Studies on the potential protective effect of cinnamon against bisphenol A- and octylphenol-induced oxidative stress in male albino rats

A biochemical and histological evaluation of in vivo exposure of bisphenol P for multi-organ toxicity and pathology in rats

Bisphenol P (BPP) is a structural analog of bisphenol A (BPA) and is increasingly used as a substitute of BPA in commercial and household applications. In recent years, BPP has been frequently detected in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Very little epidemiological and experimental information are available on the toxicity potential of BPP in human and animal systems, which is very concerning in view of its increasing use. The current study evaluated the biochemical and histopathological effects of BPP in rats. The seven experimental groups (n = 5 rats/group) included BPA5 (5 mg), BPA50 (50 mg), BPA100 (100 mg), BPP5 (5 mg), BPP50 (50 mg), and BPP100 (100 mg) while the remaining one group served as untreated control. At the end of treatment, the organs (liver, kidney, heart, and lung) of rats were harvested for oxidative stress and histopathological analyses. A significant (p < .05) decrease was observed in the weight of the liver, lungs, and kidneys in the BPP100 group similar to the BPA100 group compared with the control group. Further, a significant (p < .05) decrease was also observed for concentrations of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart at the highest two doses of BPP similar to the respective BPA groups compared with the control group. The two highest doses of BPP induced histopathological changes in the liver such as nuclei distortion, excessive necrosis of hepatocytes, nuclei shrinkage and pyknosis of cells with disrupted cell structure (BPP100), and cellular congestion and degeneration of hepatocytes (BPP50) similar to the two respective doses of BPA. The BPP treated groups also showed varying histopathological changes in kidney tissue, heart tissue, and lung tissue similar to BPA treated rats. In conclusion, the present study indicated that BPP has the potential to induce oxidative stress and alter the histomorphological architecture of different organs and is as deleterious as BPA.

Exploring the Antioxidative Effects of Ginger and Cinnamon: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Other Oxidative Stress-Related Disorders

Oxidative stress represents the pathophysiological basis for most disorders, including reproductive issues. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is heterogeneous endocrine disorder of women characterized primarily by irregular menstrual cycles, hyper-androgenism, and ovulatory dysfunction. In the last decades, PCOS was recognized as a systemic silent inflammation and an oxidative disturbance-related disorder, exerting multifaceted symptoms, including metabolic. PCOS treatment should involve a personalized approach tailored to individual symptoms; however, the results are often unsatisfactory. Various supplementary treatments have been proposed to assist in the management and alleviation of PCOS symptoms. Cinnamon and ginger, known for millennia as herbs used in spices or traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, are of interest in this study. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the effects of cinnamon and ginger in PCOS patients. Using relevant keywords we searched through PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of science to find animal studies, pre-clinical, and clinical studies which were then reviewed for usage. Out of all of the reviewed studies a total of 65 studies were included in this review article. Cinnamon and ginger can affect hormonal status, lipid profile, obesity, and insulin resistance by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. Generally, based on current clinical evidence, it was revealed that supplementation with cinnamon or ginger had a useful impact in patients with PCOS. This review summarizes the antioxidative effects of ginger and cinnamon in PCOS treatment, highlighting their potential benefits in other oxidative stress-related pathologies.

The Possible Protective Effect of Taurine on Bisphenol Induced Structural Changes on the Cerebral Cortex of Rats: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

INTRODUCTION

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound that has been used in many industries, such as paints and dental sealants. Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions.

AIM

This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effect of taurine on BPA-induced structural changes in the cerebral cortex of rats using histological and immunohistochemical methods.

METHODS

35 Wistar rats (180-200 gm) were divided into control: 10 rats; Group I: 5 rats received corn oil (0.5 mL/day); Group II (Bisphenol low dose; BPAL): 5 rats received a low dose of BPA (25 mg/kg/three times/week); Group III (Bisphenol high dose; BPAH): 5 rats received a high dose of BPA (100 mg/kg/three times/week; Group IV: (BPAL + taurine): 5 rats received taurine 100 mg/kg/day and BPAL (25 mg/kg/three times/week); Group V: (BPAH + taurine): 5 rats received taurine 100 mg/kg/day and BPH (100 mg/kg/ three times/week).

RESULTS

BPAL& BPAH groups showed significant dose-dependent histological changes of the neuropil, pyramidal, and neuroglial cells at H&E stained sections, significantly increased GFAP, caspase- 3 immunohistochemical reaction with cells positive for Ki67 with many mitotic figures. BPAL + taurine and BPAH + taurine groups showed amelioration of the previously mentioned results.

CONCLUSION

Taurine ameliorated the structural changes induced by BPA in the cerebral cortex of rats.

