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Kumar R, Iswanto ABB, Kumar D, Shuwei W, Oh K, Moon J, Son GH, Oh ES, Vu MH, Lee J, Lee KW, Oh MH, Kwon C, Chung WS, Kim JY, Kim SH. C-Type LECTIN receptor-like kinase 1 and ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR 3 are key components of plasmodesmata callose modulation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38780063 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PDs) are intercellular organelles carrying multiple membranous nanochannels that allow the trafficking of cellular signalling molecules. The channel regulation of PDs occurs dynamically and is required in various developmental and physiological processes. It is well known that callose is a critical component in regulating PD permeability or symplasmic connectivity, but the understanding of the signalling pathways and mechanisms of its regulation is limited. Here, we used the reverse genetic approach to investigate the role of C-type lectin receptor-like kinase 1 (CLRLK1) in the aspect of PD callose-modulated symplasmic continuity. Here, we found that loss-of-function mutations in CLRLK1 resulted in excessive PD callose deposits and reduced symplasmic continuity, resulting in an accelerated gravitropic response. The protein interactome study also found that CLRLK1 interacted with actin depolymerizing factor 3 (ADF3) in vitro and in plants. Moreover, mutations in ADF3 result in elevated PD callose deposits and faster gravitropic response. Our results indicate that CLRLK1 and ADF3 negatively regulate PD callose accumulation, contributing to fine-tuning symplasmic opening apertures. Overall, our studies identified two key components involved in the deposits of PD callose and provided new insights into how symplasmic connectivity is maintained by the control of PD callose homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Arya B B Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhinesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu Shuwei
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujin Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon H Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh H Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun W Lee
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ho Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Woo S Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang H Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Guo H, Guo H, Zhang L, Tian X, Wu J, Fan Y, Li T, Gou Z, Sun Y, Gao F, Wang J, Shan G, Zeng F. Organelle Ca 2+/CAM1-SELTP confers somatic cell embryogenic competence acquisition and transformation in plant regeneration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1172-1188. [PMID: 38501463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Somatic cell totipotency in plant regeneration represents the forefront of the compelling scientific puzzles and one of the most challenging problems in biology. How somatic embryogenic competence is achieved in regeneration remains elusive. Here, we discover uncharacterized organelle-based embryogenic differentiation processes of intracellular acquisition and intercellular transformation, and demonstrate the underlying regulatory system of somatic embryogenesis-associated lipid transfer protein (SELTP) and its interactor calmodulin1 (CAM1) in cotton as the pioneer crop for biotechnology application. The synergistic CAM1 and SELTP exhibit consistent dynamical amyloplast-plasmodesmata (PD) localization patterns but show opposite functional effects. CAM1 inhibits the effect of SELTP to regulate embryogenic differentiation for plant regeneration. It is noteworthy that callus grafting assay reflects intercellular trafficking of CAM1 through PD for embryogenic transformation. This work originally provides insight into the mechanisms responsible for embryogenic competence acquisition and transformation mediated by the Ca2+/CAM1-SELTP regulatory pathway, suggesting a principle for plant regeneration and cell/genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Haixia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xindi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yupeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Zhongyuan Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yuxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Guangyao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fanchang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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3
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Qin L, Liu H, Liu P, Jiang L, Cheng X, Li F, Shen W, Qiu W, Dai Z, Cui H. Rubisco small subunit (RbCS) is co-opted by potyvirids as the scaffold protein in assembling a complex for viral intercellular movement. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012064. [PMID: 38437247 PMCID: PMC10939294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses must move through plasmodesmata (PD) to complete their life cycles. For viruses in the Potyviridae family (potyvirids), three viral factors (P3N-PIPO, CI, and CP) and few host proteins are known to participate in this event. Nevertheless, not all the proteins engaging in the cell-to-cell movement of potyvirids have been discovered. Here, we found that HCPro2 encoded by areca palm necrotic ring spot virus (ANRSV) assists viral intercellular movement, which could be functionally complemented by its counterpart HCPro from a potyvirus. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry identified several viral factors (including CI and CP) and host proteins that are physically associated with HCPro2. We demonstrated that HCPro2 interacts with both CI and CP in planta in forming PD-localized complexes during viral infection. Further, we screened HCPro2-associating host proteins, and identified a common host protein in Nicotiana benthamiana-Rubisco small subunit (NbRbCS) that mediates the interactions of HCPro2 with CI or CP, and CI with CP. Knockdown of NbRbCS impairs these interactions, and significantly attenuates the intercellular and systemic movement of ANRSV and three other potyvirids (turnip mosaic virus, pepper veinal mottle virus, and telosma mosaic virus). This study indicates that a nucleus-encoded chloroplast-targeted protein is hijacked by potyvirids as the scaffold protein to assemble a complex to facilitate viral movement across cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Peilan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenping Qiu
- Center for Grapevine Biotechnology, William H. Darr College of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Mountain Grove, United States of America
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Zhao Y, Pan W, Xin Y, Wu J, Li R, Shi J, Long S, Qu L, Yang Y, Yi M, Wu J. Regulating bulb dormancy release and flowering in lily through chemical modulation of intercellular communication. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:136. [PMID: 38012626 PMCID: PMC10683273 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lily is a bulbous plant with an endogenous dormancy trait. Fine-tuning bulb dormancy release is still a challenge in the development of bulb storage technology. In this study, we identified three regulators of symplastic transport, 2,3-Butanedione oxime (BDM), N-Ethyl maleimide (NEM), and 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (DDG), that also regulate bulb dormancy release. We demonstrated that BDM and DDG inhibited callose synthesis between cells and promoted symplastic transport and soluble sugars in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), eventually accelerating bulb dormancy release and flowering in lilies. Conversely, NEM had the opposite effect. These three regulators can be flexibly applied to either accelerate or delay lily bulb dormancy release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenqiang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yin Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingxiang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinxin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Long
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lianwei Qu
- Institute of Floriculture, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Yingdong Yang
- Institute of Floriculture, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Mingfang Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Hitchhiking Across Kingdoms: Cotransport of Cargos in Fungal, Animal, and Plant Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2022; 38:155-178. [PMID: 35905769 PMCID: PMC10967659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells across the tree of life organize their subcellular components via intracellular transport mechanisms. In canonical transport, myosin, kinesin, and dynein motor proteins interact with cargos via adaptor proteins and move along filamentous actin or microtubule tracks. In contrast to this canonical mode, hitchhiking is a newly discovered mode of intracellular transport in which a cargo attaches itself to an already-motile cargo rather than directly associating with a motor protein itself. Many cargos including messenger RNAs, protein complexes, and organelles hitchhike on membrane-bound cargos. Hitchhiking-like behaviors have been shown to impact cellular processes including local protein translation, long-distance signaling, and organelle network reorganization. Here, we review instances of cargo hitchhiking in fungal, animal, and plant cells and discuss the potential cellular and evolutionary importance of hitchhiking in these different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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6
