of 2-PAM and HI-6, respectively. Nevertheless, the return of the enzyme activity was affected by the nerve agent conjugated to catalytic serine, which highlights the lack of the universality of reactivators with respect to both the target enzyme and OP structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0650, United States
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0650, United States
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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18
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A novel fluorescence based assay for the detection of organophosphorus pesticide exposed cholinesterase activity using 1-naphthyl acetate. Biochimie 2019; 160:100-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Kuca K, Musilek K, Kovarik Z. Butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agents is efficiently reactivated with chlorinated pyridinium oximes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:16-20. [PMID: 31004594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bispyridinium oximes with one (K865, K866, K867) or two (K868, K869, K870) ortho-positioned chlorine moiety, analogous to previously known K027, K048 and K203 oximes, and potent reactivators of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents, were tested in the reactivation of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited by sarin, cyclosarin, VX, and tabun. A previously highlighted AChE reactivator, dichlorinated bispyridinium oxime with propyl linker (K868), was tested in more detail for reactivation of four nerve agent-BChE conjugates. Its BChE reactivation potency was showed to be promising when compared to the standard oximes used in medical practice, asoxime (HI-6) and pralidoxime (2-PAM), especially in case of sarin and tabun. This finding could be used in the pseudo-catalytic scavenging of the most nerve agents due to its cumulative capacity to reactivate both AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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Franjesevic AJ, Sillart SB, Beck JM, Vyas S, Callam CS, Hadad CM. Resurrection and Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2019; 25:5337-5371. [PMID: 30444932 PMCID: PMC6508893 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides present significant threats to civilian and military populations. OP compounds include the nefarious G and V chemical nerve agents, but more commonly, civilians are exposed to less toxic OP pesticides, resulting in the same negative toxicological effects and thousands of deaths on an annual basis. After decades of research, no new therapeutics have been realized since the mid-1900s. Upon phosphylation of the catalytic serine residue, a process known as inhibition, there is an accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain synapses and neuromuscular junctions, leading to a cholinergic crisis and eventually death. Oxime nucleophiles can reactivate select OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Yet, the fields of reactivation of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase encounter additional challenges as broad-spectrum reactivation of either enzyme is difficult. Additional problems include the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and to provide therapy in the central nervous system. Yet another complication arises in a competitive reaction, known as aging, whereby OP-inhibited AChE is converted to an inactive form, which until very recently, had been impossible to reverse to an active, functional form. Evaluations of uncharged oximes and other neutral nucleophiles have been made. Non-oxime reactivators, such as aromatic general bases and Mannich bases, have been developed. The issue of aging, which generates an anionic phosphylated serine residue, has been historically recalcitrant to recovery by any therapeutic approach-that is, until earlier this year. Mannich bases not only serve as reactivators of OP-inhibited AChE, but this class of compounds can also recover activity from the aged form of AChE, a process referred to as resurrection. This review covers the modern efforts to address all of these issues and notes the complexities of therapeutic development along these different lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Franjesevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sydney B Sillart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Christopher S Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Kovarik Z, Maček Hrvat N, Kalisiak J, Katalinić M, Sit RK, Zorbaz T, Radić Z, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Taylor P. Counteracting tabun inhibition by reactivation by pyridinium aldoximes that interact with active center gorge mutants of acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 372:40-46. [PMID: 30978400 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tabun represents the phosphoramidate class of organophosphates that are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an essential enzyme in neurotransmission. Currently used therapy in counteracting excessive cholinergic stimulation consists of a muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and an oxime reactivator of inhibited AChE, but the classical oximes are particularly ineffective in counteracting tabun exposure. In a recent publication (Kovarik et al., 2019), we showed that several oximes prepared by the Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition and related precursors efficiently reactivate the tabun-AChE conjugate. Herein, we pursue the antidotal question further and examine a series of lead precursor molecules, along with triazole compounds, as reactivators of two AChE mutant enzymes. Such studies should reveal structural subtleties that reside within the architecture of the active center gorge of AChE and uncover intimate mechanisms of reactivation of alkylphosphate conjugates of AChE. The designated mutations appear to minimize steric constraints of the reactivating oximes within the impacted active center gorge. Indeed, after initial screening of the triazole oxime library and its precursors for the reactivation efficacy on Y337A and Y337A/F338A human AChE mutants, we found potentially active oxime-mutant enzyme pairs capable of degrading tabun in cycles of inhibition and reactivation. Surprisingly, the most sensitive ex vivo reactivation of mutant AChEs occurred with the alkylpyridinium aldoximes. Hence, although the use of mutant enzyme bio-scavengers in humans may be limited in practicality, bioscavenging and efficient neutralization of tabun itself or phosphoramidate mixtures of organophosphates might be achieved efficiently in vitro or ex vivo with these mutant AChE combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rakesh K Sit