Low Dose of BPA Induces Liver Injury through Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Long-Evans Lactating Rats and Its Perinatal Effect on Female PND6 Offspring

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a phenolic compound used in plastics elaboration for food protection or packaging. BPA-monomers can be released into the food chain, resulting in continuous and ubiquitous low-dose human exposure. This exposure during prenatal development is especially critical and could lead to alterations in ontogeny of tissues increasing the risk of developing diseases in adulthood. The aim was to evaluate whether BPA administration (0.036 mg/kg b.w./day and 3.42 mg/kg b.w./day) to pregnant rats could induce liver injury by generating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and whether these effects may be observed in female postnatal day-6 (PND6) offspring. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GR, GPx and GST), glutathione system (GSH/GSSG) and lipid-DNA damage markers (MDA, LPO, NO, 8-OHdG) were measured using colorimetric methods. Inducers of oxidative stress (HO-1d, iNOS, eNOS), inflammation (IL-1β) and apoptosis (AIF, BAX, Bcl-2 and BCL-XL) were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in liver of lactating dams and offspring. Hepatic serum markers and histology were performed. Low dose of BPA caused liver injury in lactating dams and had a perinatal effect in female PND6 offspring by increasing oxidative stress levels, triggering an inflammatory response and apoptosis pathways in the organ responsible for detoxification of this endocrine disruptor.

Morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study on the ameliorative effect of gallic acid against bisphenol A-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats

This study aimed to determine the effect of gallic acid (GA) on ameliorating bisphenol A (BPA) nephrotoxicity in male rat kidneys. Forty rats were assigned randomly into two groups: control (ten animals) and BPA (40 mg/kg bwt) (thirty animals), the second group was divided into three subgroups: BPA alone, BPA + G50 (50 mg/kg bwt), and BPA + G200 (200 mg/kg bwt). The biochemical analysis included measurements of the contents of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines (interleukin-1α and interleukin-6) in the kidney. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also measured in the kidney. Kidney function was assessed by determining uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels. The morphological investigations included hematoxylin and eosin staining for assessing the general histology and determining the glomerular and corpuscular areas, the tubular cell degeneration mean area, and the mean leukocyte infiltration area. Also, collagen fiber intensity and polysaccharide content were analyzed. Furthermore, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and ultrastructural studies were carried out. The results revealed morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical alterations in the kidney. Most of these changes showed a satisfactory improvement of kidney damage when BPA-administered rats were treated with GA at both doses. In conclusion, GA exhibited a strong protective effect against BPA-induced nephrotoxicity.

Curcumin and cinnamon mitigates lead acetate-induced oxidative damage in the spleen of rats

Lead toxicity is a common occupational and environmental health hazard that exerts many toxic effects on animals and humans, including immunotoxicity. Curcumin (CUR) and cinnamon (CIN) are common medicinal herbs with immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effect of curcumin and cinnamon against lead acetate (LA)-induced splenotoxicity in rats via hemato-biochemical, immunological, oxidative stress marker, CYP-2E1 expression, histological, and immunohistological evaluations. Four groups of seven rats each were used: the control group received corn oil as a vehicle; the lead acetate group received (100 mg/kg), the CUR + LA group received curcumin (400 mg/kg) plus lead acetate, and the CIN + LA group received cinnamon (200 mg/kg) plus lead acetate orally for 1 month. LA exposure induced macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Additionally, significant elevations in serum iron, ferritin levels, and transferrin saturation percentage with significant decline of total and unsaturated iron binding capacities (TIBC and UIBC), transferrin, and immunoglobulin G and M levels were recorded. In addition, lead acetate significantly upregulated splenic CYP-2E1 expression, that was evident by significant depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and elevation of malondihyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and protein carbonyl (PC) concentrations in the spleen. Histologically, hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, hemosiderin deposition, and disturbance of CD3 and CD68 immuno-expressions were evident in the spleen from the lead acetate group. However, curcumin and cinnamon administration restored the hemato-biochemical, immunological, and oxidative stress parameters as well as histological and immunohistological pictures toward normalcy. In conclusion, curcumin and cinnamon can partially ameliorate LA-induced oxidative damage in the spleen, possibly through their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and gene-regulating activities.

Disturbance in Some Fertility Biomarkers Induced and Changes in Testis Architecture by Chronic Exposure to Various Dosages of Each of Nonylphenol or Bisphenol A and Their Mix

This investigation was conducted to demonstrate the potential impacts of different doses of Bisphenol A (BPA) or Nonylphenol (NP) and their mixtures on some biological activities in male albino rats. Seventy male albino rats were allocated to the control group (GI) and were given 1 mL of ethanol. G II and G III were given 100 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G IV and G V were given 25 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G VI was given a high dose of BPA and NP, and G VII was given a low dose of BPA and NP. All animals were treated orally for 60 days. Serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic markers were determined, as well as a histopathological examination of the testis at the end of the experimental period. The results obtained showed a pronounced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE), concomitant with a significant reduction in serum Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in all treated groups. A significant elevation in TNF Alpha, TNF Beta, and Caspase 3 serum was recorded individually and in the groups treated with high doses. The disturbance is represented by histological damage in the testis in the germinal epithelium and a decrease in spermatozoa inside the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The effects on testis tissues were dose-dependent, pronounced in mixture doses, and remarkable in higher doses. In conclusion, exposure to BPA and NP strongly impacts antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and testis tissue architecture. Furthermore, the data from this investigation support the idea that exposure to BPA and NP in daily life has multiple damages.

Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on the ameliorative role of Cinnamon zeylanicum against high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in the kidney of adult male albino rats

Cholesterol is an important type of lipid as it is involved in the structure of cell membrane, synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. Many diseases affect various mammalian organs, including the kidney, as a result of high cholesterol levels (hypercholesterolemia). Cinnamon zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) proves its efficiency as it has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant prosperities. This study aimed to investigate the possible ameliorative role of C. zeylanicum on hypercholesterolemia-induced the renal toxicity in albino rats. Forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups. The first group served as the control one. The second group was supplemented with C. zeylanicum powder (15% w/w) with the standard diet. The third group was fed high cholesterol diet (HCD) to induce acute hypercholesterolemia. The fourth group was fed HCD provided with C. zeylanicum powder (15% w/w). At the end of the experiment (8^th weeks), kidneys were removed and prepared for histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructure studies. Rats-fed HCD showed degenerated glomeruli and tubular cells with vacuolated or coagulated cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. Moreover, the renal cortex ultrastructural examination showed degenerated podocytes, parietal and mesangial cells, as well as the proximal and distal tubular cells appeared with rarified cytoplasm, degenerated mitochondria, large fat vacuoles and complete damaged microvilli. The same group showed a significant increase in the expression of desmin and inducible nitric oxide synthase. On the other hand, animals fed HCD provided with C. zeylanicum showed an obvious improvement in the observed histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical changes. The architecture of the renal cortex appeared mostly similar to the control one. This study concluded that C. zeylanicum has a promising role in treating the nephron-toxicity of HCD due to its natural constituent that is responsible for its pharmaceutical effects.

The Prospective Effect of Cinnamon and Chia on Submandibular Salivary Glands After Ciprofloxacin Administration in Albino Rats (Histological, Histochemical, and Ultrastructural Study)

Ciprofloxacin (CPFX®) is potent fluoroquinolone but has severe side effects. Cinnamon (CIN) and chia seeds are potent antioxidants. The current work aimed to compare the effect of CIN extract and chia seeds on CPFX®-treated submandibular salivary glands (SMGs). Thirty-two male albino rats were divided into four groups: Group 1: received saline. Group 2: received CPFX®. Group 3: received CIN extract after 4 h of CPFX® administration. Group 4: received ground chia seeds after 4 h of CPFX® administration. After 10 days, histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural examinations were done. Different examinations illustrated normal features of SMG in Groups 1 and 3. Group 2 showed degenerative signs. Group 4 showed normal features in some areas. Statistical results illustrated that Group 2 had highest mean vacuolation area%. Highest mean of PAS optical density (OD) was for Group 2. Concerning mercuric bromophenol blue stain OD; Group 1 showed highest mean OD. CPFX® has the deteriorative effect on SMG structure and ultrastructure. It leads to increased levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and decreased levels of total proteins. CIN extract showed more ameliorative effect compared to chia seeds.

Combined efficacy of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and doxorubicin against leukemia through regulation of TRAIL and NF-kappa B pathways in rat model

BACKGROUND

Recent discoveries in cancer therapeutics have proven combination therapies more effective than individual drugs. This study describes the efficacy of the combination of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and doxorubicin against benzene-induced leukemia.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Brine shrimp assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of C. zeylanicum, doxorubicin and their combination. After AML induction in Sprague Dawley rats, the same drugs were given to rat groups. Changes in organ weight, haematological profile, and hepatic enzymes were determined. Real-time PCR was used to elucidate the effect on the expression of STMN1, GAPDH, P53 and various TRAIL and NF-kappaB components. C. zeylanicum reduced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. The combination treatment showed better anti-leukemic results than any of the individual drugs as evident from STMN1 expression (p < 0.001). It was particularly effective in reducing total white blood cell counts and recovering lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils along with hepatic enzymes ALT and AST (p < 0.001). All doses recovered relative organ weights and improved blood parameters. The combination therapy was particularly effective in inducing apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation marker GAPDH (p < 0.001) and NF-kappaB pathway components Rel-A (p < 0.001) and Rel-B (p < 0.01). Expressions of TRAIL components c-FLIP (p < 0.001), TRAIL ligand (p < 0.001) and caspase 8 (p < 0.01) were also altered.

