1
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Paiha AP, Laird RA. Pace and shape of senescence in three species of duckweed. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9038. [PMID: 35813927 PMCID: PMC9254075 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is progressive bodily deterioration associated with declines in survival and fecundity in older age classes. There is great diversity in patterns of senescence across species, but these patterns can be difficult to compare formally due to variation in the absolute time scales in which species live and die: members of some species live for a matter of days, others for millennia. To address this issue, the “pace‐shape” approach was developed to decouple absolute time from analyses and instead standardize life history traits in terms of average life expectancy, facilitating intra‐ and interspecific comparisons. Here, we use this approach to distinguish the generic form of demographic trajectories (shape) from the time scale on which the trajectories occurred (pace) in three species of tiny, free‐floating aquatic plants known as duckweeds (Lemna gibba L., L. minor L., and L. turionifera Landolt), which have mean lifespans of less than a month under typical lab conditions, and exhibit age‐related declines in survivorship and reproduction. Using a randomized block design in which we tracked a final total of 430 individuals, we report differences in pace and shape among the three species. Specifically, the largest, least‐fecund, and typically longest‐lived species, L. gibba, tended to exhibit more rapid decreases in time‐standardized survivorship and fecundity compared with the other two species. This study emphasizes variation in aging patterns that can be found among plant species, including those in the same genus, and provides further validation for the utility of applying the pace and shape approach in interspecific comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Paiha
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
| | - Robert A. Laird
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
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2
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Munné-Bosch S. Spatiotemporal limitations in plant biology research. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:346-354. [PMID: 34750071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The way we currently capture biological processes in space and time often limits our understanding of plant development and stress responses, leading to an incomplete picture of plant life. Choosing the correct time frame for the study of every biological process, from seed germination to senescence or in plant stress responses, is essential, despite methodological limitations. A greater effort is needed in current plant biology studies to incorporate spatiotemporal approaches so that scientific knowledge meets the possibilities technological advances currently provide. From molecular, biochemical, and cellular approaches to (eco)physiological and population studies scaled up to the ecosystem level, there is an urgent need to link space and time using integrative and scalable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Research in Biodiversity (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA), University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Bilinski T, Bylak A, Kukuła K, Zadrag-Tecza R. Senescence as a trade-off between successful land colonisation and longevity: critical review and analysis of a hypothesis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12286. [PMID: 34760360 PMCID: PMC8570163 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most common terrestrial animal clades exhibit senescence, suggesting strong adaptive value of this trait. However, there is little support for senescence correlated with specific adaptations. Nevertheless, insects, mammals, and birds, which are the most common terrestrial animal clades that show symptoms of senescence, evolved from clades that predominantly did not show symptoms of senescence. Thus, we aimed to examine senescence in the context of the ecology and life histories of the main clades of animals, including humans, and to formulate hypotheses to explain the causes and origin of senescence in the major clades of terrestrial animals. METHODOLOGY We reviewed literature from 1950 to 2020 concerning life expectancy, the existence of senescence, and the adaptive characteristics of the major groups of animals. We then proposed a relationship between senescence and environmental factors, considering the biology of these groups of animals. We constructed a model showing the phylogenetic relationships between animal clades in the context of the major stages of evolution, distinguishing between senescent and biologically 'immortal' clades of animals. Finally, we synthesised current data on senescence with the most important concepts and theories explaining the origin and mechanisms of senescence. Although this categorisation into different senescent phenotypes may be simplistic, we used this to propose a framework for understanding senescence. RESULTS We found that terrestrial mammals, insects, and birds show senescence, even though they likely evolved from non-senescent ancestors. Moreover, secondarily aquatic animals show lower rate of senescence than their terrestrial counterparts. Based on the possible life histories of these groups and the analysis of the most important factors affecting the transition from a non-senescent to senescent phenotype, we conclude that aging has evolved, not as a direct effect, but as a correlated response of selection on developmental strategies, and that this occurred separately within each clade. Adoption of specific life history strategies could thus have far-reaching effects in terms of senescence and lifespan. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis strongly suggests that senescence may have emerged as a side effect of the evolution of adaptive features that allowed the colonisation of land. Senescence in mammals may be a compromise between land colonisation and longevity. This hypothesis, is supported by palaeobiological and ecological evidence. We hope that the development of new research methodologies and the availability of more data could be used to test this hypothesis and shed greater light on the evolution of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bilinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Aneta Bylak
