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Mokoena MM. Microcystins in water containers used in the home: A review of their potential health effects. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115787. [PMID: 38086260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce toxins that are harmful to humans. They are found mostly in surface water, which is the main water source for drinking water before treatment. However, most of the water treatment plants are inadequate to treat toxins such as microcystins in raw water sources from contaminated surface water that has blooming and/or decaying cyanobacteria. Microcystins are harmful toxins produced by cyanobacteria that cause both acute and chronic health problems in humans. However, little is known about microcystins in water containers at the household level. This article therefore focuses on a review of the effects of microcystins in drinking water containers at the household level, including types of microcystins, their health effects, and cases reported in both animals and humans. Therefore, there is a need to develop the water quality management for cyanobacteria toxins, particularly microcystins in household containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mokoena
- Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, P/bag X680, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa.
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Digestive Constraints of Arthrospira platensis in Poultry and Swine Feeding. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192984. [PMID: 36230060 PMCID: PMC9562253 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as novel sources for monogastric animals’ diets since they are rich in many nutrients, including proteins. Arthrospira platensis is particularly rich in proteins (up to 76% of dry matter), lipids, minerals and pigments. However, its rigid peptidoglycan cell wall interferes with the digestibility, bio-accessibility and bioavailability of nutrients for monogastric animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the digestibility, bio-accessibility, bioavailability and protein quality of nutrients from A. platensis for poultry and swine feeding, searching all the studies available in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar in June 2022 concerning this subject. Overall, digestibility values of A. platensis proteins or amino acids varying from 66.1 to 68.7% for poultry (microalgae at 1% feed) and from 75.4 to 80.6% for swine (10% feed) have been reported. Therefore, the extraction of microalgae components using mechanical or non-mechanical pre-treatments is required to promote cell disruption and improve digestibility and bio-accessibility. Although A. platensis is a promising feedstuff to support future needs, it is important to perform more investigation concerning digestibility, dietary inclusion level and possible treatments to disrupt microalga cell walls and increase bioavailability of nutrients.
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Mossoba ME, Mapa MST, Sprando J, Araujo M, Sprando RL. Evaluation of transporter expression in HK-2 cells after exposure to free and ester-bound 3-MCPD. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:436-442. [PMID: 33717996 PMCID: PMC7932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its fatty acid esters have the potential to induce nephrotoxicity. We used an in vitro cellular model of human proximal tubule cells to test the effects of 3-MCPD compound exposures on transporter gene expression. 3-MCPD-related nephrotoxicity could be associated with indirect modes of action relating to aquaporin homeostasis.
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a food processing contaminant in some infant formula products and other foods in the United States. Although rodent studies have demonstrated that 3-MCPD and its palmitic esters have the potential to induce nephrotoxicity, our recent human cell culture studies using the human renal proximal tubule cell line HK-2 have not strongly supported this finding. Considering this disparity, we sought to examine whether changes in transporter gene expression on proximal tubule cells could be modulated by these compounds and allow us to glean mechanistic information on a possible indirect path to proximal tubule injury in vivo. If fundamental processes like water and solute transport could be disrupted by 3-MCPD compounds, then a new avenue of toxicity could be further explored in both infant and adult models. In our current study, we used HK-2 cells as an in vitro cellular model of human proximal tubule cells to investigate the effects of low (10 μM) and high (100 μM) 3-MCPD compound exposures to these cells for 24 hours (h) on the expression of 20 transporter genes that are known to be relevant to proximal tubules. Although we detected consistent upregulation of AQP1 expression at the RNA transcript level following HK-2 treatment with both low and high doses of several ester-bound 3-MCPD compounds, these increases were not associated with statistically significant elevations in their protein expression levels. Moreover, we observed a lack of modulation of other members of the AQP protein family that are known to be expressed by human proximal tubule cells. Overall, our study suggests the possibility that 3-MCPD-related nephrotoxicity could be associated with indirect modes of action relating to aquaporin homeostasis, but additional studies with other human-derived models would be pertinent to further explore these findings and to better understand transporter expression differences under different stages of proximal tubule development.