CONCLUSION

Cinnamomum zeylanicum in combination with doxorubicin helps to counter benzene-induced cellular and hepatic toxicity and improves haematological profile. The anti-leukemic effects are potentially due to inhibition of GAPDH and NF-kappa B pathway, and through regulation of TRAIL pathway. Our data suggests the use of C. zeylanicum with doxorubicin to improve anti-leukemic therapeutic regimes.

Beneficial effects of cinnamon and its extracts in the management of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes are the leading causes of death worldwide, which underlines the urgent necessity to develop new pharmacotherapies. Cinnamon has been an eminent component of spice and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Numerous lines of findings have elucidated that cinnamon has beneficial effects against CVDs in various ways, including endothelium protection, regulation of immune response, lowering blood lipids, antioxidative properties, anti-inflammatory properties, suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and mobilization, repression of platelet activity and thrombosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, emerging evidence has established that cinnamon improves diabetes, a crucial risk factor for CVDs, by enhancing insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion; regulating the enzyme activity involved in glucose; regulating glucose metabolism in the liver, adipose tissue and muscle; ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation to protect islet cells; and improving diabetes complications. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms by which cinnamon regulates CVDs and diabetes in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further clinical application of cinnamon.

Cinnamon Extract and Probiotic Supplementation Alleviate Copper-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Broiler Chickens

The present study aimed to assess the potential protective effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cin) and probiotic against CuSO₄-induced nephrotoxicity in broiler chickens. One-day-old Cobb chicks were assigned into seven groups (15 birds/group): control group, fed basal diet; Cin group, fed the basal diet mixed with Cin (200 mg/kg); PR group, receiving PR (1 g/4 L water); Cu group, fed the basal diets mixed with CuSO₄ (300 mg/kg); Cu + Cin group; Cu + PR group; and Cu + Cin + PR group. All treatments were given daily for 6 weeks. Treatment of Cu-intoxicated chickens with Cin and/or PR reduced (p < 0.05) Cu contents in renal tissues and serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid compared to the Cu group. Moreover, Cin and PR treatment decreased lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in chickens' kidney. Additionally, significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-2) and Bax, and in cyclooxygenase (COX-II) enzyme expression, and significant elevation (p < 0.05) in mRNA expression of IL-10 and Bcl-2 were observed in kidneys of Cu + Cin, Cu + PR, and Cu + Cin + PR groups compared to Cu group. Conclusively, Cin and/or PR afford considerable renal protection against Cu-induced nephrotoxicity in chickens.

Renoprotective effects of cinnamon oil against APAP-Induced nephrotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in rats

Acetaminophen (APAP) is used as a primary medication in relieving moderate pain and fever. However, APAP is associated with toxic effects in renal tissue that appear because of its free radicals property. The principle goal of the present work is to assess the kidney damage by APAP and its restore antioxidative property of cinnamon oil (CO). Animals were distributed into six animals each in six groups. Rats were administered with three varying doses of CO from 50 to 200 mg/kg b.w. respectively and only a single dose of APAP. APAP induced an alteration in serum biochemical markers, imbalance in oxidative parameters, morphological changes in kidney tissue along with increased interleukins cytokines (IL-1β & 6) and caspase (3, 9) levels. CO administration significantly ameliorates all the parameters and histopathological changes were restored. Moreover, it also restored the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Our work proved that an variance of oxidative markers in the kidney by APAP is ameliorated by CO in rats. Thus, CO could be used in reducing APAP-induced nephrotoxicity.

Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium and Oxytetracycline Mediated Hepato-Renal Toxicity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Male Albino Rats

Among commonly consumed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs are diclofenac sodium (DFS) and oxytetracycline (OTC), especially in developing countries because they are highly effective and cheap. However, the concomitant administration of anti-inflammatory drugs with antibiotics may exaggerate massive toxic effects on many organs. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cin) is considered one of the most broadly utilized plants with various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of cinnamon aqueous extract (Cin) against DFS and OTC hepato-renal toxicity. Eight groups (8/group) of adult male albino rats were treated orally for 15 days with physiological saline (control), Cin aqueous extract (300 mg/kg b.w.), OTC (200 mg/kg b.w.), single dose of DFS at the 14th day (100 mg/kg b.w.), DFS + OTC, Cin + DFS, Cin + OTC, and Cin + DFS + OTC. The administration of DFS and/or OTC significantly increased (p < 0.05) the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as hepatic and renal malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolites, were also raised following DFS and OTC administration. Meanwhile, the activities of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in liver and kidney were significantly suppressed in DFS, OTC, and DFS + OTC treated rats. Moreover, hepatic and renal tissue sections from these rats exhibited overexpression of caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-II on immunohistochemical investigation. The administration of Cin aqueous extract ameliorated the aforementioned deteriorations caused by DFS, OTC, and their combination. Conclusively, Cin is a promising protective plant extract capable of attenuating the oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation induced by DFS and OTC either alone or combined, on hepatic and renal tissues.