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kukuła
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Renata Zadrag-Tecza
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
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4
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Pen I, Flatt T. Asymmetry, division of labour and the evolution of ageing in multicellular organisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190729. [PMID: 33678014 PMCID: PMC7938170 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Between the 1930s and 1960s, evolutionary geneticists worked out the basic principles of why organisms age. Despite much progress in the evolutionary biology of ageing since that time, however, many puzzles remain. The perhaps most fundamental of these is the question of which organisms should exhibit senescence and which should not (or which should age rapidly and which should not). The evolutionary origin of ageing from a non-senescent state has been conceptually framed, for example, in terms of the separation between germ-line and soma, the distinction between parents and their offspring, and-in unicellular organisms-the unequal distribution of cellular damage at cell division. These ideas seem to be closely related to the concept of 'division of labour' between reproduction and somatic maintenance. Here, we review these concepts and develop a toy model to explore the importance of such asymmetries for the evolution of senescence. We apply our model to the simplest case of a multicellular system: an organism consisting of two totipotent cells. Notably, we find that in organisms which reproduce symmetrically and partition damage equally, senescence is still able to evolve, contrary to previous claims. Our results might have some bearing on understanding the origin of the germ-line-soma separation and the evolution of senescence in multicellular organisms and in colonial species consisting of multiple types of individuals, such as, for example, eusocial insects with their different castes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Pen
- Theoretical Research in Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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5
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Ciacka K, Tymiński M, Gniazdowska A, Krasuska U. Carbonylation of proteins-an element of plant ageing. PLANTA 2020; 252:12. [PMID: 32613330 PMCID: PMC7329788 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbonylation-ROS-dependent posttranslational modification of proteins-may be regarded as one of the important events in the process of ageing or senescence in plants. Ageing is the progressive process starting from seed development (plants) and birth (animals). The life-span of living organisms depends on many factors and stresses, which influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The imbalance of their production and scavenging causes pathophysiological conditions that accelerate ageing. ROS modify nucleic acids, lipids, sugars and proteins. The level of carbonylated proteins can serve as an indicator of an oxidative cellular status. Several pathways of protein carbonylation, e.g. the conjugation with reactive carbonyl species, and/or a direct metal-catalysed oxidative attack on amino acids residues are known. Dysfunctional carbonylated proteins are more prone to degradation or form aggregates when the proteolytic machinery is inhibited, as observed in ageing. Protein carbonylation may contribute to formation of organelle-specific signal and to the control of protein quality. Carbonylated proteins are formed during the whole plant life; nevertheless, accelerated ageing stimulates the accumulation of carbonyl derivatives. In the medicine-related literature, concerned ageing and ROS-mediated protein modifications, this topic is extensively analysed, in comparison to the plant science. In plant science, ageing and senescence are considered to describe slightly different processes (physiological events). However, senescence (Latin: senēscere) means "to grow old". This review describes the correlation of protein carbonylation level to ageing or/and senescence in plants. Comparing data from the area of plant and animal research, it is assumed that some basic mechanism of time-dependent alterations in the cellular biochemical processes are common and the protein carbonylation is one of the important causes of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ciacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Tymiński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Gniazdowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - U. Krasuska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Multifeature analyses of vascular cambial cells reveal longevity mechanisms in old Ginkgo biloba trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2201-2210. [PMID: 31932448 PMCID: PMC6995005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916548117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in how ancient trees maintain their longevity. Ginkgo biloba is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, and specimens can live for over 1,000 y. Here, we show that trees up to 600 y of age display similar leaf areas, leaf photosynthetic efficiencies, and seed germination rates. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that the vascular cambium of the oldest trees, although undergoing less xylem generation, exhibits no evidence of senescence; rather, extensive expression of genes associated with preformed and inducible defenses likely contributes to the remarkable longevity of this species. Aging is a universal property of multicellular organisms. Although some tree species can live for centuries or millennia, the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying their longevity are unclear. To address this, we investigated age-related changes in the vascular cambium from 15- to 667-y-old Ginkgo biloba trees. The ring width decreased sharply during the first 100 to 200 y, with only a slight change after 200 y of age, accompanied by decreasing numbers of cambial cell layers. In contrast, average basal area increment (BAI) continuously increased with aging, showing that the lateral meristem can retain indeterminacy in old trees. The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration in cambial cells decreased with age, whereas the content of abscisic acid (ABA) increased significantly. In addition, cell division-, cell expansion-, and differentiation-related genes exhibited significantly lower expression in old trees, especially miR166 and HD-ZIP III interaction networks involved in cambial activity. Disease resistance-associated genes retained high expression in old trees, along with genes associated with synthesis of preformed protective secondary metabolites. Comprehensive evaluation of the expression of genes related to autophagy, senescence, and age-related miRNAs, together with analysis of leaf photosynthetic efficiencies and seed germination rates, demonstrated that the old trees are still in a healthy, mature state, and senescence is not manifested at the whole-plant level. Taken together, our results reveal that long-lived trees have evolved compensatory mechanisms to maintain a balance between growth and aging processes. This involves continued cambial divisions, high expression of resistance-associated genes, and continued synthetic capacity of preformed protective secondary metabolites.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Roach
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Erin F. Smith
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
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8
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Edelfeldt S, Bengtsson K, Dahlgren JP. Demographic senescence and effects on population dynamics of a perennial plant. Ecology 2019; 100:e02742. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stina Edelfeldt
- Department of Biology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Karin Bengtsson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18 D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johan P. Dahlgren
- Department of Biology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
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9
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Li C, Li H, Yang Y. Senescence in growth and reproductive allocation in a bunchgrass. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:300-306. [PMID: 30362257 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a puzzling phenomenon. Few convincing studies of senescence in perennial herbaceous plants exist. While ramets are known to senesce, whether senescence of bunchgrasses actually occurs is not clear. In this study, we grew a set of plants of Elymus excelsus, a bunchgrass, to examine plant size, sexual reproduction and bud formation in individual plants in relation to their gradual ageing, in order to determine whether E. excelsus experiences senescence. We collected data in two consecutive years (2009 and 2010) from field samples of plants from 1 to 5 years old. Using regression models, we performed age-related analyses of growth and reproduction parameters. Our results showed that individual plant size (diameter, individual biomass), total biomass of ramets, number and biomass of reproductive ramets, percentage of ramets that were reproductive, reproductive allocation, over-wintering buds and juvenile ramets all declined with age. However, vegetative growth (number and biomass of vegetative ramets) did not decrease with age. Those plants that survived, dwindled in size as they aged. However, no plants shifted their resource allocation between growth and reproduction as they aged, so the shift in allocation did not account for the fall in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - H Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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10
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Munné-Bosch S. Limits to Tree Growth and Longevity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:985-993. [PMID: 30166058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth and longevity are key features to understand fundamental issues of plant biology, environmental sciences, and current forest management plans. Here I discuss current evidence on the limits of tree growth and longevity and present a new conceptual framework to understand how and why they are closely interconnected. Despite the tremendous plasticity of trees, growth and longevity are limited not only by biotic and abiotic stresses, but also by age-related structural constraints such as height-related hydraulic limitations and vascular discontinuities, which are strongly species specific. Continuous growth and plastic branching may serve as a means to reach extreme longevities in some nonclonal trees, but even in these millennial organisms immortality can be attained only through the germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Abstract
Between the 1930s and 50s, evolutionary biologists developed a successful theory of why organisms age, firmly rooted in population genetic principles. By the 1980s the evolution of aging had a secure experimental basis. Since the force of selection declines with age, aging evolves due to mutation accumulation or a benefit to fitness early in life. Here we review major insights and challenges that have emerged over the last 35 years: selection does not always necessarily decline with age; higher extrinsic (i.e., environmentally caused) mortality does not always accelerate aging; conserved pathways control aging rate; senescence patterns are more diverse than previously thought; aging is not universal; trade-offs involving lifespan can be 'broken'; aging might be 'druggable'; and human life expectancy continues to rise but compressing late-life morbidity remains a pressing challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute for Healthy Aging and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, UK.
