1
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Mu B, Nair AM, Zhao R. Plastid HSP90C C-terminal extension region plays a regulatory role in chaperone activity and client binding. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38969341 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
HSP90Cs are essential molecular chaperones localized in the plastid stroma that maintain protein homeostasis and assist the import and thylakoid transport of chloroplast proteins. While HSP90C contains all conserved domains as an HSP90 family protein, it also possesses a unique feature in its variable C-terminal extension (CTE) region. This study elucidated the specific function of this HSP90C CTE region. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that this intrinsically disordered region contains a highly conserved DPW motif in the green lineages. With biochemical assays, we showed that the CTE is required for the chaperone to effectively interact with client proteins PsbO1 and LHCB2 to regulate ATP-independent chaperone activity and to effectuate its ATP hydrolysis. The CTE truncation mutants could support plant growth and development reminiscing the wild type under normal conditions except for a minor phenotype in cotyledon when expressed at a level comparable to wild type. However, higher HSP90C expression was observed to correlate with a stronger response to specific photosystem II inhibitor DCMU, and CTE truncations dampened the response. Additionally, when treated with lincomycin to inhibit chloroplast protein translation, CTE truncation mutants showed a delayed response to PsbO1 expression repression, suggesting its role in chloroplast retrograde signaling. Our study therefore provides insights into the mechanism of HSP90C in client protein binding and the regulation of green chloroplast maturation and function, especially under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bona Mu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adheip Monikantan Nair
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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2
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Liu R, Xu K, Li Y, Zhao W, Ji H, Lei X, Ma T, Ye J, Zhang J, Du H, Cao SK. Investigation on the Potential Functions of ZmEPF/EPFL Family Members in Response to Abiotic Stress in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7196. [PMID: 39000300 PMCID: PMC11241529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important crop used for food, feed, and fuel. Abiotic stress is an important factor affecting maize yield. The EPF/EPFL gene family encodes class-specific secretory proteins that play an important role in the response to abiotic stress in plants. In order to explore and utilize the EPF/EPFL family in maize, the family members were systematically identified, and their chromosomal localization, physicochemical properties, cis-acting element prediction in promoters, phylogenetic tree construction, and expression pattern analysis were carried out using bioinformatics techniques. A total of 18 ZmEPF/EPFL proteins were identified in maize, which are mostly alkaline and a small portion acidic. Subcellular localization results showed that ZmEPF6, ZmEPF12, and ZmEPFL2 are localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Analysis of cis-acting elements revealed that members of the ZmEPF/EPFL family contain regulatory elements such as light response, anoxic, low temperature, and hormone response regulatory elements. RT-qPCR results showed that these family members are indeed responding to cold stress and hormone treatments. These results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improving the abiotic stress resistance of maize in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Keli Xu
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wanqing Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hongjing Ji
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiongbiao Lei
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Tian Ma
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Juan Ye
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hewei Du
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Shi-Kai Cao
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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3
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Lucas J, Geisler M. Plant Kinesin Repertoires Expand with New Domain Architecture and Contract with the Loss of Flagella. J Mol Evol 2024:10.1007/s00239-024-10178-9. [PMID: 38926179 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-024-10178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Kinesins are eukaryotic microtubule motor proteins subdivided into conserved families with distinct functional roles. While many kinesin families are widespread in eukaryotes, each organismal lineage maintains a unique kinesin repertoire composed of many families with distinct numbers of genes. Previous genomic surveys indicated that land plant kinesin repertoires differ markedly from other eukaryotes. To determine when repertoires diverged during plant evolution, we performed robust phylogenomic analyses of kinesins in 24 representative plants, two algae, two animals, and one yeast. These analyses show that kinesin repertoires expand and contract coincident with major shifts in the biology of algae and land plants. One kinesin family and five subfamilies, each defined by unique domain architectures, emerged in the green algae. Four of those kinesin groups expanded in ancestors of modern land plants, while six other kinesin groups were lost in the ancestors of pollen-bearing plants. Expansions of different kinesin families and subfamilies occurred in moss and angiosperm lineages. Other kinesin families remained stable and did not expand throughout plant evolution. Collectively these data support a radiation of kinesin domain architectures in algae followed by differential positive and negative selection on kinesins families and subfamilies in different lineages of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lucas
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Blvd, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA.