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Kurotani KI, Notaguchi M. Cell-to-Cell Connection in Plant Grafting-Molecular Insights into Symplasmic Reconstruction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1362-1371. [PMID: 34252186 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a means to connect tissues from two individual plants and grow a single chimeric plant through the establishment of both apoplasmic and symplasmic connections. Recent molecular studies using RNA-sequencing data have provided genetic information on the processes involved in tissue reunion, including wound response, cell division, cell-cell adhesion, cell differentiation and vascular formation. Thus, studies on grafting increase our understanding of various aspects of plant biology. Grafting has also been used to study systemic signaling and transport of micromolecules and macromolecules in the plant body. Given that graft viability and molecular transport across graft junctions largely depend on vascular formation, a major focus in grafting biology has been the mechanism of vascular development. In addition, it has been thought that symplasmic connections via plasmodesmata are fundamentally important to share cellular information among newly proliferated cells at the graft interface and to accomplish tissue differentiation correctly. Therefore, this review focuses on plasmodesmata formation during grafting. We take advantage of interfamily grafts for unambiguous identification of the graft interface and summarize morphological aspects of de novo formation of plasmodesmata. Important molecular events are addressed by re-examining the time-course transcriptome of interfamily grafts, from which we recently identified the cell-cell adhesion mechanism. Plasmodesmata-associated genes upregulated during graft healing that may provide a link to symplasm establishment are described. We also discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Abstract
Kinesins constitute a superfamily of ATP-driven microtubule motor enzymes that convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work along microtubule tracks. Kinesins are found in all eukaryotic organisms and are essential to all eukaryotic cells, involved in diverse cellular functions such as microtubule dynamics and morphogenesis, chromosome segregation, spindle formation and elongation and transport of organelles. In this review, we explore recently reported functions of kinesins in eukaryotes and compare their specific cargoes in both plant and animal kingdoms to understand the possible roles of uncharacterized motors in a kingdom based on their reported functions in other kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China.,The College of Advanced Agricultural Science, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
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Chen C, Vanneste S, Chen X. Review: Membrane tethers control plasmodesmal function and formation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110800. [PMID: 33568299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is crucial in coordinating diverse biological processes in multicellular organisms. In plants, communication between adjacent cells occurs via nanotubular passages called plasmodesmata (PD). The PD passage is composed of an appressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) internally, and plasma membrane (PM) externally, that traverses the cell wall, and associates with the actin-cytoskeleton. The coordination of the ER, PM and cytoskeleton plays a potential role in maintaining the architecture and conductivity of PD. Many data suggest that PD-associated proteins can serve as tethers that connect these structures in a functional PD, to regulate cell-to-cell communication. In this review, we summarize the organization and regulation of PD activity via tethering proteins, and discuss the importance of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in plant development and defense against environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Chen
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Xu Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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9
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Sueyoshi K, Ohyama T. Recent Advances in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in C3 Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E318. [PMID: 33396811 PMCID: PMC7795015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C and N are the most important essential elements constituting organic compounds in plants. The shoots and roots depend on each other by exchanging C and N through the xylem and phloem transport systems. Complex mechanisms regulate C and N metabolism to optimize plant growth, agricultural crop production, and maintenance of the agroecosystem. In this paper, we cover the recent advances in understanding C and N metabolism, regulation, and transport in plants, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms of starch metabolism in plastids and the changes in responses to environmental stress that were previously overlooked, since these changes provide an essential store of C that fuels plant metabolism and growth. We present general insights into the system biology approaches that have expanded our understanding of core biological questions related to C and N metabolism. Finally, this review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the trade-off concept that links C and N status to the plant's response to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Kuni Sueyoshi
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Takuji Ohyama
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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10
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Shi F, Wang Y, Zhang F, Yuan X, Chen H, Chen X, Chen X, Cui X. Soybean Endo-1,3-Beta-Glucanase ( GmGLU) Interaction With Soybean mosaic virus-Encoded P3 Protein May Contribute to the Intercelluar Movement. Front Genet 2020; 11:536771. [PMID: 33101374 PMCID: PMC7522550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.536771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, is a prevalent and devastating viral pathogen in soybean-growing regions worldwide. Potyvirus-encoded P3 protein is reported to participate in virus replication, movements, and pathogenesis. This study provides evidence that the soybean (Glycine max) endo-1,3-beta-glucanase protein (designated as GmGLU) interacts with SMV-P3 by using a yeast two-hybrid system to screen a soybean cDNA library. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed the interaction, which occurred on the cytomembrane in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Subcellular localization experiment indicated that GmGLU localized in cytomembrane and could co-localized at PD with PD marker. The transient expression of GmGLU promoted the coupling of Turnip mosaic virus replication and cell-to-cell movement in N. benthamiana. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR experiment demonstrated that the expression of GmGLU which involved in callose regulation increased under SMV infection. Under SMV infection, callose deposition at PD was observed obviously by staining with aniline blue, which raise a physical barrier restricting cell-to-cell movement of SMV. When overexpression the GmGLU into the leaves under SMV infection, the callose induced by SMV was degraded. Coexpression the GmGLU and SMV in soybean leaves, callose was not found, whereas a large amount of callose deposition on soybean leaves which were only under SMV infection. The results show that GmGLU can degrade the callose induced by SMV infection and indicate that GmGLU may be an essential host factor involvement in potyvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Shi
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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11
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Tomczynska I, Stumpe M, Doan TG, Mauch F. A Phytophthora effector protein promotes symplastic cell-to-cell trafficking by physical interaction with plasmodesmata-localised callose synthases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1467-1478. [PMID: 32396661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen effectors act as disease promoting factors that target specific host proteins with roles in plant immunity. Here, we investigated the function of the RxLR3 effector of the plant-pathogen Phytophthora brassicae. Arabidopsis plants expressing a FLAG-RxLR3 fusion protein were used for co-immunoprecipitation followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify host targets of RxLR3. Fluorescently labelled fusion proteins were used for analysis of subcellular localisation and function of RxLR3. Three closely related members of the callose synthase family, CalS1, CalS2 and CalS3, were identified as targets of RxLR3. RxLR3 co-localised with the plasmodesmal marker protein PDLP5 (PLASMODESMATA-LOCALISED PROTEIN 5) and with plasmodesmata-associated deposits of the β-1,3-glucan polymer callose. In line with a function as an inhibitor of plasmodesmal callose synthases (CalS) enzymes, callose depositions were reduced and cell-to-cell trafficking was promoted in the presence of RxLR3. Plasmodesmal callose deposition in response to infection was compared with wild-type suppressed in RxLR3-expressing Arabidopsis lines. Our results implied a virulence function of the RxLR3 effector as a positive regulator of plasmodesmata transport and provided evidence for competition between P. brassicae and Arabidopsis for control of cell-to-cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Tomczynska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tu Giang Doan