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12
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Wojciechowska N, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Plant organ senescence - regulation by manifold pathways. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:167-181. [PMID: 29178615 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of plant ontogeny before death. Senescence may occur naturally because of age or may be induced by various endogenous and exogenous factors. Despite its destructive character, senescence is a precisely controlled process that follows a well-defined order. It is often inseparable from programmed cell death (PCD), and a correlation between these processes has been confirmed during the senescence of leaves and petals. Despite suggestions that senescence and PCD are two separate processes, with PCD occurring after senescence, cell death responsible for senescence is accompanied by numerous changes at the cytological, physiological and molecular levels, similar to other types of PCD. Independent of the plant organ analysed, these changes are focused on initiating the processes of cellular structural degradation via fluctuations in phytohormone levels and the activation of specific genes. Cellular structural degradation is genetically programmed and dependent on autophagy. Phytohormones/plant regulators are heavily involved in regulating the senescence of plant organs and can either promote [ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and polyamines (PAs)] or inhibit [cytokinins (CKs)] this process. Auxins and carbohydrates have been assigned a dual role in the regulation of senescence, and can both inhibit and stimulate the senescence process. In this review, we introduce the basic pathways that regulate senescence in plants and identify mechanisms involved in controlling senescence in ephemeral plant organs. Moreover, we demonstrate a universal nature of this process in different plant organs; despite this process occurring in organs that have completely different functions, it is very similar. Progress in this area is providing opportunities to revisit how, when and which way senescence is coordinated or decoupled by plant regulators in different organs and will provide a powerful tool for plant physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - E Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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13
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Großkinsky DK, Syaifullah SJ, Roitsch T. Integration of multi-omics techniques and physiological phenotyping within a holistic phenomics approach to study senescence in model and crop plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:825-844. [PMID: 29444308 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The study of senescence in plants is complicated by diverse levels of temporal and spatial dynamics as well as the impact of external biotic and abiotic factors and crop plant management. Whereas the molecular mechanisms involved in developmentally regulated leaf senescence are very well understood, in particular in the annual model plant species Arabidopsis, senescence of other organs such as the flower, fruit, and root is much less studied as well as senescence in perennials such as trees. This review addresses the need for the integration of multi-omics techniques and physiological phenotyping into holistic phenomics approaches to dissect the complex phenomenon of senescence. That became feasible through major advances in the establishment of various, complementary 'omics' technologies. Such an interdisciplinary approach will also need to consider knowledge from the animal field, in particular in relation to novel regulators such as small, non-coding RNAs, epigenetic control and telomere length. Such a characterization of phenotypes via the acquisition of high-dimensional datasets within a systems biology approach will allow us to systematically characterize the various programmes governing senescence beyond leaf senescence in Arabidopsis and to elucidate the underlying molecular processes. Such a multi-omics approach is expected to also spur the application of results from model plants to agriculture and their verification for sustainable and environmentally friendly improvement of crop plant stress resilience and productivity and contribute to improvements based on postharvest physiology for the food industry and the benefit of its customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik K Großkinsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Syahnada Jaya Syaifullah
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé, Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, CAS, v.v.i., Drásov, Czech Republic
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14
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Karavani A, Boer MM, Baudena M, Colinas C, Díaz-Sierra R, Pemán J, de Luis M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca Á, Resco de Dios V. Fire-induced deforestation in drought-prone Mediterranean forests: drivers and unknowns from leaves to communities. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Karavani
- Master Course Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management; Universitat de Lleida; E25198 Lleida Spain
| | - Matthias M. Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Richmond New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Mara Baudena
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science Group; Utrecht University; P.O. Box 80115 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Colinas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center; Universitat de Lleida; E 25198 Lleida Spain
| | - Rubén Díaz-Sierra
- Mathematical and Fluid Physics Department; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Jesús Pemán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center; Universitat de Lleida; E 25198 Lleida Spain
| | - Martín de Luis
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning; University of Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Álvaro Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Mathematical and Fluid Physics Department; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center; Universitat de Lleida; E 25198 Lleida Spain
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15