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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22
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Maraković N, Maček Hrvat N, Zandona A, Novotny M, Skarka A, Andrys R, Benkova M, Soukup O, Katalinić M, Kuca K, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Pyridinium Oximes with Ortho-Positioned Chlorine Moiety Exhibit Improved Physicochemical Properties and Efficient Reactivation of Human Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Several Nerve Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10753-10766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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23
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Chowdhary S, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. 1-Naphthyl acetate: A chromogenic substrate for the detection of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochimie 2018; 154:194-209. [PMID: 30201403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a preferred biomarker for the detection of organophosphorus poisoning. Acetylthiocholine (ATCh) is the most popular substrate for the detection of AChE activity. However, oximolysis is a prominent feature with ATCh. In this context, we have searched alternative substrates for AChE using in silico tools for screening of a better substrate. The in silico approach was performed to understand the fitness and the Total Interaction Energy (TIE) of substrates for AChE. The alternative substrates for AChE were screened in terms of high Goldscore and favorable TIE in comparison to acetylcholine (ACh)-AChE complex and other relevant esterases. Among the screened substrates, 1-Naphthyl acetate (1-NA) exhibited the most favorable interaction with AChE in terms of highest TIE and corresponding high Goldscore. The Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation of the 1-NA-AChE complex showed a stable complex formation over a period of 5 ns. The results obtained in the in silico studies were validated in vitro using pure erythrocyte AChE and hemolysate. We observed 1-NA to be a better alternative substrate for AChE than ATCh in terms of lower Km value. Its specificity appeared at least similar to ATCh. Therefore, we propose that 1-NA can be an attractive chromogenic substrate for the measurement of AChE activity, and it possess the potential to detect organophosphorus pesticide (OP) poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheemona Chowdhary
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Zueva IV, Lushchekina SV, Masson P. Water structure changes in oxime-mediated reactivation process of phosphorylated human acetylcholinesterase. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180609. [PMID: 29773682 PMCID: PMC6048214 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of water in oxime-mediated reactivation of phosphylated cholinesterases (ChEs) has been asked with recurrence. To investigate oximate water structure changes in this reaction, reactivation of paraoxon-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was performed by the oxime asoxime (HI-6) at different pH in the presence and absence of lyotropic salts: a neutral salt (NaCl), a strong chaotropic salt (LiSCN) and strong kosmotropic salts (ammonium sulphate and phosphate HPO42-). At the same time, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of enzyme reactivation under the same conditions were performed over 100 ns. Reactivation kinetics showed that the low concentration of chaotropic salt up to 75 mM increased the percentage of reactivation of diethylphosphorylated AChE whereas kosmotropic salts lead only to a small decrease in reactivation. This indicates that water-breaker salt induces destructuration of water molecules that are electrostricted around oximate ions. Desolvation of oximate favors nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus atom. Effects observed at high salt concentrations (>100 mM) result either from salting-out of the enzyme by kosmotropic salts (phosphate and ammonium sulphate) or denaturing action of chaotropic LiSCN. MDs simulations of diethylphosphorylated hAChE complex with HI-6 over 100 ns were performed in the presence of 100 mM (NH4)2SO4 and 50 mM LiSCN. In the presence of LiSCN, it was found that protein and water have a higher mobility, i.e. water is less organized, compared with the ammonium sulphate system. LiSCN favors protein solvation (hydrophobic hydration) and breakage of elelectrostricted water molecules around of oximate ion. As a result, more free water molecules participated to reaction steps accompanying oxime-mediated dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Zueva
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Sofya V Lushchekina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str. 4, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Patrick Masson
- Kazan Federal University, Pharmacology Laboratory, Kremlevskaya str, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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