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Spiegelman Z, Wu S, Gallagher KL. A role for the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell-to-cell movement of SHORT-ROOT. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1455-1459. [PMID: 31123903 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata enable the trafficking of various signaling molecules, as well as viruses that exploit these channels for their intercellular movement. Viral movement relies on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which serves as a stable platform for the assembly of viral replication complexes and their subsequent shuttling toward plasmodesmata. The role of the ER in the intercellular movement of endogenous proteins is less clear. In the root meristem, the mobile transcription factor SHORT-ROOT (SHR) traffics between cell layers to regulate root radial patterning and differentiation. Movement of SHR is a regulated process that requires several cellular factors including the endomembrane system, intact microtubules and an endosome-associated protein named SHR-interacting-embryonic-lethal (SIEL). Recently, we found that KINESIN G (KinG) interacts with both SIEL and microtubules to support the cell-to-cell movement of SHR. Here, we provide evidence that both SHR-associated endosomes and KinG localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that movement of SHR-associated endosomes occurs on the ER. Moreover, we show that compromised ER structure leads to a reduction in the cell-to-cell movement of SHR. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that the ER plays a role in SHR movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 7528809, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Xiao D, Duan X, Zhang M, Sun T, Sun X, Li F, Liu N, Zhang J, Hou C, Wang D. Changes in nitric oxide levels and their relationship with callose deposition during the interaction between soybean and Soybean mosaic virus. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:318-326. [PMID: 29125664 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate changes in nitric oxide (NO) level and its relationship with callose deposition during the interaction between soybean and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Soybean cv. 'Jidou 7' and SMV strains N3 and SC-8 were used to constitute incompatible and compatible combinations. Intracellular NO was labelled with the NO-specific fluorescence probe DAF-FM DA. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was then used to observe changes in NO production during SMV infection-induced defence responses in soybean. The results showed NO fluorescence increased rapidly at 2-72 h post-inoculation, peaked at 72 h and then decreased in the incompatible combination. However, in the compatible combination, extremely weak NO fluorescence appeared in the early stage (2-24 h) post-inoculation, but was not observed thereafter. Injections of the NO scavenger c-PTIO prior to inoculation postponed the onset of NO production to 48 or 72 h post-inoculation. The same occurred when injections of NR or NOS inhibitors were applied prior to inoculation. The observation of callose fluorescence in the incompatible combination revealed that either the elimination or reduction of NO in the early stage led to a delay in callose formation, enabling the virus to cause systemic infection. Together with our previous findings, this study indicates that viral infection could induce NO production and callose deposition during the incompatible interaction between soybean and SMV. The production of NO involves NR and NOS enzymatic pathways, and NO mediates the process of callose deposition at plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - X Duan
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- The People's Government of Baian, Town, Xingtai, China
| | - M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - T Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - X Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - N Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
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Płachno BJ, Świątek P, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Szeląg Z, Stolarczyk P. Integument cell gelatinisation-the fate of the integumentary cells in Hieracium and Pilosella (Asteraceae). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2287-2294. [PMID: 28508157 PMCID: PMC5653734 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genera Hieracium and Pilosella are model plants that are used to study the mechanisms of apomixis. In order to have a proper understanding of apomixis, knowledge about the relationship between the maternal tissue and the gametophyte is needed. In the genus Pilosella, previous authors have described the specific process of the "liquefaction" of the integument cells that surround the embryo sac. However, these observations were based on data only at the light microscopy level. The main aim of our paper was to investigate the changes in the integument cells at the ultrastructural level in Pilosella officinarum and Hieracium alpinum. We found that the integument peri-endothelial zone in both species consisted of mucilage cells. The mucilage was deposited as a thick layer between the plasma membrane and the cell wall. The mucilage pushed the protoplast to the centre of the cell, and cytoplasmic bridges connected the protoplast to the plasmodesmata through the mucilage layers. Moreover, an elongation of the plasmodesmata was observed in the mucilage cells. The protoplasts had an irregular shape and were finally degenerated. After the cell wall breakdown of the mucilage cells, lysigenous cavities that were filled with mucilage were formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Szeląg
- Department of Botany, Pedagogical University of Kraków, 3 Podchorążych St., 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Unit of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Street, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
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Nicolas WJ, Grison MS, Trépout S, Gaston A, Fouché M, Cordelières FP, Oparka K, Tilsner J, Brocard L, Bayer EM. Architecture and permeability of post-cytokinesis plasmodesmata lacking cytoplasmic sleeves. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17082. [PMID: 28604682 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are remarkable cellular machines responsible for the controlled exchange of proteins, small RNAs and signalling molecules between cells. They are lined by the plasma membrane (PM), contain a strand of tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the space between these two membranes is thought to control plasmodesmata permeability. Here, we have reconstructed plasmodesmata three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure with an unprecedented level of 3D information using electron tomography. We show that within plasmodesmata, ER-PM contact sites undergo substantial remodelling events during cell differentiation. Instead of being open pores, post-cytokinesis plasmodesmata present such intimate ER-PM contact along the entire length of the pores that no intermembrane gap is visible. Later on, during cell expansion, the plasmodesmata pore widens and the two membranes separate, leaving a cytosolic sleeve spanned by tethers whose presence correlates with the appearance of the intermembrane gap. Surprisingly, the post-cytokinesis plasmodesmata allow diffusion of macromolecules despite the apparent lack of an open cytoplasmic sleeve, forcing the reassessment of the mechanisms that control plant cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Magali S Grison
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Bât. 112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Amélia Gaston
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Fouché
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice P Cordelières
- Bordeaux Imaging Centre, UMS 3420 CNRS, CNRS-INSERM-University of Bordeaux 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Karl Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Bordeaux Imaging Centre, Plant Imaging Plateform, UMS 3420, INRA-CNRS-INSERM-University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Love AJ, Yu C, Petukhova NV, Kalinina NO, Chen J, Taliansky ME. Cajal bodies and their role in plant stress and disease responses. RNA Biol 2017; 14:779-790. [PMID: 27726481 PMCID: PMC5519230 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1243650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cajal bodies (CBs) are distinct sub-nuclear structures that are present in eukaryotic living cells and are often associated with the nucleolus. CBs play important roles in RNA metabolism and formation of RNPs involved in transcription, splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and telomere maintenance. Besides these primary roles, CBs appear to be involved in additional functions that may not be directly related to RNA metabolism and RNP biogenesis. In this review, we assess possible roles of plant CBs in RNA regulatory pathways such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and RNA silencing. We also summarize recent progress and discuss new non-canonical functions of plant CBs in responses to stress and disease. It is hypothesized that CBs can regulate these responses via their interaction with poly(ADP ribose)polymerase (PARP), which is known to play an important role in various physiological processes including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that CBs and their components modify PARP activities and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Love
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Chulang Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael E. Taliansky
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Kraner ME, Link K, Melzer M, Ekici AB, Uebe S, Tarazona P, Feussner I, Hofmann J, Sonnewald U. Choline transporter-like1 (CHER1) is crucial for plasmodesmata maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:394-406. [PMID: 27743414 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are microscopic pores connecting plant cells and enable cell-to-cell transport. Currently, little information is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating PD formation and development. To uncover components of PD development we made use of the 17 kDa movement protein (MP17) encoded by the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). The protein is required for cell-to-cell movement of the virus and localises to complex PD. Forward genetic screening for Arabidopsis mutants with altered PD binding of MP17 revealed several mutant lines, while molecular genetics, biochemical and microscopic studies allowed further characterisation. Map-based cloning of one mutant revealed a point mutation in the choline transporter-like 1 (CHER1) protein, changing glycine247 into glutamate. Mutation in CHER1 resulted in a starch excess phenotype and stunted growth. Ultrastructure analysis of shoot apical meristems, developing and fully developed leaves showed reduced PD numbers and the absence of complex PD in fully developed leaves. This indicates that cher1 mutants are impaired in PD formation and development. Global lipid profiling revealed only slight modifications in the overall lipid composition, however, altered composition of PD-associated lipids cannot be ruled out. Thus, cher1 is devoid of complex PD in developed leaves and provides insights into the formation of complex PD at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Kraner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Link