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Lenart P, Bienertová-Vašků J. Keeping up with the Red Queen: the pace of aging as an adaptation. Biogerontology 2016; 18:693-709. [PMID: 28013399 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, a vast majority of biogerontologists assumed that aging is not and cannot be an adaptation. In recent years, however, several authors opposed this predominant view and repeatedly suggested that not only is aging an adaptation but that it is the result of a specific aging program. This issue almost instantaneously became somewhat controversial and many important authors produced substantial works refuting the notion of the aging program. In this article we review the current state of the debate and list the most important arguments proposed by both sides. Furthermore, although classical interpretations of the evolution of aging are in sharp contrast with the idea of programmed aging, we suggest that the truth might in fact very well lie somewhere in between. We also propose our own interpretation which states that although aging is in essence inevitable and results from damage accumulation rather than from a specific program, the actual rate of aging in nature may still be adaptive to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lenart
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A18, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Julie Bienertová-Vašků
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A18, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Pazoki-Toroudi H, Amani H, Ajami M, Nabavi SF, Braidy N, Kasi PD, Nabavi SM. Targeting mTOR signaling by polyphenols: A new therapeutic target for ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 31:55-66. [PMID: 27453478 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current ageing research is aimed not only at the promotion of longevity, but also at improving health span through the discovery and development of new therapeutic strategies by investigating molecular and cellular pathways involved in cellular senescence. Understanding the mechanism of action of polyphenolic compounds targeting mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and related pathways opens up new directions to revolutionize ways to slow down the onset and development of age-dependent degeneration. Herein, we will discuss the mechanisms by which polyphenols can delay the molecular pathogenesis of ageing via manipulation or more specifically inhibition of mTOR-signaling pathways. We will also discuss the implications of polyphenols in targeting mTOR and its related pathways on health life span extension and longevity..
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Daneva A, Gao Z, Van Durme M, Nowack MK. Functions and Regulation of Programmed Cell Death in Plant Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:441-468. [PMID: 27298090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-124915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a collective term for diverse processes causing an actively induced, tightly controlled cellular suicide. PCD has a multitude of functions in the development and health of multicellular organisms. In comparison to intensively studied forms of animal PCD such as apoptosis, our knowledge of the regulation of PCD in plants remains limited. Despite the importance of PCD in plant development and as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses, the complex molecular networks controlling different forms of plant PCD are only just beginning to emerge. With this review, we provide an update on the considerable progress that has been made over the last decade in our understanding of PCD as an inherent part of plant development. We highlight both functions of developmental PCD and central aspects of its molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Daneva
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Durme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Martínková J, Šmilauer P, Mihulka S, Latzel V, Klimešová J. The effect of injury on whole-plant senescence: an experiment with two root-sprouting Barbarea species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:667-79. [PMID: 26975314 PMCID: PMC4817502 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Senescence is the process of losing fitness when growing old, and is shaped by the trade-off between maintenance and reproduction that makes reproduction more unsure and maintenance more costly with age. In repeatedly reproducing plants, reductions in growth and fertility are signs of senescence. Disturbance, however, provides an opportunity to reset the ageing clock and consequently potentially ameliorate senescence. METHODS To test the effects of disturbance on traits closely related to fitness and thus to senescence, a long-term garden experiment was established with two short-lived perennial congeners,Barbarea vulgaris and Barbarea stricta, that differ in their ability to resprout after injury. In the experiment, five damage treatments were applied to plants in four different phenophases. KEY RESULTS It was found that damage to the plant body significantly prolonged life span in B. vulgaris but decreased whole-life seed production in both species. High concentration of seed production in one growing season characterized short life spans. Both more severe damage and a more advanced phenological phase at the time of damage caused reproduction to be spread over more than one growing season and equalized per-season seed production. In terms of seed quality, average weight of a single seed decreased and seed germination rate increased with age regardless of damage. CONCLUSIONS Although disturbance is able to reset the ageing clock of plants, it is so harmful to plant fitness that resprouting serves, at best, only to alleviate slightly the signs of senescence. Thus, in terms of whole-life seed production, injured plants were not more successful than uninjured ones in the two studied species. Indeed, in these species, injury only slightly postponed or decelerated senescence and did not cause effective rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Martínková
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic,
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and
| | - Stanislav Mihulka
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and
| | - Vít Latzel
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
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