| | - Matt Geisler
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 54901, USA
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4
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Nie Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wu J. Unveiling the Role of SlRNC1 in Chloroplast Development and Global Gene Regulation in Tomato Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6898. [PMID: 39000008 PMCID: PMC11241334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
RNC1, a plant-specific gene, is known for its involvement in splicing group II introns within maize chloroplast. However, its role in chloroplast development and global gene expression remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of RNC1 in chloroplast development and identify the genes that mediate its function in the development of entire tomato plants. Consistent with findings in maize, RNC1 silencing induced dwarfism and leaf whitening in tomato plants. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the RNC1 protein is localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, including the stress granule and chloroplasts. Electron microscopic examination of tomato leaf transverse sections exposed significant disruptions in the spatial arrangement of the thylakoid network upon RNC1 silencing, crucial for efficient light energy capture and conversion into chemical energy. Transcriptome analysis suggested that RNC1 silencing potentially impacts tomato plant development through genes associated with all three categories (biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions). Overall, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical role of RNC1 in chloroplast development and its significance in plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.)
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5
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Bowles AMC, Williams TA, Donoghue PCJ, Campbell DA, Williamson CJ. Metagenome-assembled genome of the glacier alga Ancylonema yields insights into the evolution of streptophyte life on ice and land. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38840553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Contemporary glaciers are inhabited by streptophyte algae that balance photosynthesis and growth with tolerance of low temperature, desiccation and UV radiation. These same environmental challenges have been hypothesised as the driving force behind the evolution of land plants from streptophyte algal ancestors in the Cryogenian (720-635 million years ago). We sequenced, assembled and analysed the metagenome-assembled genome of the glacier alga Ancylonema nordenskiöldii to investigate its adaptations to life in ice, and whether this represents a vestige of Cryogenian exaptations. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement of glacier algae within the sister lineage to land plants, Zygnematophyceae. The metagenome-assembled genome is characterised by an expansion of genes involved in tolerance of high irradiance and UV light, while lineage-specific diversification is linked to the novel screening pigmentation of glacier algae. We found no support for the hypothesis of a common genomic basis for adaptations to ice and to land in streptophytes. Comparative genomics revealed that the reductive morphological evolution in the ancestor of Zygnematophyceae was accompanied by reductive genome evolution. This first genome-scale data for glacier algae suggests an Ancylonema-specific adaptation to the cryosphere, and sheds light on the genome evolution of land plants and Zygnematophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M C Bowles
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L 1H3, Canada
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6
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Cheng A, Sadali NM, Rejab NA, Uludag A. Piece and parcel of gymnosperm organellar genomes. PLANTA 2024; 260:14. [PMID: 38829418 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Significant past, present, and potential future research into the organellar (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes of gymnosperms that can provide insight into the unknown origin and evolution of plants is highlighted. Gymnosperms are vascular seed plants that predominated the ancient world before their sister clade, angiosperms, took over during the Late Cretaceous. The divergence of gymnosperms and angiosperms took place around 300 Mya, with the latter evolving into the diverse group of flowering plants that dominate the plant kingdom today. Although gymnosperms have reportedly made some evolutionary innovations, the literature on their genome advances, particularly their organellar (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes, is relatively scattered and fragmented. While organellar genomes can shed light on plant origin and evolution, they are frequently overlooked, due in part to their limited contribution to gene expression and lack of evolutionary dynamics when compared to nuclear genomes. A better understanding of gymnosperm organellar genomes is critical because they reveal genetic changes that have contributed to their unique adaptations and ecological success, potentially aiding in plant survival, enhancement, and biodiversity conservation in the face of climate change. This review reveals significant information and gaps in the existing knowledge base of organellar genomes in gymnosperms, as well as the challenges and research needed to unravel their complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acga Cheng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Najiah Mohd Sadali
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ardiyana Rejab
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmet Uludag
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Canakkale, Türkiye
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7