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Seeland, Gatersleben, OT, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pablo Tarazona
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Cui W, Lee JY. Arabidopsis callose synthases CalS1/8 regulate plasmodesmal permeability during stress. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16034. [PMID: 27243643 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to cope with biotic and abiotic stress through well-coordinated cell-to-cell communication to survive as sedentary organisms. Environmental challenges such as wounding, low temperature, oxidative states and pathogen infection are known to affect the symplasmic molecular exchange between plant cells determined by plasmodesmal permeability. However, the signalling pathways and mechanisms by which different environmental stressors affect plasmodesmal permeability are not well understood. Here we show that regulating callose accumulation at plasmodesmal channels is a common strategy to alter plasmodesmal permeability under both pathogen infection and mechanical wounding stress. We have identified Arabidopsis callose synthase 1 (CalS1) and CalS8 as key genes involved in this process, and have integrated these new players into both known and novel signalling pathways that control responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Our studies provide experimental data that indicate the presence of specialized pathways tuned to respond to particular stressors, and new insights into how plants regulate plasmodesmata in response to environmental assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weier Cui
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
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Saplaoura E, Kragler F. Mobile Transcripts and Intercellular Communication in Plants. DEVELOPMENTAL SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2016; 40:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gupta S, Wardhan V, Kumar A, Rathi D, Pandey A, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Secretome analysis of chickpea reveals dynamic extracellular remodeling and identifies a Bet v1-like protein, CaRRP1 that participates in stress response. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18427. [PMID: 26678784 PMCID: PMC4683448 DOI: 10.1038/srep18427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins maintain cell structure and biogenesis besides acting in signaling events crucial for cellular homeostasis during stress adaptation. To understand the underlying mechanism of stress-responsive secretion, the dehydration-responsive secretome was developed from suspension-cultured cells of chickpea. Cell viability of the suspension culture remained unaltered until 96 h, which gradually declined at later stages of dehydration. Proteomic analysis led to the identification of 215 differentially regulated proteins, involved in a variety of cellular functions that include metabolism, cell defence, and signal transduction suggesting their concerted role in stress adaptation. One-third of the secreted proteins were devoid of N-terminal secretion signals suggesting a non-classical secretory route. Screening of the secretome identified a leaderless Bet v 1-like protein, designated CaRRP1, the export of which was inhibited by brefeldin A. We investigated the gene structure and genomic organization and demonstrated that CaRRP1 may be involved in stress response. Its expression was positively associated with abiotic and biotic stresses. CaRRP1 could complement the aberrant growth phenotype of yeast mutant, deficient in vesicular transport, indicating a partial overlap of protein secretion and stress response. Our study provides the most comprehensive analysis of dehydration-responsive secretome and the complex metabolic network operating in plant extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Vijay Wardhan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Divya Rathi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Aarti Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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22
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Du B, Wei Z, Wang Z, Wang X, Peng X, Du B, Chen R, Zhu L, He G. Phloem-exudate proteome analysis of response to insect brown plant-hopper in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 183:13-22. [PMID: 26072143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brown plant-hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH), one of the most devastating agricultural insect pests of rice throughout Asia, ingests nutrients from rice sieve tubes and causes a dramatic yield loss. Planting resistant variety is an efficient and economical way to control this pest. Understanding the mechanisms of host resistance is extremely valuable for molecular design of resistant rice variety. Here, we used an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach to perform analysis of protein expression profiles in the phloem exudates of BPH-resistant and susceptible rice plants following BPH infestation. A total of 238 proteins were identified, most of which were previously described to be present in the phloem of rice and other plants. The expression of genes for selected proteins was confirmed using a laser capture micro-dissection method and RT-PCR. The mRNAs for three proteins, RGAP, TCTP, and TRXH, were further analyzed by using in situ mRNA hybridization and localized in the phloem cells. Our results showed that BPH feeding induced significant changes in the abundance of proteins in phloem sap of rice involved in multiple pathways, including defense signal transduction, redox regulation, and carbohydrate and protein metabolism, as well as cell structural proteins. The results presented provide new insights into rice resistance mechanisms and should facilitate the breeding of novel elite BPH-resistant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xinxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Gallagher KL, Sozzani R, Lee CM. Intercellular protein movement: deciphering the language of development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 30:207-33. [PMID: 25288113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development in multicellular organisms requires the coordinated production of a large number of specialized cell types through sophisticated signaling mechanisms. Non-cell-autonomous signals are one of the key mechanisms by which organisms coordinate development. In plants, intercellular movement of transcription factors and other mobile signals, such as hormones and peptides, is essential for normal development. Through a combination of different approaches, a large number of non-cell-autonomous signals that control plant development have been identified. We review some of the transcriptional regulators that traffic between cells, as well as how changes in symplasmic continuity affect and are affected by development. We also review current models for how mobile signals move via plasmodesmata and how movement is inhibited. Finally, we consider challenges in and new tools for studying protein movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; ,
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Geng C, Cong QQ, Li XD, Mou AL, Gao R, Liu JL, Tian YP. DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEIN of Nicotiana benthamiana contributes to potyvirus movement and transports to plasmodesmata via the early secretory pathway and the actomyosin system. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:394-410. [PMID: 25540331 PMCID: PMC4326756 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular movement of plant viruses requires both viral and host proteins. Previous studies have demonstrated that the frame-shift protein P3N-PIPO (for the protein encoded by the open reading frame [ORF] containing 5'-terminus of P3 and a +2 frame-shift ORF called Pretty Interesting Potyviridae ORF and embedded in the P3) and CYLINDRICAL INCLUSION (CI) proteins were required for potyvirus cell-to-cell movement. Here, we provide genetic evidence showing that a Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV; genus Potyvirus) mutant carrying a truncated PIPO domain of 58 amino acid residues could move between cells and induce systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants; mutants carrying a PIPO domain of seven, 20, or 43 amino acid residues failed to move between cells and cause systemic infection in this host plant. Interestingly, the movement-defective mutants produced progeny that eliminated the previously introduced stop codons and thus restored their systemic movement ability. We also present evidence showing that a developmentally regulated plasma membrane protein of N. benthamiana (referred to as NbDREPP) interacted with both P3N-PIPO and CI of the movement-competent TVBMV. The knockdown of NbDREPP gene expression in N. benthamiana impeded the cell-to-cell movement of TVBMV. NbDREPP was shown to colocalize with TVBMV P3N-PIPO and CI at plasmodesmata (PD) and traffic to PD via the early secretory pathway and the actomyosin motility system. We also show that myosin XI-2 is specially required for transporting NbDREPP to PD. In conclusion, NbDREPP is a key host protein within the early secretory pathway and the actomyosin motility system that interacts with two movement proteins and influences virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Geng