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Key Words
- 1-Li, 1-Linoleoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- 1-Ol, 1-Oleoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- 1-Pa, 1-Palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- 3-MCPD, 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol
- 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol
- HK-2
- HK-2, Human Kidney-2
- Kidney
- Li, Linoleic Acid
- Li-Li, 1,2-Di-linoleoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- Ol, Oleic Acid
- Ol-Li, 1-Oleoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- Ol-Ol, 1,2-Di-oleoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- PMA, Phenylmercuric Acetate
- Pa, Palmitic Acid
- Pa-Li, 1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- Pa-Ol, 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- Pa-Pa, 1,2-Di-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol
- VAL, Valproic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Mossoba
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Toxicology (DT), Laurel, MD, 20817, United States
| | - Mapa S T Mapa
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Toxicology (DT), Laurel, MD, 20817, United States
| | - Jessica Sprando
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Magali Araujo
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Toxicology (DT), Laurel, MD, 20817, United States
| | - Robert L Sprando
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Toxicology (DT), Laurel, MD, 20817, United States
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Wang W, Jiang M, Sheng Y. Glyphosate Accelerates the Proliferation of Microcystis aeruginosa, a Dominant Species in Cyanobacterial Blooms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:342-351. [PMID: 33238040 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a commonly used herbicide known for its high performance in killing certain plants and grasses; however, its use is regulated due to its harmful effects on the aquatic environment. The present study investigated and compared the toxic mechanisms of glyphosate on Microcystis aeruginosa (a toxin-producing cyanobacterium) under 2 conditions: 0‰ saline media (experiment I) and 2.5‰ saline media (experiment II). The results indicated that an appropriate concentration of glyphosate provided a phosphate source for M. aeruginosa, resulting in an increased specific growth rate in both experimental groups compared with the controls. Glyphosate-enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increased by up to 1.37-fold in experiment I and 1.68-fold in experiment II. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased at glyphosate concentrations below 1.2 mg L-1 but increased at concentrations greater than 1.2 mg L-1 in experiment I, whereas SOD and CAT activities decreased in experiment II and declined by 64 and 49% in the 30 mg L-1 treatments. Furthermore, the transcript abundances of the pyruvate carboxylase (pcB), microcystin synthetase B (mcyB), and paired-like homeobox (phoX) genes were up-regulated by up to 6.92-, 3.63-, and 2.27-fold in experiment I and 6.74-, 6.55-, and 4.86-fold in experiment II after 96 h of incubation. The addition of glyphosate stimulated the production of dissolved organic matter including tryptophan-like substances, fulvic acid-like substances, (marine) humic acid-like substances, and microcystin-leucine-arginine in the culture. In conclusion, glyphosate stimulates the proliferation of M. aeruginosa and enhances the release of dissolved organic matter in saltwater ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:342-351. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqing Sheng
- Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Morocho-Jácome AL, Ruscinc N, Martinez RM, de Carvalho JCM, Santos de Almeida T, Rosado C, Costa JG, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. (Bio)Technological aspects of microalgae pigments for cosmetics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9513-9522. [PMID: 33015721 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms convert carbon dioxide and solar radiation into interesting bioactive compounds not yet entirely explored. Several species of microalgae are known to be rich in colored high-valuable components that, although remarkable, are poorly explored as natural sources of pigments for cosmetics. Pigments associated to photosynthetic activity include chlorophyll, β-carotene, astaxanthin, xanthophylls, and phycobiliproteins, many of which have shown high potential as cosmetic actives due to their antioxidant, immune-enhancing, and anti-inflammatory properties. In the last decade, concern with a young and beautiful appearance has emerged, encouraging many consumers to use anti-aging cosmetics daily. As a result, the cosmetic market has been growing and evolving rapidly to meet consumer expectations. However, due to regular use and the sensitive nature of facial skin, local adverse reactions may often occur, such as irritation, sensitization, or photoreactions, and safety evaluation is mandatory prior to marketing. It is, therefore, understandable that new actives from natural sources, such as microalgae, are perceived as attractive alternatives for consumers who seek ingredients without allergenic potential. Thus, the cosmetic industry has recently started to explore the inclusion of compounds extracted from microalgae and cyanobacteria in innovative formulations. Herein, we revised nontraditional microalgae species for pigment production with cosmetic applications, indicating those that could also be considered potential ingredients for innovative cosmetics. KEY POINTS: • Extraction methods for pigments from photosynthetic microorganisms were compiled. • Innovative cosmeceuticals could be developed with natural pigments. • Safety features of such natural pigments were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucía Morocho-Jácome
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl.15, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Nadia Ruscinc
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl.15, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Miliani Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl.15, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Monteiro de Carvalho
- Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Valéria Robles Velasco
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl.15, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl.15, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
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AlKahtane AA, Abushouk AI, Mohammed ET, ALNasser M, Alarifi S, Ali D, Alessia MS, Almeer RS, AlBasher G, Alkahtani S, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM. Fucoidan alleviates microcystin-LR-induced hepatic, renal, and cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory injuries in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2935-2944. [PMID: 31838672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Fucoidans (FUCs) are sulfated polysaccharides that have a wide range of bioactivities. The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of FUC against microcystin-LR (MC-LR)-induced toxicity. Five mice groups (n = 8) were used. Group 1 received saline, Group 2 received oral FUC 100 mg/kg/day for 21 days, Group 3 received i.p. MC-LR 10 μg/kg/day for 14 days, Group 4 received MC-LR plus FUC 50 mg/kg/day, and Group 5 received MC-LR plus FUC 100 mg/kg/day. The present study showed that MC-LR administration was associated with significant increases (p < 0.01) in serum concentrations of hepatic (aspartate transferase, alanine transferase, and alkaline phosphatase), renal (urea and creatinine), and cardiac (creatine kinase and CK-MB) injury biomarkers, as well as serum lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins-1β and 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α), compared with the control group. Further, MC-LR-intoxicated mice exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.01) hepatic, renal, and cardiac tissue levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, as well as lower tissue levels of reduced glutathione and activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzymes in comparison with control mice. Treatment by FUC significantly ameliorated all the above-mentioned alterations in a dose-dependent manner with frequent restoration of the normal ranges in the FUC 100 mg/kg/day dose group. Moreover, treatment by FUC alone at 100 mg/kg/day was not associated with significant negative alterations in the assessed biochemical parameters, highlighting its safety at this dose. In conclusion, treatment by FUC significantly ameliorated organ injury, induced by MC-LR in mouse hepatic, renal, and cardiac tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A AlKahtane