Protective potential of curcumin or taurine on nephrotoxicity caused by bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) received heightened attention in the recent years due to humans continuously being exposed to it. This study explores the effect of taurine or curcumin on subacute BPA treatment-induced nephrotoxicity in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Forty-two adult albino male rats were exposed to BPA (130 mg/kg daily) for 28 days by gastric gavage. BPA led to lipid peroxidation, inhibiting antioxidant enzyme activities like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). BPA exposure also induced histopathological changes like tubular and glomerular degeneration, vascular congestion, and interstitial cell infiltration in kidney tissue. Cotreatment with taurine (100 mg/kg daily) or curcumin (100 mg/kg daily) alleviated the lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activities and histological alterations brought about by BPA. In this study, curcumin and taurine application provided protection against renal toxicity caused by BPA but did not prevent toxic effect completely.

Cinnamomum cassia ameliorates Ni-NPs-induced liver and kidney damage in male Sprague Dawley rats

Nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs) have been widely used in various industries related to electronics, ceramics, textiles, and nanomedicine. Ambient and occupational exposure to Ni-NPs may bring about potential detrimental effects on animals and humans. Thus, there is a growing effort to identify compounds that can ameliorate NPs-associated pathophysiologies. The present study examined Cinnamomum cassia (C. cassia) bark extracts (CMBE) for its ameliorative activity against Ni-NPs-induced pathophysiological and histopathological alterations in male Sprague Dawley rats. The biochemical analyses revealed that dosing rats with Ni-NPs at 10 mg/kg/body weight (b.w.) significantly altered the normal structural and biochemical adaptations in the liver and kidney. Conversely, supplementations with CMBE at different doses (225, 200, and 175 mg/kg/b.w. of rat) ameliorated the altered blood biochemistry and reduced the biomarkers of liver and kidney function considerably (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. However, the best results were at 225 mg/kg/b.w. of rat. The study provided preliminary information about the protective effect of C. cassia against Ni-NPs indicated liver and kidney damages. Future investigations are needed to explore C. cassia mechanism of action and isolation of single constituents of C. cassia to assess their pharmaceutical importance accordingly.

Gonadoprotective ability of Vincetoxicum arnottianum extract against bisphenol A-induced testicular toxicity and hormonal imbalance in male Sprague Dawley rats

Vincetoxicum arnottianum (Wight) of family Apocynaceae is a rich source of therapeutic alkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids. Study aims to evaluate the protective potential of methanol extract of Vincetoxicum arnottianum (VAM) on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced testicular toxicity in male Sprague Dawley rat. Quantitative analysis of VAM for total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total alkaloid content (TAC) along with HPLC analysis for polyphenolics was carried out. BPA-induced testicular toxicity was determined through analysis of antioxidant enzymes, DNA damages and testicular histopathology along with reproductive hormones in serum of rat. VAM was constituted of TFC (382.50 ± 1.67 μg GAE/mg), TPC (291.17 ± 0.82 μg RE/mg), TAC (16.5 ± 0.5%), ferulic acid (2.2433 μg/mg) and vanillic acid (2.1249 μg/mg). VAM co-administration to BPA-treated rats attenuated the toxic effects of BPA and restored the body and testis weights. Altered level of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum, and level of antioxidants (GSH, POD, CAT and SOD) and nitric oxide in testis tissues of BPA-induced toxicity were significantly restored by VAM. Histological and comet assay studies also sanctioned the protective potential of VAM in BPA-intoxicated rats. The presence of polyphenols and alkaloids might contribute towards the scavenging and ameliorative potential of VAM in testicular toxicity induced by BPA.

Bisphenol A-induced oxidative damage in the hepatic and cardiac tissues of rats: The modulatory role of sesame lignans

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental pollutant that is widely produced throughout the world. It is primarily used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, paints and dental materials. BPA has been reported to promote hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The antioxidant activity of sesame lignans is well established. The current study assessed the protective efficiency of sesame lignans against BPA-induced hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Rats were divided into 4 groups: A control group, a BPA-treated group, a sesame lignans-treated group and a sesame lignans and BPA-treated group. Rats were orally administered their respective doses daily [30 mg/kg body weight (BW) BPA and/or 20 mg/kg BW sesame lignans] for 6 weeks. Liver function tests were performed using serum of all groups. Lipid profile and antioxidant status were also measured in liver tissue of the studied groups. The results were confirmed by histopathological examination of liver and heart tissues. The oral administration of BPA was revealed to elicit significant decreases in the activities of hepatic glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione. It also significantly increased levels of malondialdehyde. Furthermore, BPA-treatment resulted in lipid accumulation, elevated activities of alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase MB and lactate dehydrogenase, and histological changes of liver and heart tissues. However, the co-administration of sesame lignans and BPA attenuated hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and BPA-induced histological changes. The results of the current study indicated that sesame lignans may be helpful in the development of novel natural drugs to treat hepatic and cardiovascular disorders.