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Shu Z, Liu E, Huang Y, Luo Q, Wang T, Li X, Mequanint K, Yang S, Xing M, Fan C. Analyzing Mushroom Structural Patterns of a Highly Compressible and Expandable Hemostatic Foam for Gastric Perforation Repair. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306917. [PMID: 38439601 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Nature presents the most beautiful patterns through evolving. Here, a layered porous pattern in golden ratio (0.618) is reported from a type of mushroom -Dictyophora Rubrovalvata stipe (DRS). The hierarchical structure shows a mathematical correlation with the golden ratio. This unique structure leads to superior mechanical properties. The gradient porous structure from outside to innermost endows it with asymmetrical hydrophilicity. A mathematical model is then developed to predict and apply to 3D printed structures. The mushroom is then explored to repair gastric perforation because the stomach is a continuous peristaltic organ, and the perforated site is subject to repeated mechanical movements and pressure changes. At present, endoscopic clipping is ineffective in treating ulcerative perforation with fragile surrounding tissues. Although endoscopic implant occlusion provides a new direction for the treatment of gastric ulcers, but the metal or plastic occluder needs to be removed, requiring a second intervention. Decellularized DRS (DDRS) is found with asymmetric water absorption rate, super-compressive elasticity, shape memory, and biocompatibility, making it a suitable occluder for the gastric perforation. The efficacy in blocking gastric perforation and promoting healing is confirmed by endoscopic observation and tissue analysis during a 2-month study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - En Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Tongchuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, and School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chaoqiang Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, NO.183, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Chongqing, 400037, China
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8
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Schmidt V, Skokan R, Depaepe T, Kurtović K, Haluška S, Vosolsobě S, Vaculíková R, Pil A, Dobrev PI, Motyka V, Van Der Straeten D, Petrášek J. Phytohormone profiling in an evolutionary framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3875. [PMID: 38719800 PMCID: PMC11079000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The genomes of charophyte green algae, close relatives of land plants, typically do not show signs of developmental regulation by phytohormones. However, scattered reports of endogenous phytohormone production in these organisms exist. We performed a comprehensive analysis of multiple phytohormones in Viridiplantae, focusing mainly on charophytes. We show that auxin, salicylic acid, ethylene and tRNA-derived cytokinins including cis-zeatin are found ubiquitously in Viridiplantae. By contrast, land plants but not green algae contain the trans-zeatin type cytokinins as well as auxin and cytokinin conjugates. Charophytes occasionally produce jasmonates and abscisic acid, whereas the latter is detected consistently in land plants. Several phytohormones are excreted into the culture medium, including auxin by charophytes and cytokinins and salicylic acid by Viridiplantae in general. We note that the conservation of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways known from angiosperms does not match the capacity for phytohormone biosynthesis in Viridiplantae. Our phylogenetically guided analysis of established algal cultures provides an important insight into phytohormone biosynthesis and metabolism across Streptophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Roman Skokan
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia.
| | - Thomas Depaepe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katarina Kurtović
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Roberta Vaculíková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Anthony Pil
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petre Ivanov Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia.
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9
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K. Raval P, MacLeod AI, Gould SB. A molecular atlas of plastid and mitochondrial proteins reveals organellar remodeling during plant evolutionary transitions from algae to angiosperms. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002608. [PMID: 38713727 PMCID: PMC11135702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Algae and plants carry 2 organelles of endosymbiotic origin that have been co-evolving in their host cells for more than a billion years. The biology of plastids and mitochondria can differ significantly across major lineages and organelle changes likely accompanied the adaptation to new ecological niches such as the terrestrial habitat. Based on organelle proteome data and the genomes of 168 phototrophic (Archaeplastida) versus a broad range of 518 non-phototrophic eukaryotes, we screened for changes in plastid and mitochondrial biology across 1 billion years of evolution. Taking into account 331,571 protein families (or orthogroups), we identify 31,625 protein families that are unique to primary plastid-bearing eukaryotes. The 1,906 and 825 protein families are predicted to operate in plastids and mitochondria, respectively. Tracing the evolutionary history of these protein families through evolutionary time uncovers the significant remodeling the organelles experienced from algae to land plants. The analyses of gained orthogroups identifies molecular changes of organelle biology that connect to the diversification of major lineages and facilitated major transitions from chlorophytes en route to the global greening and origin of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth K. Raval
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander I. MacLeod