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eman T Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Moonerah ALNasser
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Alessia
- Department of Biology, Science College, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud, Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafa S Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gadah AlBasher
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249 Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Sun J, Bu L, Chen S, Lu X, Wu Y, Shi Z, Zhou S. Oxidation of Microcystic-LR via the solar/chlorine process: Radical mechanism, pathways and toxicity assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109509. [PMID: 31398579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most widely distributed and harmful variant toxins released by cyanobacteria, which poses potential threaten to people and aquatic animals when entering natural water. In our research, solar/chlorine process was comprehensively investigated to degrade and detoxify MC-LR. Under the chlorine concentration of 1.0 mg L-1, MC-LR (1.0 μM) was decreased by 96.7%, 26%, and 9% by solar/chlorine process, chlorination, and solar irradiation respectively. Quenching experiments confirmed that reactive chlorine species (RCS) and hydroxyl radical (HO) were the predominant reactive species in solar/chlorine process at neutral condition, and ozone was generated because of the participation of triplet-state oxygen (O(3P)). The respective contributions of each reactive species were calculated with the order as: RCS, HO, ozone, and solar irradiation. The presence of HCO3- and natural organic matter in water inhibited the degradation efficiency of MC-LR. Moreover, the transformation products of MC-LR generated during the solar/chlorine process were identified and a possible pathway was proposed. The hepatotoxicity of MC-LR and its transformation products was compared using protein phosphatase 2A. Our experimental results revealed that the concentration and hepatotoxicity of MC-LR both significantly decreased, and most products were not hepatoxic. Overall, the solar/chlorine process is a promising alternative technology to degrade MC-LR during eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Shiyang Chen
- China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Xianlei Lu
- China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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Omidi A, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. Interspecies interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and Desmodesmus subspicatus SAG 86.81 in a co-cultivation system at various growth phases. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105052. [PMID: 31357091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In lakes, cyanobacterial blooms are frequently associated with green algae and dominate the phytoplankton community in successive waves. In the present study, the interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and Desmodesmus subspicatus were studied to clarify the probable ecological significance of algal secondary metabolites; focusing on the role of cyanotoxin 'microcystin-LR' (MC-LR). A dialysis co-cultivation technique was applied where M. aeruginosa was grown inside and D. subspicatus was cultured outside of the dialysis tubing. The concentration of the intra- and extracellular MC-LR and the growth of two species were measured at different time points over a period of one month. Additionally, the growth of the two species in the culture filtrate of one another and the effect of the purified MC-LR on the growth of the green alga were studied. The results indicated that the co-existing species could affect each other depending on the growth phases. Despite the early dominance of D. subspicatus during the logarithmic phase, M. aeruginosa suppressed the growth of the green alga at the stationary phase, which coincided with increased MC production and release. However, the inhibitory effects of Microcystis might be related to its other extracellular metabolites rather than, or possibly in addition to, MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- University of Helsinki, Aquatic Ecotoxicology in an Urban Environment, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Joint laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus E7 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- University of Helsinki, Aquatic Ecotoxicology in an Urban Environment, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Joint laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus E7 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Enhanced In Situ Availability of Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae Constituents Entrapped in Buccal Films for the Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Oral Diseases: Biomechanical Characterization and In Vitro/Ex Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010035. [PMID: 30658451 PMCID: PMC6359436 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the key role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of oral diseases has been emphasized and the use of antioxidant agents has been encouraged. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a unicellular blue-green alga with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was the formulation and characterization of mucoadhesive thin layer films loaded with AFA, finalized to the treatment of oxidative stress (OS)-related oral diseases. First, to enhance the bioavailability of AFA constituents, the raw food grade material was appropriately treated by a high frequency homogenization able to disrupt cell walls. Thus, Eudragit® E100-based buccal films were produced by the solvent casting method, containing 7% and 18% of AFA. The films, characterized by uniformity in thickness, weight, and drug content, showed low swelling degree, good muco-adhesiveness and controlled drug release. The mechanical tests showed elastic moduli of films of almost 5 MPa that is well-suitable for human buccal applications without discomfort, besides biaxial tests highlighted a marked material isotropy. Permeation studies through porcine mucosae demonstrated the ability of films to promote AFA penetration in the tissues, and when sublingually administered, they produced a drug flux up to six-fold higher than an AFA solution. The new formulations represent an interesting alternative for the development of cosmetics and nutraceuticals with a functional appeal containing plant extracts.
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