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Qian-Qian Cong
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - An-Li Mou
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Rui Gao
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Jin-Liang Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
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Kumar D, Chen H, Rim Y, Kim JY. GAL4 transactivation-based assay for the detection of selective intercellular protein movement. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:231-43. [PMID: 25287207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several plant proteins function as intercellular messenger to specify cell fate and coordinate plant development. Such intercellular communication can be achieved by direct, selective, or nonselective (diffusion-based) trafficking through plasmodesmata (PD), the symplasmic membrane-lined nanochannels adjoining two cells. A trichome rescue trafficking assay was reported to allow the detection of protein movement in Arabidopsis leaf tissue using transgenic gene expression. Here, we provide a protocol to dissect the mode of intercellular protein movement in Arabidopsis root. This assay system involves a root ground tissue-specific GAL4/UAS transactivation expression system in combination with fluorescent reporter proteins. In this system, mCherry, a red fluorescent protein, can move cell to cell via diffusion, while mCherry-H2B is tightly cell autonomous. Thus, a protein fused to mCherry-H2B that can move out from the site of synthesis likely contains a selective trafficking signal to impart a cell-to-cell gain-of-trafficking function to the cell-autonomous mCherry-H2B. This approach can be adapted to investigate the cell-to-cell trafficking properties of any protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhinesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus/WCU program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 27-306, 501 Jinju-Daero, Jinju, 660-701, Gyeong-Nam, Korea
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26
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Nima ZA, Lahiani MH, Watanabe F, Xu Y, Khodakovskaya MV, Biris AS. Plasmonically active nanorods for delivery of bio-active agents and high-sensitivity SERS detection in planta. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10358k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Wu S, Gallagher KL. The movement of the non-cell-autonomous transcription factor, SHORT-ROOT relies on the endomembrane system. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:396-409. [PMID: 25124761 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are able to convey positional and developmental information between cells through the direct transfer of transcription factors. One well studied example of this is the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) protein, which moves from the stele into the neighboring ground tissue layer to specify endodermis. While it has been shown that SHR trafficking relies on plasmodesmata (PD), and interaction with the SHR INTERACTING EMBRYONIC LETHAL (SIEL) protein, little information is known about how SHR trafficking is controlled or how SIEL promotes the movement of SHR. Here we show that SHR can move from multiple different cell types in the root. Analysis of subcellular localization indicates that in the cytoplasm of root or leaf cells, SHR localizes to endosomes in a SIEL-dependent manner. Interference of early and late endosomes disrupts intercellular movement of SHR. Our findings reveal an essential role for the plant endomembrane, independent of secretion, in the intercellular trafficking of SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Sun D, Hussain HI, Yi Z, Siegele R, Cresswell T, Kong L, Cahill DM. Uptake and cellular distribution, in four plant species, of fluorescently labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1389-402. [PMID: 24820127 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the uptake of MSNs into the roots and their movement to the aerial parts of four plant species and their quantification using fluorescence, TEM and proton-induced x - ray emission (micro - PIXE) elemental analysis. Monodispersed mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) of optimal size and configuration were synthesized for uptake by plant organs, tissues and cells. These monodispersed nanoparticles have a size of 20 nm with interconnected pores with an approximate diameter of 2.58 nm. There were no negative effects of MSNs on seed germination or when transported to different organs of the four plant species tested in this study. Most importantly, for the first time, a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and proton-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE) elemental analysis allowed the location and quantification MSNs in tissues and in cellular and sub-cellular locations. Our results show that MSNs penetrated into the roots via symplastic and apoplastic pathways and then via the conducting tissues of the xylem to the aerial parts of the plants including the stems and leaves. The translocation and widescale distribution of MSNs in plants will enable them to be used as a new delivery means for the transport of different sized biomolecules into plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Sun
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3217, Australia
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29
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Lee JY. New and old roles of plasmodesmata in immunity and parallels to tunneling nanotubes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 221-222:13-20. [PMID: 24656331 PMCID: PMC4147083 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective cell-to-cell communication is critical for the survival of both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In multicellular plants, direct cell coupling across the cell wall boundaries is mediated by long membrane-lined cytoplasmic bridges, the plasmodesmata. Exciting recent discoveries suggest that the occurrence of such membrane-lined intercellular channels is not unique to plant lineages but more prevalent across biological kingdoms than previously assumed. Striking functional analogies exist among those channels, in that not only do they all facilitate the exchange of various forms of macromolecules, but also they are exploited by some opportunistic pathogens to spread infection from one host cell to another. However, host cells may have also evolved strategies to offset such exploitation of the critical cellular infrastructure by the pathogen. Indeed, recent studies support an emerging paradigm that cellular connectivity via plasmodesmata plays an important role in innate immune responses. Preliminary hypotheses are proposed as to how various regulatory mechanisms integrating plasmodesmata into immune signaling pathways may have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Zhang Z, Lee Y, Spetz C, Clarke JL, Wang Q, Blystad DR. Invasion of shoot apical meristems by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid differs among Argyranthemum cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 6:53. [PMID: 25763000 PMCID: PMC4329803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is a damaging pathogen attacking Argyranthemum plants. Our study attempted to reveal distribution patterns of CSVd in shoot apical meristems (SAM) and to explore reasons for differential ability of CSVd to invade SAM of selected Argyranthemum cultivars. Symptom development was also observed on greenhouse-grown Argyranthemum plants. Viroid localization using in situ hybridization revealed that the ability of CSVd to invade SAM differed among cultivars. In diseased 'Yellow Empire' and 'Butterfly', CSVd was found in all tissues including the uppermost cell layers in the apical dome (AD) and the youngest leaf primordia 1 and 2. In diseased 'Border Dark Red' and 'Border Pink', CSVd was detected in the lower part of the AD and elder leaf primordia, leaving the upper part of the AD, and leaf primordia 1 and 2 free of viroid. Histological observations and transmission electron microscopy showed similar developmental patterns of vascular tissues and plasmodesmata (PD) in the SAM of 'Yellow Empire' and 'Border Dark Red', while immunolocalization studies revealed a major difference in the number of callose (β-1, 3-glucan) particles deposited at PD in SAM. A lower number of callose particles were found deposited at PD of SAM of 'Yellow Empire' than 'Border Dark Red'. This difference is most likely responsible for the differences in ability of CSVd to invade SAM among Argyranthemum cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China – College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅsNorway
| | - Carl Spetz
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - Qiaochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China – College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
| | - Dag-Ragnar Blystad
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
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31