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B. Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Hanley ME, Firth LB, Foggo A. Victim of changes? Marine macroalgae in a changing world. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:1-16. [PMID: 37996092 PMCID: PMC10921835 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine macroalgae ('seaweeds') are a diverse and globally distributed group of photosynthetic organisms that together generate considerable primary productivity, provide an array of different habitats for other organisms, and contribute many important ecosystem functions and services. As a result of continued anthropogenic stress on marine systems, many macroalgal species and habitats face an uncertain future, risking their vital contribution to global productivity and ecosystem service provision. SCOPE After briefly considering the remarkable taxonomy and ecological distribution of marine macroalgae, we review how the threats posed by a combination of anthropogenically induced stressors affect seaweed species and communities. From there we highlight five critical avenues for further research to explore (long-term monitoring, use of functional traits, focus on early ontogeny, biotic interactions and impact of marine litter on coastal vegetation). CONCLUSIONS Although there are considerable parallels with terrestrial vascular plant responses to the many threats posed by anthropogenic stressors, we note that the impacts of some (e.g. habitat loss) are much less keenly felt in the oceans than on land. Nevertheless, and in common with terrestrial plant communities, the impact of climate change will inevitably be the most pernicious threat to the future persistence of seaweed species, communities and service provision. While understanding macroalgal responses to simultaneous environmental stressors is inevitably a complex exercise, our attempt to highlight synergies with terrestrial systems, and provide five future research priorities to elucidate some of the important trends and mechanisms of response, may yet offer some small contribution to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick E Hanley
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - Louise B Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - Andy Foggo
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK
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11
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Bierenbroodspot MJ, Darienko T, de Vries S, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Buschmann H, Pröschold T, Irisarri I, de Vries J. Phylogenomic insights into the first multicellular streptophyte. Curr Biol 2024; 34:670-681.e7. [PMID: 38244543 PMCID: PMC10849092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Streptophytes are best known as the clade containing the teeming diversity of embryophytes (land plants).1,2,3,4 Next to embryophytes are however a range of freshwater and terrestrial algae that bear important information on the emergence of key traits of land plants. Among these, the Klebsormidiophyceae stand out. Thriving in diverse environments-from mundane (ubiquitous occurrence on tree barks and rocks) to extreme (from the Atacama Desert to the Antarctic)-Klebsormidiophyceae can exhibit filamentous body plans and display remarkable resilience as colonizers of terrestrial habitats.5,6 Currently, the lack of a robust phylogenetic framework for the Klebsormidiophyceae hampers our understanding of the evolutionary history of these key traits. Here, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis utilizing advanced models that can counteract systematic biases. We sequenced 24 new transcriptomes of Klebsormidiophyceae and combined them with 14 previously published genomic and transcriptomic datasets. Using an analysis built on 845 loci and sophisticated mixture models, we establish a phylogenomic framework, dividing the six distinct genera of Klebsormidiophyceae in a novel three-order system, with a deep divergence more than 830 million years ago. Our reconstructions of ancestral states suggest (1) an evolutionary history of multiple transitions between terrestrial-aquatic habitats, with stem Klebsormidiales having conquered land earlier than embryophytes, and (2) that the body plan of the last common ancestor of Klebsormidiophyceae was multicellular, with a high probability that it was filamentous whereas the sarcinoids and unicells in Klebsormidiophyceae are likely derived states. We provide evidence that the first multicellular streptophytes likely lived about a billion years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J Bierenbroodspot
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Buschmann
- University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Faculty of Applied Computer Sciences and Biosciences, Section Biotechnology and Chemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, Technikumplatz 17, 09648 Mittweida, Germany
| | - Thomas Pröschold
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Iker Irisarri
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Section Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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12
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Donoghue PCJ, Clark JW. Plant evolution: Streptophyte multicellularity, ecology, and the acclimatisation of plants to life on land. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R86-R89. [PMID: 38320478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Land plants are celebrated as one of the three great instances of complex multicellularity, but new phylogenomic and phenotypic analyses are revealing deep evolutionary roots of multicellularity among algal relatives, prompting questions about the causal basis of this major evolutionary transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C J Donoghue
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - James W Clark
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AZ, UK
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13
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Dowson AJ. A snapshot of the tree of chloroplast evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:958-961. [PMID: 38069480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Chang et al. (2024), 241: 1115–1129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Dowson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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14