Identification of in vitro effect of 4-octylphenol on the basal and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulated secretion of androgens and superoxide radicals in mouse Leydig cells

The aim of our in vitro study was to assess the potential effect of 4-octylphenol (4-OP) on the basal and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated cholesterol levels and biosynthesis of steroid hormones in cultured mouse Leydig cells. In addition, we evaluated the intracellular superoxide production following 4-OP treatment. Isolated mouse Leydig cells were cultured in the presence or absence of 1 IU/mL (hCG) with the addition of 0.04; 0.2; 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 µg/mL 4-OP during 44 h. The level of cholesterol was determined from the culture medium using photometry. Quantification of steroid hormones was performed by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular generation of superoxide radicals was assessed by the nitroblue-tetrazolium assay. Administered concentrations of 4-OP (0.04-5.0 µg/mL) did not affect basal and hCG-stimulated cholesterol level significantly. However, basal DHEA secretion was increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the highest experimental dose (5 µg/mL) of 4-OP. By hCG-stimulated DHEA secretion, a significant (P < 0.001) decrease was recorded at 5.0 µg/mL 4-OP in comparison to the control group. The stimulatory effect of 4-OP was also confirmed in androstenedione secretion, when 2.5 and 5.0 µg/mL increased hormone secretion significantly (P˂0.05; P˂0.001). Exposure to experimental concentrations (0.04 to 5.0 µg/mL) of tested chemical reduced hCG-stimulated androstenedione formation, but not significantly. Measurements of basal testosterone production have shown significant (P˂0.01; P˂0.001) increase at 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 µg/mL of 4-OP. Furthermore, 44 h treatment by 4-OP (1.0-5.0 µg/mL) caused significant (P˂0.01; P˂0.001) intracellular accumulation of superoxide radicals in exposed cells. A considerably more detailed and systematic research is required for a better understanding of risks associated with male reproductive system in humans and wildlife.

Bisphenol-A induced oxidative stress, inflammatory gene expression, and metabolic and histopathological changes in male Wistar albino rats: protective role of boron

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most produced chemicals in the world and has been widely employed in the food industry. Continuous and widespread exposure to BPA through drinking water and food leads to health concerns for humans. This study evaluated the effects of boron (B) on BPA-mediated oxidative stress in male Wistar albino rats. Rats were equally divided into 5 groups; corn oil was given orally to the control group; 25 mg kg-1 of BPA dissolved in corn oil was given orally to the second group. All other groups received the same dose of BPA and different doses of B (5, 10, and 20 mg kg-1 per day, respectively) orally for 30 days. The administration of BPA significantly decreased glutathione levels and increased malondialdehyde levels in rat tissues. Furthermore, BPA treatment reduced the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in tissues and erythrocytes. Also, mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the brain, liver, and testes of rats were augmented, whereas IL-10 was decreased with BPA treatment. Besides, BPA treatment adversely altered biochemical parameters and caused damage to the cell integrity of rat tissues. However, B administration reversed BPA-induced alterations in rat tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, B exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and regulated metabolic and histopathological alterations in male Wistar albino rats exposed to BPA.

Potential Toxic Effect of Bisphenol A on the Cardiac Muscle of Adult Rat and the Possible Protective Effect of Omega-3: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Bisphenol A (BPA) is intensely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Recently, BPA has been receiving increased attention due to its link to various health problems that develop after direct or indirect human exposure. Previous studies have shown the harmful effect of high doses of BPA; however, the effect of small doses of BPA on disease development is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a low dose of BPA on the rat myocardium and to explore the outcome of coadministration of Omega-3 fatty acid (FA). Thirty adult male rats were divided equally into control group, BPA-treated group (1.2 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally for 3 weeks), and BPA and Omega-3-treated group (received BPA as before plus Omega-3 at a daily dose of 300 mg/kg/day orally) for 3 weeks. Exposure to BPA resulted in structural anomalies in the rat myocardium in the form of disarrangement of myofibers, hypertrophy of myocytes, myocardial fibrosis, and dilatation of intramyocardial arterioles. On the other hand, mast cell density and media-to-lumen area ratio were not significantly altered. Interestingly, concomitant administration of Omega-3 FAs with BPA significantly reduced BPA-induced changes and provided a protective effect to the myocardium. In conclusion, exposure to a low dose of BPA could potentially lead to pathological alterations in the myocardium, which could be prevented by administration of Omega-3 FA.

