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Alam S, Mandal P, Jagdale PR, Ayanur A, Ansari KM. Safety studies of Nexrutine, bark extract of Phellodendron amurense through repeated oral exposure to rats for 28 days. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07654. [PMID: 34386623 PMCID: PMC8342906 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nexrutine (NX), a marketable herbal extract from a traditional Chinese herbal plant, Phellodendron amurense, is majorly used for the resolution of inflammation, gastroenteritis, and some tissue-specific cancer. Strategies for the identification of the safety of anticancer solutions of plant origin are an important area of study. The present investigation assesses the single and repeated dose (28 days) toxicity of NX following OECD guidelines 425 and 407, respectively. Briefly, to identify acute toxic properties of NX, a dose of 2000 mg/kg b. wt was administered once orally. Simultaneously, repeated dose toxicity was evaluated through daily administration of the three different doses (250, 500, 750 mg/kg b. wt) of NX for 28days. The single administration of NX showed no signs of toxicity and morbidity, suggesting LD50 of NX more than 2000 mg/kg b. wt. Furthermore, repeated dose exposure of NX for 28 days did not show any sign of toxicity. Hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathological analysis also did not show any significant abnormalities. However, a marginal decrease in triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose levels along with mild tubular degeneration in the kidney was also noticed in the high dose NX treatment group. Overall, the findings of the study suggest that NX is safe for use up to 500 mg/kg b.wt. Single dose toxicity confirms LD50 of NX to be greater than 2000 mg/kg b. wt. Repeated dose toxicity study used three doses of NX (250, 500, 750 mg/kg b. wt). Minimal aberrations in hematology and biochemical parameters. Histopathology depicts mild tubular degeneration at a high dose in the kidney. No morbidity or mortality was recorded in both the experimental setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Alam
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Payal Mandal
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Ramji Jagdale
- Pathology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box#80, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjaneya Ayanur
- Pathology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box#80, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Suppression of FAK by nexrutine inhibits gastric cancer progression. Life Sci 2020; 257:118100. [PMID: 32679149 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Nexrutine, an herbal extract of Phellodendron amurense, has been found to play a tumor-suppressive role in many cancers. However, its role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901 and MGC-803) were treated with nexrutine, and cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis were analyzed. And the MGC-803 cells-derived xenograft mouse models were fed pelleted diet containing 600 mg/kg nexrutine for 21 days after inoculation. Mechanically, we focused on the influences of nexrutine on the levels and activation of STAT3 and NF-κB as well as their upstream regulator FAK. Additionally, we further verified whether nexrutine affected the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells via FAK by upregulating FAK expression before nexrutine treatment. KEY FINDINGS We found nexrutine inhibited the viability, invasion, and expression levels of PCNA, CyclinD1 and Bcl-2, promoted the apoptosis and Bax expression, decreased levels of STAT3, phospho-STAT3, NF-κB p65, phospho-p65, FAK and phospho-FAK in gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of FAK reversed the impacts of nexrutine on the levels of STAT3, phospho-STAT3, NF-κB p65, phospho-p65, as well as the malignant characteristics of gastric cancer cells. Moreover, nexrutine suppressed tumor volumes and weights, and decreased expression and phosphorylation of FAK, STAT3 and NF-κB p65 in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Nexrutine inhibited the malignant progression of gastric cancer via negatively regulating STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway by suppressing FAK expression and activation.
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Triacontanoic ester of 5''-hydroxyjustisolin: Tumour suppressive role in cervical cancer via Bcl-2, BAX and caspase-3 mediated signalling. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1198-1205. [PMID: 31768331 PMCID: PMC6872787 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Triacontanoic ester of 5"-hydroxyjustisolin, a lignan from Justicia simplex D. Don, possesses antitumor activity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this is not yet clearly understood. The present study showed significant inhibition in cell viability on HeLa cell line and induced minor toxicity in normal cells. This compound induced mitotic arrest at G0/G1 phase followed by apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells and was accompanied by the upregulation of BAX, caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl-2. Taken together, these data reveal that the title compound acts through multiple cellular/molecular pathways, which strongly suggest the role of pro and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Triacontanoic ester of 5''-hydroxyjustisolin may be a potential agent for the cervical cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- Antitumor
- BAX
- Bcl-2
- Caspase-3
- DLA, Daltons lymphoma ascites
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- DMSO, dimethyl suphoxide
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HaCat, human keratinocyte immortalised
- HeLa, human cervical carcinoma
- Justicia simplex D. Don
- MCF-7, human breast adenocarcinoma cell line
- MTT, methyl tetrazolium assay
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerize chain reaction
- TE5-OHJ, triacontanoic ester of 5ʹʹ-hydroxyjustisolin
- Triacontanoic ester of 5ʺ -hydroxyjustisolin
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Reichert CL, Salminen H, Weiss J. Quillaja Saponin Characteristics and Functional Properties. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:43-73. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-122010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consumer concerns about synthetically derived food additives have increased current research efforts to find naturally occurring alternatives. This review focuses on a group of natural surfactants, the Quillaja saponins, that can be extracted from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree. Quillaja saponins are triterpenoid saponins comprising a hydrophobic quillaic acid backbone and hydrophilic sugar moieties. Commercially available Quillaja saponin products and their composition and properties are described, and the technofunctionality of Quillaja saponins in a variety of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical product applications is discussed. These applications make use of the biological and interfacial activities of Quillaja saponins and their ability to form and stabilize colloidal structures such as emulsions, foams, crystallized lipid particles, heteroaggregates, and micelles. Further emphasis is given to the complexation and functional properties of Quillaja saponins with other cosurfactants to create mixed surfactant systems, an approach that has the potential to facilitate new interfacial structures and novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina L. Reichert