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Bowles AMC, Williamson CJ, Williams TA, Donoghue PCJ. Cryogenian Origins of Multicellularity in Archaeplastida. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae026. [PMID: 38333966 PMCID: PMC10883732 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Earth was impacted by global glaciations during the Cryogenian (720 to 635 million years ago; Ma), events invoked to explain both the origins of multicellularity in Archaeplastida and radiation of the first land plants. However, the temporal relationship between these environmental and biological events is poorly established, due to a paucity of molecular and fossil data, precluding resolution of the phylogeny and timescale of archaeplastid evolution. We infer a time-calibrated phylogeny of early archaeplastid evolution based on a revised molecular dataset and reappraisal of the fossil record. Phylogenetic topology testing resolves deep archaeplastid relationships, identifying two clades of Viridiplantae and placing Bryopsidales as sister to the Chlorophyceae. Our molecular clock analysis infers an origin of Archaeplastida in the late-Paleoproterozoic to early-Mesoproterozoic (1712 to 1387 Ma). Ancestral state reconstruction of cytomorphological traits on this time-calibrated tree reveals many of the independent origins of multicellularity span the Cryogenian, consistent with the Cryogenian multicellularity hypothesis. Multicellular rhodophytes emerged 902 to 655 Ma while crown-Anydrophyta (Zygnematophyceae and Embryophyta) originated 796 to 671 Ma, broadly compatible with the Cryogenian plant terrestrialization hypothesis. Our analyses resolve the timetree of Archaeplastida with age estimates for ancestral multicellular archaeplastids coinciding with the Cryogenian, compatible with hypotheses that propose a role of Snowball Earth in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M C Bowles
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Tom A Williams
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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15
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MacLeod AI, Knopp MR, Gould SB. A mysterious cloak: the peptidoglycan layer of algal and plant plastids. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:173-178. [PMID: 37603062 PMCID: PMC10784329 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The plastids of algae and plants originated on a single occasion from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium at least a billion years ago. Despite the divergent evolution that characterizes the plastids of different lineages, many traits such as membrane organization and means of fission are universal-they pay tribute to the cyanobacterial origin of the organelle. For one such trait, the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, the situation is more complicated. Our view on its distribution keeps on changing and little is known regarding its molecular relevance, especially for land plants. Here, we investigate the extent of PG presence across the Chloroplastida using a phylogenomic approach. Our data support the view of a PG layer being present in the last common ancestor of land plants and its remarkable conservation across bryophytes that are otherwise characterized by gene loss. In embryophytes, the occurrence of the PG layer biosynthetic toolkit becomes patchier and the availability of novel genome data questions previous predictions regarding a functional coevolution of the PG layer and the plastid division machinery-associated gene FtsZ3. Furthermore, our data confirm the presence of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) orthologs in seed plants, which were previously thought to be absent from this clade. The 5-7 nm thick, and seemingly unchanged, PG layer armoring the plastids of glaucophyte algae might still provide the original function of structural support, but the same can likely not be said about the only recently identified PG layer of bryophyte and tracheophyte plastids. There are several issues to be explored regarding the composition, exact function, and biosynthesis of the PG layer in land plants. These issues arise from the fact that land plants seemingly lack certain genes that are believed to be crucial for PG layer production, even though they probably synthesize a PG layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I MacLeod
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael R Knopp
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Wegner L, Porth ML, Ehlers K. Multicellularity and the Need for Communication-A Systematic Overview on (Algal) Plasmodesmata and Other Types of Symplasmic Cell Connections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3342. [PMID: 37765506 PMCID: PMC10536634 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In the evolution of eukaryotes, the transition from unicellular to simple multicellular organisms has happened multiple times. For the development of complex multicellularity, characterized by sophisticated body plans and division of labor between specialized cells, symplasmic intercellular communication is supposed to be indispensable. We review the diversity of symplasmic connectivity among the eukaryotes and distinguish between distinct types of non-plasmodesmatal connections, plasmodesmata-like structures, and 'canonical' plasmodesmata on the basis of developmental, structural, and functional criteria. Focusing on the occurrence of plasmodesmata (-like) structures in extant taxa of fungi, brown algae (Phaeophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyta), and streptophyte algae, we present a detailed critical update on the available literature which is adapted to the present classification of these taxa and may serve as a tool for future work. From the data, we conclude that, actually, development of complex multicellularity correlates with symplasmic connectivity in many algal taxa, but there might be alternative routes. Furthermore, we deduce a four-step process towards the evolution of canonical plasmodesmata and demonstrate similarity of plasmodesmata in streptophyte algae and land plants with respect to the occurrence of an ER component. Finally, we discuss the urgent need for functional investigations and molecular work on cell connections in algal organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wegner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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17