Protective effect of cinnamon against acetaminophen-mediated cellular damage and apoptosis in renal tissue

Acetaminophen, APAP, is a common over-the-counter drug with antipyretic-analgesic action. When APAP is used in large doses, it causes hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity but safe at therapeutic doses. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is extensively used in folk medicine due to its high content of natural antioxidants. The current investigation was planned to study the possible ameliorative effect of cinnamon toward induced APAP-apoptosis and cellular damage in renal cells. Four groups (nine rats each) were used; negative control group administrated distilled water for 15 days; positive control APAP group administrated a single dose of APAP (1 g/kg) orally on the last day; APAP+Cin L (200 mg/kg) and APAP+Cin H (400 mg/kg) aqueous extract of cinnamon orally once a day for 15 days. An hour after the last dose of cinnamon, all rats in the third and fourth group were administrated a single dose of APAP (1 g/kg) orally. GC/MS analysis was performed to identify the plant used in the study. APAP markedly increased serum levels of creatinine, BUN, and glucose and decreased levels of albumin and total protein. In addition, APAP could also exert severe alteration in the kidney histopathology along with upregulation of caspase-3 and PCNA. However, pre-treatment with cinnamon ameliorated the APAP-induced cellular alterations and apoptosis, possibly through its high content of antioxidants.

Improved effect of pumpkin seed oil against the bisphenol-A adverse effects in male mice

The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative role of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) against potential adverse effects of bisphenol-A (BPA) in male mice. BPA was administered to the mice orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight once a day for 28 successive days. While, PSO was administered to the mice orally at 1 mL/kg b w either before, with or after treatment of BPA, once a day for 28 successive days. The studied parameters were DNA damage evaluation using comet assay in liver and testes cells and micronucleus test in bone marrow; and histopathological examination of liver and testes tissues. Results revealed that BPA induced DNA damage in tested cells and marked histopathological alterations in liver and testes. In contrast, PSO treatments alleviated DNA damage and improved the histopathological alterations in liver and testes tissues. Furthermore, administration of mice with the PSO before BPA treatment was the best regimen in the alleviation of the adverse effects of BPA, followed by administration of PSO after then with treatment of BPA. It can be concluded that PSO may has a protective role against BPA genotoxicity and histopathological alterations in male mice.

Antioxidant responses and DNA damage in primary hepatocytes of Van fish (Alburnus tarichi, Güldenstadt 1814) exposed to nonylphenol or octylphenol

Alkylphenols, a nonionic surface-active agent group, such as nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) are important endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). In this study, the dose- and time-dependent effects of NP and OP were investigated in the primary hepatocyte culture of Van Fish. In this study, samples were taken at different times and biochemical parameters were studied separately. The effects of the chemicals used on SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MDA, and 8-OHdG were investigated in hepatocyte culture. The antioxidants SOD and CAT were observed to increase in all groups in the primary hepatocyte cultures at the 24th hour after NP and OP administration, whereas the GSH-Px level was observed to increase with OP at the 24th hour and with NP at the 48th hour. The MDA level was observed to reach its highest value for both chemicals in the 24th hour, and the 8-OHdG level was observed to increase toward the end of the follow-up time, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, different doses of NP and OP were found to induce an increase in the levels of antioxidants and the MDA level in Van Fish primary hepatocyte culture. DNA damage, on the other hand, may be considered to appear after longer-term exposure to NP and OP.

Healing potential of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. plant extract on bisphenol A-induced hepatic toxicity in male albino rats

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used environmental pollutant in the production of plastics but causes hepatotoxicity in mammals. In the present study, we studied the BPA-induced oxidative stress in rats and ameliorative potential of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. plant. It was concluded that the BPA can reduce the body and liver weight, increase in biochemical levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, and disturb the normal hepatic physiology, histology, and metabolism. Additionally, liver histology shows hepatic necrosis, congestion, and vacuolization in exposed individuals. In contrast, simultaneous exposure of A. capillus-veneris and BPA showed declining trend in serum biomarker levels and normal histopathological structures. We conclude that the A. capillus-veneris plant is antioxidant in nature and can reduce the BPA-induced toxicity. These findings are very helpful to understand the BPA-induced hepatic toxicity and ameliorative potential of A. capillus-veneris plant and are of great importance in risk assessment of xenobiotics.

Protective effects of Asparagus officinalis extract against Bisphenol A- induced toxicity in Wistar rats

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1 Bisphenol A treatment lead to histopathologic changes in liver and kidney tissues.

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2- Bisphenol A decreased the antioxidant capacities in rats.

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3- Asparagus officinalis alleviate the extent of oxidative status induced by BPA.

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3- Asparagus officinalis decreases the pathological change of liver and kidney caused by BPA.