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Uchiyama A, Shimada-Beltran H, Levy A, Zheng JY, Javia PA, Lazarowitz SG. The Arabidopsis synaptotagmin SYTA regulates the cell-to-cell movement of diverse plant viruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:584. [PMID: 25414709 PMCID: PMC4222171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Synaptotagmins are a large gene family in animals that have been extensively characterized due to their role as calcium sensors to regulate synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis in neurons, and dense core vesicle exocytosis for hormone secretion from neuroendocrine cells. Thought to be exclusive to animals, synaptotagmins have recently been characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which they comprise a five gene family. Using infectivity and leaf-based functional assays, we have shown that Arabidopsis SYTA regulates endocytosis and marks an endosomal vesicle recycling pathway to regulate movement protein-mediated trafficking of the Begomovirus Cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) and the Tobamovirus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) through plasmodesmata (Lewis and Lazarowitz, 2010). To determine whether SYTA has a central role in regulating the cell-to-cell trafficking of a wider range of diverse plant viruses, we extended our studies here to examine the role of SYTA in the cell-to-cell movement of additional plant viruses that employ different modes of movement, namely the Potyvirus Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), the Caulimovirus Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and the Tobamovirus Turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV), which in contrast to TMV does efficiently infect Arabidopsis. We found that both TuMV and TVCV systemic infection, and the cell-to-cell trafficking of the their movement proteins, were delayed in the Arabidopsis Col-0 syta-1 knockdown mutant. In contrast, CaMV systemic infection was not inhibited in syta-1. Our studies show that SYTA is a key regulator of plant virus intercellular movement, being necessary for the ability of diverse cell-to-cell movement proteins encoded by Begomoviruses (CaLCuV MP), Tobamoviruses (TVCV and TMV 30K protein) and Potyviruses (TuMV P3N-PIPO) to alter PD and thereby mediate virus cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sondra G. Lazarowitz
- *Correspondence: Sondra G. Lazarowitz, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA e-mail:
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Paul LK, Rinne PLH, van der Schoot C. Refurbishing the plasmodesmal chamber: a role for lipid bodies? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:40. [PMID: 24605115 PMCID: PMC3932414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LBs) are universal constituents of both animal and plant cells. They are produced by specialized membrane domains at the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and consist of a core of neutral lipids and a surrounding monolayer of phospholipid with embedded amphipathic proteins. Although originally regarded as simple depots for lipids, they have recently emerged as organelles that interact with other cellular constituents, exchanging lipids, proteins and signaling molecules, and shuttling them between various intracellular destinations, including the plasmamembrane (PM). Recent data showed that in plants LBs can deliver a subset of 1,3-β-glucanases to the plasmodesmal (PD) channel. We hypothesize that this may represent a more general mechanism, which complements the delivery of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins to the PD exterior via the secretory pathway. We propose that LBs may contribute to the maintenance of the PD chamber and the delivery of regulatory molecules as well as proteins destined for transport to adjacent cells. In addition, we speculate that LBs deliver their cargo through interaction with membrane domains in the cytofacial side of the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- *Correspondence: Christiaan van der Schoot, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 1432, Ås, Norway e-mail:
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Liu L, Zhu Y, Shen L, Yu H. Emerging insights into florigen transport. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:607-13. [PMID: 23810436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The photoperiodic control of flowering in plants begins with the perception of seasonal changes in day length and consequential induction of a mobile floral stimulus in leaves. This stimulus called florigen is transported from leaves to the shoot apical meristem to provoke the initiation of floral meristems. Decades of efforts have identified that the proteins encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis and its orthologs in other plant species are part of the long-sought florigen. Emerging evidence suggests that long-distance transport of FT towards the shoot apical meristem occurs through the phloem in a regulated manner. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding florigen transport and discusses the proven and potential regulators required for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 10 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
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Hafke JB, Ehlers K, Föller J, Höll SR, Becker S, van Bel AJE. Involvement of the sieve element cytoskeleton in electrical responses to cold shocks. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:707-19. [PMID: 23624858 PMCID: PMC3668064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.216218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study dealt with the visualization of the sieve element (SE) cytoskeleton and its involvement in electrical responses to local cold shocks, exemplifying the role of the cytoskeleton in Ca(2+)-triggered signal cascades in SEs. High-affinity fluorescent phalloidin as well as immunocytochemistry using anti-actin antibodies demonstrated a fully developed parietal actin meshwork in SEs. The involvement of the cytoskeleton in electrical responses and forisome conformation changes as indicators of Ca(2+) influx was investigated by the application of cold shocks in the presence of diverse actin disruptors (latrunculin A and cytochalasin D). Under control conditions, cold shocks elicited a graded initial voltage transient, ΔV1, reduced by external La(3+) in keeping with the involvement of Ca(2+) channels, and a second voltage transient, ΔV2. Cytochalasin D had no effect on ΔV1, while ΔV1 was significantly reduced with 500 nm latrunculin A. Forisome dispersion was triggered by cold shocks of 4°C or greater, which was indicative of an all-or-none behavior. Forisome dispersion was suppressed by incubation with latrunculin A. In conclusion, the cytoskeleton controls cold shock-induced Ca(2+) influx into SEs, leading to forisome dispersion and sieve plate occlusion in fava bean (Vicia faba).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens B Hafke
- Plant Cell Physiology Group, Institute of Plant Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Chen H, Ahmad M, Rim Y, Lucas WJ, Kim JY. Evolutionary and molecular analysis of Dof transcription factors identified a conserved motif for intercellular protein trafficking. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1250-1260. [PMID: 23506539 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
· Cell-to-cell trafficking of transcription factors (TFs) has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of plant developmental events, but the evolutionary relationship between cell-autonomous and noncell-autonomous (NCA) TFs remains elusive. · AtDof4.1, named INTERCELLULAR TRAFFICKING DOF 1 (ITD1), was chosen as a representative NCA member to explore this evolutionary relationship. Using domain structure-function analyses and swapping studies, we examined the cell-to-cell trafficking of plant-specific Dof TF family members across Arabidopsis and other species. · We identified a conserved intercellular trafficking motif (ITM) that is necessary and sufficient for selective cell-to-cell trafficking and can impart gain-of-function cell-to-cell movement capacity to an otherwise cell-autonomous TF. The functionality of related motifs from Dof members across the plant kingdom extended, surprisingly, to a unicellular alga that lacked plasmodesmata. By contrast, the algal homeodomain related to the NCA KNOX homeodomain was either inefficient or unable to impart such cell-to-cell movement function. · The Dof ITM appears to predate the evolution of selective plasmodesmal trafficking in the plant kingdom, which may well have acted as a molecular template for the evolution of Dof proteins as NCA TFs. However, the ability to efficiently traffic for KNOX homeodomain (HD) proteins may have been acquired during the evolution of early nonvascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Munawar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Yeonggil Rim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
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Wu S, Gallagher KL. Intact microtubules are required for the intercellular movement of the SHORT-ROOT transcription factor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:148-159. [PMID: 23294290 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In both plants and animals, cell-to-cell signaling controls key aspects of development. In plants, cells communicate through direct transfer of transcription factors between cells. It is thought that most, if not all, mobile transcription factors move via plasmodesmata, membrane-lined channels that connect nearly all cells in the plant. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins access the plasmodesmata are not known. Using four independent assays, we examined the movement of the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) transcription factor under conditions that affect microtubule stability, organization or dynamics. We found that intact microtubules are required for cell-to-cell trafficking of SHR. Either chemical or genetic disruption of microtubules results in a significant reduction in SHR transport. Interestingly, inhibition of microtubules also results in mis-localization of the SHR-INTERACTING EMBRYONIC LETHAL (SIEL) protein, which has been shown to bind directly to SHR and is required for SHR movement. These results show that microtubules facilitate cell-to-cell transport of an endogenous plant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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37