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanna Salminen
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Mo'men YS, Hussein RM, Kandeil MA. Involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway in the protective effect of hesperidin against a chemically induced liver cancer in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22305. [PMID: 30779474 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside that is found in the Citrus species and showed antioxidant, hepatoprotective as well as anticancer activity. This study investigated the effect of hesperidin on the PI3K/Akt pathway as a possible mechanism for its protective effect against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Adult Wistar rats were divided into Control group (received drug vehicle); DEN group (received 100 mg/L of DEN solution for 8 weeks), and hesperidin + DEN group (received 200 mg/kg body weight of hesperidin/day orally for 16 weeks + DEN solution as DEN group). Our findings showed that the administration of hesperidin significantly decreased the elevation in liver function enzymes, serum AFP level, and oxidative stress markers. Moreover, hesperidin administration suppressed DEN-induced upregulation of PI3K, Akt, CDK-2 protein expression, and preserved the integrity of the liver tissues from HCC formation. In conclusion, the hepatoprotective activity of hesperidin is mediated via its antioxidation and downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna S Mo'men
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kandeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Hesperidin protects against chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis via modulation of Nrf2/ARE/HO-1, PPARγ and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, and amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammation. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:146-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Alam S, Pal A, Singh D, Ansari KM. Topical application of Nexrutine inhibits ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses in SKH-1 hairless mouse. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:82-90. [PMID: 28857273 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the major contributor to skin inflammation which leads to the development of skin cancer. Hence, in this study, we studied the effect of Nexrutine (NX) on UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation and its mediators. METHODS Ultraviolet absorption spectra of NX were measured by spectrophotometer. To conduct the photoprotective studies, SKH-1 hairless mice were topically treated with NX, 30 minutes before to the UVB (180 mJ/cm2 ) exposure. Twenty hours of post-UVB irradiation, mouse skin was used for edema measurements, H & E staining, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and estimation of plasma cytokines. In addition, expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were also determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Nexrutine displayed absorbance over the UVB spectrum. NX significantly decreased the UVB-induced epidermal edema, skin thickness, leukocyte infiltration, number of the sunburn, and TUNEL-positive cells. NX treatment also decreased the number of mast cells, MPO activity, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inflammation mediator protein in mouse skin. CONCLUSION These results provide evidences that NX inhibits the UVB-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses in SKH-1 mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Alam
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Anu Pal
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- Animal House Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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Gong J, Muñoz AR, Pingali S, Payton-Stewart F, Chan DE, Freeman JW, Ghosh R, Kumar AP. Downregulation of STAT3/NF-κB potentiates gemcitabine activity in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:402-411. [PMID: 27208550 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet need to develop new agents or strategies against therapy resistant pancreatic cancer (PanCA). Recent studies from our laboratory showed that STAT3 negatively regulates NF-κB and that inhibition of this crosstalk using Nexrutine® (Nx) reduces transcriptional activity of COX-2. Inhibition of these molecular interactions impedes pancreatic cancer cell growth as well as reduces fibrosis in a preclinical animal model. Nx is an extract derived from the bark of Phellodendron amurense and has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine as antidiarrheal, astringent, and anti-inflammatory agent for centuries. We hypothesized that "Nx-mediated inhibition of survival molecules like STAT3 and NF-κB in pancreatic cancer cells will improve the efficacy of the conventional chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine (GEM)." Therefore, we explored the utility of Nx, one of its active constituents berberine and its derivatives, to enhance the effects of GEM. Using multiple human pancreatic cancer cells we found that combination treatment with Nx and GEM resulted in significant alterations of proteins in the STAT3/NF-κB signaling axis culminating in growth inhibition in a synergistic manner. Furthermore, GEM resistant cells were more sensitive to Nx treatment than their parental GEM-sensitive cells. Interestingly, although berberine, the Nx active component used, and its derivatives were biologically active in GEM sensitive cells they did not potentiate GEM activity when used in combination. Taken together, these results suggest that the natural extract, Nx, but not its active component, berberine, has the potential to improve GEM sensitivity, perhaps by down regulating STAT3/NF-κB signaling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Amanda R Muñoz
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Subramanya Pingali
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Los Angeles
| | | | - Daniel E Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James W Freeman
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addanki P Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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