Asparagus officinalis is an herbal medicine with remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihepatotoxic properties. The present study aimed to investigate whether Bisphenol A (BPA) could induce histopathological changes and oxidative stress in the liver and kidney tissues of male rats. In addition, we evaluated whether the co-administration of the Asparagus officinalis extract (AOE) could prevent the possible damages. In total, 40 adult male Wistar rats with the mean weight of 200 ± 20 grams were divided into five groups. Control subjects were placed in the first group, while group two was the vehicle (5 ml/kg bwt/day). Subjects in group three were administered with 400 mg/kg of AOE (bwt/day), group four received 10 mg/kg of BPA (bwt/day) dissolved in 5 ml/kg of olive oil, and group five received oral BPA and AOE daily for eight weeks. After the experiments, the blood, liver, and kidneys of the animals were collected and examined. Biochemical results showed a significant elevation in the levels of liver and kidney biomarkers in the BPA group (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, malondialdehyde was observed to increase, while thiol protein and total antioxidant capacity decreased. Histopathological results of the BPA group indicated dilated and congested central and portal veins and inflammatory areas in the liver. In addition, renal test results showed casts in the urinary tubules and acute tubular necrosis. According to the results, the co-administration of AOE and BPA could increase the total antioxidative capability, thereby improving the function and structure of the liver and kidney tissues. Therefore, AOE is a potential protective agent against oxidative stress, liver, and kidney damage.

Effect of Bisphenol-A (BPA) on insulin signal transduction and GLUT4 translocation in gastrocnemius muscle of adult male albino rat

Environmental estrogens bind to estrogen receptors, mimic estrogenic actions, and have adverse effects on human health like Bisphenol - A (BPA) which is used as a monomer in the production of polycarbonate plastics (PC) and epoxy resins which are used in variety of canned foods. Skeletal muscle plays an essential role in maintaining systemic glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of BPA on insulin signalling molecules and GLUT4 translocation in the gastrocnemius muscle of adult male rat. Rats were divided into four groups - Group I: Control (vehicle-corn oil treated), Group II, III and IV were administered with BPA (10, 100 and 400mg/kg b.wt/day, respectively) through oral gavage. Fasting blood glucose level of BPA treated groups showed a significant increase, oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were also impaired in these animals. BPA significantly decreased the protein levels of insulin signalling molecules like IR, IRS-1, Akt, AS160 and its phosphorylated forms and blunts GLUT4 translocation by altering the levels of v- and t- SNARE proteins that assist the translocation process, thereby decreasing glucose uptake and oxidation in the gastrocnemius muscle. These results suggest that BPA has detrimental effects on insulin signalling molecules and GLUT4 translocation in the gastrocnemius muscle and thus impairs glucose homeostasis.

Non-monotonic dose-response effect of bisphenol A on rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus ovarian development

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely spread in the environment, and can cause various reproductive disrupting effects on different organisms, including fish. Our previous published study showed that BPA has non-monotonic (inverted U-shaped) dose-response effect on rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus ovarian weight at different concentrations. To investigate the potential mechanism, we exposed female rare minnow to 1, 15 and 225 µg L(-1) BPA for 7 days in the present study. The levels of vitellogenin (Vtg), sex hormones, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione (GSH) and triglyceride (TG) were measured. RNA-seq of ovary tissues was also performed. Result showed that Vtg, sex hormone and TG levels showed an inverted U-shaped increased response, while H2O2 and GSH levels showed a U-shaped inhibited response. RNA-seq data showed that many genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteolysis processes were altered. The change of Vtg, H2O2, GSH and TG levels was possibly related to the altered sex hormone levels. Sex hormone's direct effect, Vtg accumulation, TG accumulation and oxidative stress induced proteolysis may contribute to the change of ovary weight.

Evaluation of kudzu root extract-induced hepatotoxicity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Kudzu root, the root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, has been used as food and medicine for centuries, but few studies indicate that kudzu root may cause liver damage.

AIM OF STUDY

We studied the hepatotoxicity of kudzu root extract in mice, HepG2 cells and mice hepatocytes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice were administrated with kudzu root extract (10mg/day) for 4 weeks, and then the biochemical analysis and histopathological changes were carried out. To explore the potential mechanism by which kudzu root extract-induced hepatotoxicity, HepG2 cells and mice hepatocytes were co-cultured with kudzu root extract or puerarin, which is a kudzu root isoflavone, for 2h.

RESULTS

The increase of serum ALT and AST and histopathological changes in treated mice revealed that kudzu root extract was hepatotoxic. The increase of LDH leakage for HepG2 cells and mice hepatocytes further confirmed hepatotoxicity of kudzu root extract. Kudzu root extract and puerarin significantly up-regulated Mt1 mRNA involved in the acute phase response and Bax which is crucial for apoptosis. Gclc, Nrf2 and Ho-1 mRNA expressions did not change in treatment group.

CONCLUSIONS

Kudzu root extract may be hepatotoxic and caution may be required for its use.