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McGarry RC, Kragler F. Phloem-mobile signals affecting flowers: applications for crop breeding. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:198-206. [PMID: 23395308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transport of endogenous macromolecules within and between tissues serves as a signaling pathway to regulate numerous aspects of plant growth. The florigenic FT gene product moves via the phloem from leaves to apical tissues and induces the flowering program in meristems. Similarly, short interfering RNA (siRNA) signals produced in source or sink tissues move cell-to-cell and long distance via the phloem to apical tissues. Recent advances in identifying these mobile signals regulating flowering or the epigenetic status of targeted tissues can be applicable to crop-breeding programs. In this review, we address the identity of florigen, the mechanism of allocation, and how virus-induced flowering and grafting of transgenes producing siRNA signals affecting meiosis can produce transgene-free progenies useful for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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Plasmodesmata: intercellular tunnels facilitating transport of macromolecules in plants. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:49-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bloemendal S, Kück U. Cell-to-cell communication in plants, animals, and fungi: a comparative review. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 100:3-19. [PMID: 23128987 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a prerequisite for differentiation and development in multicellular organisms. This communication has to be tightly regulated to ensure that cellular components such as organelles, macromolecules, hormones, or viruses leave the cell in a precisely organized way. During evolution, plants, animals, and fungi have developed similar ways of responding to this biological challenge. For example, in higher plants, plasmodesmata connect adjacent cells and allow communication to regulate differentiation and development. In animals, two main general structures that enable short- and long-range intercellular communication are known, namely gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, respectively. Finally, filamentous fungi have also developed specialized structures called septal pores that allow intercellular communication via cytoplasmic flow. This review summarizes the underlying mechanisms for intercellular communication in these three eukaryotic groups and discusses its consequences for the regulation of differentiation and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bloemendal
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, ND7/131, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany
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Cho SY, Cho WK, Choi HS, Kim KH. Cis-acting element (SL1) of Potato virus X controls viral movement by interacting with the NbMPB2Cb and viral proteins. Virology 2012; 427:166-76. [PMID: 22405626 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A number of candidate tobacco proteins that bind to cis-acting elements (SL1 RNAs) of Potato virus X (PVX) have been identified in previous studies. We further characterized TMV-MP30 binding protein 2C (MPB2C) homologous protein. We isolated NbMPB2Cb from Nicotiana benthamiana and confirmed the interaction of NbMPB2Cb with SL1 RNAs in vitro. The mRNA level of NbMPB2Cb was increased upon infection by PVX and Tobacco mosaic virus. The movement of PVX was reduced by overexpression of NbMPB2Cb and increased by silenced of NbMPB2Cb. In contrast, PVX RNA accumulation was not significantly altered in protoplasts. Protein-protein interaction assays showed that NbMPB2Cb interacts with PVX movement-associated proteins. PVX infection altered the subcellular localization of NbMPB2Cb from microtubules to endoplasmic reticulum. These data suggest that the NbMPB2Cb negatively affects PVX movement by interacting with SL1 RNAs and movement-associated proteins of PVX and by re-localizing in response to PVX infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Li W, Zhao Y, Liu C, Yao G, Wu S, Hou C, Zhang M, Wang D. Callose deposition at plasmodesmata is a critical factor in restricting the cell-to-cell movement of Soybean mosaic virus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:905-16. [PMID: 22200865 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Callose is a β-l,3-glucan with diverse roles in the viral pathogenesis of plants. It is widely believed that the deposition of callose and hypersensitive reaction (HR) are critical defence responses of host plants against viral infection. However, the sequence of these two events and their resistance mechanisms are unclear. By exploiting a point inoculation approach combined with aniline blue staining, immuno-electron microscopy and external sphincters staining with tannic acid, we systematically investigated the possible roles of callose deposition during viral infection in soybean. In the incompatible combination, callose deposition at the plasmodesmata (PD) was clearly visible at the sites of inoculation but viral RNA of coat protein (CP-RNA) was not detected by RT-PCR in the leaf above the inoculated one (the upper leaf). In the compatible combination, however, callose deposition at PD was not detected at the site of infection but the viral CP-RNA was detected by RT-PCR in the upper leaf. We also found that in the incompatible combination the fluorescence due to callose formation at the inoculation point disappeared following the injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DDG, an inhibitor of callose synthesis). At same time, in the incompatible combination, necrosis was observed and the viral CP-RNA was detected by RT-PCR in the upper leaf and HR characteristics were evident at the inoculation sites. These results show that, during the defensive response of soybean to viral infection, callose deposition at PD is mainly responsible for restricting the movement of the virus between cells and it occurs prior to the HR response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Rim Y, Huang L, Chu H, Han X, Cho WK, Jeon CO, Kim HJ, Hong JC, Lucas WJ, Kim JY. Analysis of Arabidopsis transcription factor families revealed extensive capacity for cell-to-cell movement as well as discrete trafficking patterns. Mol Cells 2011; 32:519-26. [PMID: 22080370 PMCID: PMC3887678 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cell-to-cell communication is pivotal for the orchestration of cell fate determination, organ development, and the integration of whole plant physiology. One of the strategies for intercellular communication uses symplasmic communication channels, called plasmodesmata (PD). These PD establish unique cytoplasmic channels for the intercellular exchange not only of metabolites and small signaling molecules, but also of regulatory proteins and RNAs to allow for local orchestration of development and physiology. A number of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors (NCATFs) have been shown to function in the coordination of specific regulatory networks. To further explore the potential of such NCATFs, a genome-wide screen was performed on the transcription factor (TF) families in Arabidopsis. We here report that, among the 76 TFs examined, 22 were shown to move beyond their sites of transcription in the root apex; these NCATFs belonged to 17 TF families, including homeobox, GRAS, and MYB. Expression studies performed on variously-sized mCherry constructs identified a range of PD size exclusion limits within tissues of the root. In addition, our studies showed that actual protein level was an important factor controlling the range of TF intercellular movement. Interestingly, our studies on CAPRICE movement revealed tissue-specificity with respect to the mode of intercellular trafficking. These findings are discussed with respect to the regulation between cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonggil Rim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Lijun Huang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyosub Chu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Present address: Bioindustrial Process Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute of Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 580-185, Korea
| | - Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Present address: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Present address: Schools of Biological Sciences, Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - William J. Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology,Col lege of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, Present
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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van der Schoot C, Paul LK, Paul SB, Rinne PLH. Plant lipid bodies and cell-cell signaling: a new role for an old organelle? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1732-8. [PMID: 22057325 PMCID: PMC3329345 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipid droplets are found in seeds and in post-embryonic tissues. Lipid droplets in seeds have been intensively studied, but those in post-embryonic tissues are less well characterised. Although known by a variety of names, here we will refer to all of them as lipid bodies (LBs). LBs are unique spherical organelles which bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum, and are composed of a single phospholipid (PL) layer enclosing a core of triacylglycerides. The PL monolayer is coated with oleosin, a structural protein that stabilizes the LB, restricts its size, and prevents fusion with adjacent LBs. Oleosin is uniquely present at LBs and is regarded as a LB marker. Although initially viewed as simple stores for energy and carbon, the emerging view is that LBs also function in cytoplasmic signalling, with the minor LB proteins caleosin and steroleosin in a prominent role. Apart from seeds, a variety of vegetative and floral structures contain LBs. Recently, it was found that numerous LBs emerge in the shoot apex of perennial plants during seasonal growth arrest and bud formation. They appear to function in dormancy release by reconstituting cell-cell signalling paths in the apex. As apices and orthodox seeds proceed through comparable cycles of dormancy and dehydration, the question arises to what degree LBs in apices share functions with those in seeds. We here review what is known about LBs, particularly in seeds, and speculate about possible unique functions of LBs in post-embryonic tissues in general and in apices in particular.
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Tubule-guided cell-to-cell movement of a plant virus requires class XI myosin motors. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002327. [PMID: 22046131 PMCID: PMC3203191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell movement of plant viruses occurs via plasmodesmata (PD), organelles that evolved to facilitate intercellular communications. Viral movement proteins (MP) modify PD to allow passage of the virus particles or nucleoproteins. This passage occurs via several distinct mechanisms one of which is MP-dependent formation of the tubules that traverse PD and provide a conduit for virion translocation. The MP of tubule-forming viruses including Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) recruit the plant PD receptors called Plasmodesmata Located Proteins (PDLP) to mediate tubule assembly and virus movement. Here we show that PDLP1 is transported to PD through a specific route within the secretory pathway in a myosin-dependent manner. This transport relies primarily on the class XI myosins XI-K and XI-2. Inactivation of these myosins using dominant negative inhibition results in mislocalization of PDLP and MP and suppression of GFLV movement. We also found that the proper targeting of specific markers of the Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, PD, lipid raft subdomains within the plasma membrane, and the tonoplast was not affected by myosin XI-K inhibition. However, the normal tonoplast dynamics required myosin XI-K activity. These results reveal a new pathway of the myosin-dependent protein trafficking to PD that is hijacked by GFLV to promote tubule-guided transport of this virus between plant cells. To establish infection, plant viruses spread cell-to-cell via narrow channels in the cell wall, the plasmodesmata (PD). Movement proteins (MP) are virus-encoded proteins essential for virus intercellular transport through PD. Plasmodesmata located plant proteins (PDLPs), are specifically recognised by the MPs of tubule-forming viruses. Here we show that PDLP targeting to PD depends on the molecular motors myosin XI-K and XI-2. Consistently, and in support of a function of PDLP as PD receptor for MP, overexpression of dominant negative myosin mutants inhibits tubule formation by Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) MP and dramatically reduces virus movement.
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Wu S, Gallagher KL. Mobile protein signals in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:563-70. [PMID: 21763178 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell signaling is essential for normal development and physiology. In both plants and animals, cells secrete proteins or peptides that influence the behavior or fate of neighboring cells. However in plants, signaling is also possible through direct transport of transcription factors between cells. Here we discuss some of the signaling pathways mediated by mobile transcription factors and their implications for plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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46
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van Bel AJE, Furch ACU, Hafke JB, Knoblauch M, Patrick JW. (Questions)n on phloem biology. 2. Mass flow, molecular hopping, distribution patterns and macromolecular signalling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:325-330. [PMID: 21889037 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review speculates on correlations between mass flow in sieve tubes and the distribution of photoassimilates and macromolecular signals. Since micro- (low-molecular compounds) and macromolecules are withdrawn from, and released into, the sieve-tube sap at various rates, distribution patterns of these compounds do not strictly obey mass-flow predictions. Due to serial release and retrieval transport steps executed by sieve tube plasma membranes, micromolecules are proposed to "hop" between sieve element/companion cell complexes and phloem parenchyma cells under source-limiting conditions (apoplasmic hopping). Under sink-limiting conditions, micromolecules escape from sieve tubes via pore-plasmodesma units and are temporarily stored. It is speculated that macromolecules "hop" between sieve elements and companion cells using plasmodesmal trafficking mechanisms (symplasmic hopping). We explore how differential tagging may influence distribution patterns of macromolecules and how their bidirectional movement could arise. Effects of exudation techniques on the macromolecular composition of sieve-tube sap are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J E van Bel
- Plant Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of General Botany, Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstrasse 17, Giessen, Germany.
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The interaction between bamboo mosaic virus replication protein and coat protein is critical for virus movement in plant hosts. J Virol 2011; 85:12022-31. [PMID: 21917973 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05595-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) is a positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Potexvirus. Open reading frame 1 (ORF1) encodes the viral replication protein that consists of a capping enzyme domain, a helicase-like domain (HLD), and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain from the N to C terminus. ORF5 encodes the viral coat protein (CP) required for genome encapsidation and the virus movement in plants. In this study, application of a yeast-two hybrid assay detected an interaction between the viral HLD and CP. However, the interaction did not affect the NTPase activity of the HLD. To identify the critical amino acids of CP interacting with the HLD, a random mutational library of CP was created using error-prone PCR, and the mutations adversely affecting the interaction were screened by a bacterial two-hybrid system. As a result, the mutations A209G and N210S in CP were found to weaken the interaction. To determine the significance of the interaction, the mutations were introduced into a BaMV infectious clone, and the mutational effects on viral replication, movement, and genome encapsidation were investigated. There was no effect on accumulations of BaMV CP and genomic RNAs within protoplasts; however, the virus cell-to-cell movement in plants was restricted. Sequence alignment revealed that A209 of BaMV CP is conserved in many potexviruses. Mutation of the corresponding residue in Foxtail mosaic virus CP also reduced the viral HLD-CP interaction and restricted the virus movement, suggesting that interaction between CP and a widely conserved HLD in the potexviral replication protein is crucial for viral trafficking through plasmodesmata.
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Koizumi K, Wu S, MacRae-Crerar A, Gallagher K. An Essential Protein that Interacts with Endosomes and Promotes Movement of the SHORT-ROOT Transcription Factor. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1559-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lee JY, Wang X, Cui W, Sager R, Modla S, Czymmek K, Zybaliov B, van Wijk K, Zhang C, Lu H, Lakshmanan V. A plasmodesmata-localized protein mediates crosstalk between cell-to-cell communication and innate immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3353-73. [PMID: 21934146 PMCID: PMC3203451 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.087742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are thought to play a fundamental role in almost every aspect of plant life, including normal growth, physiology, and developmental responses. However, how specific signaling pathways integrate PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication is not well understood. Here, we present experimental evidence showing that the Arabidopsis thaliana plasmodesmata-located protein 5 (PDLP5; also known as HOPW1-1-INDUCED GENE1) mediates crosstalk between PD regulation and salicylic acid-dependent defense responses. PDLP5 was found to localize at the central region of PD channels and associate with PD pit fields, acting as an inhibitor to PD trafficking, potentially through its capacity to modulate PD callose deposition. As a regulator of PD, PDLP5 was also essential for conferring enhanced innate immunity against bacterial pathogens in a salicylic acid-dependent manner. Based on these findings, a model is proposed illustrating that the regulation of PD closure mediated by PDLP5 constitutes a crucial part of coordinated control of cell-to-cell communication and defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA.
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Ueki S, Citovsky V. To gate, or not to gate: regulatory mechanisms for intercellular protein transport and virus movement in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:782-93. [PMID: 21746703 PMCID: PMC3183397 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell signal transduction is vital for orchestrating the whole-body physiology of multi-cellular organisms, and many endogenous macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids function as such transported signals. In plants, many of these molecules are transported through plasmodesmata (Pd), the cell wall-spanning channel structures that interconnect plant cells. Furthermore, Pd also act as conduits for cell-to-cell movement of most plant viruses that have evolved to pirate these channels to spread the infection. Pd transport is presumed to be highly selective, and only a limited repertoire of molecules is transported through these channels. Recent studies have begun to unravel mechanisms that actively regulate the opening of the Pd channel to allow traffic. This macromolecular transport between cells comprises two consecutive steps: intracellular targeting to Pd and translocation through the channel to the adjacent cell. Here, we review the current knowledge of molecular species that are transported though Pd and the mechanisms that control this traffic. Generally, Pd traffic can occur by passive diffusion through the trans-Pd cytoplasm or through the membrane/lumen of the trans-Pd ER, or by active transport that includes protein-protein interactions. It is this latter mode of Pd transport that is involved in intercellular traffic of most signal molecules and is regulated by distinct and sometimes interdependent mechanisms, which represent the focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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