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He S, Crans VL, Jonikas MC. The pyrenoid: the eukaryotic CO2-concentrating organelle. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3236-3259. [PMID: 37279536 PMCID: PMC10473226 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyrenoid is a phase-separated organelle that enhances photosynthetic carbon assimilation in most eukaryotic algae and the land plant hornwort lineage. Pyrenoids mediate approximately one-third of global CO2 fixation, and engineering a pyrenoid into C3 crops is predicted to boost CO2 uptake and increase yields. Pyrenoids enhance the activity of the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco by supplying it with concentrated CO2. All pyrenoids have a dense matrix of Rubisco associated with photosynthetic thylakoid membranes that are thought to supply concentrated CO2. Many pyrenoids are also surrounded by polysaccharide structures that may slow CO2 leakage. Phylogenetic analysis and pyrenoid morphological diversity support a convergent evolutionary origin for pyrenoids. Most of the molecular understanding of pyrenoids comes from the model green alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). The Chlamydomonas pyrenoid exhibits multiple liquid-like behaviors, including internal mixing, division by fission, and dissolution and condensation in response to environmental cues and during the cell cycle. Pyrenoid assembly and function are induced by CO2 availability and light, and although transcriptional regulators have been identified, posttranslational regulation remains to be characterized. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of pyrenoid function, structure, components, and dynamic regulation in Chlamydomonas and extrapolate to pyrenoids in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Victoria L Crans
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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18
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Tyszka AS, Bretz EC, Robertson HM, Woodcock-Girard MD, Ramanauskas K, Larson DA, Stull GW, Walker JF. Characterizing conflict and congruence of molecular evolution across organellar genome sequences for phylogenetics in land plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125107. [PMID: 37063179 PMCID: PMC10098128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain their own genomes, which have historically been and continue to be important sources of information for inferring the phylogenetic relationships among land plants. The organelles are predominantly inherited from the same parent, and therefore should exhibit phylogenetic concordance. In this study, we examine the mitochondrion and chloroplast genomes of 226 land plants to infer the degree of similarity between the organelles' evolutionary histories. Our results show largely concordant topologies are inferred between the organelles, aside from four well-supported conflicting relationships that warrant further investigation. Despite broad patterns of topological concordance, our findings suggest that the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes evolved with significant differences in molecular evolution. The differences result in the genes from the chloroplast and the mitochondrion preferentially clustering with other genes from their respective organelles by a program that automates selection of evolutionary model partitions for sequence alignments. Further investigation showed that changes in compositional heterogeneity are not always uniform across divergences in the land plant tree of life. These results indicate that although the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes have coexisted for over 1 billion years, phylogenetically, they are still evolving sufficiently independently to warrant separate models of evolution. As genome sequencing becomes more accessible, research into these organelles' evolution will continue revealing insight into the ancient cellular events that shaped not only their history, but the history of plants as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S. Tyszka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eric C. Bretz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Holly M. Robertson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Miles D. Woodcock-Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Karolis Ramanauskas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Drew A. Larson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Gregory W. Stull
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Joseph F. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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19
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Leterme S, Bastien O, Aiese Cigliano R, Amato A, Michaud M. Phylogenetic and Structural Analyses of VPS13 Proteins in Archaeplastida Reveal Their Complex Evolutionary History in Viridiplantae. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2023; 6:25152564231211976. [PMID: 38033810 PMCID: PMC10683392 DOI: 10.1177/25152564231211976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
VPS13 is a lipid transfer protein family conserved among Eukaryotes and playing roles in fundamental processes involving vesicular transport and membrane expansion including autophagy and organelle biogenesis. VPS13 folds into a long hydrophobic tunnel, allowing lipid transport, decorated by distinct domains involved in protein localization and regulation. Whereas VPS13 organization and function have been extensively studied in yeast and mammals, information in organisms originating from primary endosymbiosis is scarce. In the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana, four paralogs, AtVPS13S, X, M1, and M2, were identified, AtVPS13S playing a role in the regulation of root growth, cell patterning, and reproduction. In this work, we performed phylogenetic, as well as domain and structural modeling of VPS13 proteins in Archaeplastida in order to understand their general organization and evolutionary history. We confirmed the presence of human VPS13B orthologues in some phyla and described two new VPS13 families presenting a particular domain arrangement: VPS13R in Rhodophytes and VPS13Y in Chlorophytes and Streptophytes. By focusing on Viridiplantae, we were able to draw the evolutionary history of these proteins made by multiple gene gains and duplications as well as domain rearrangements. We showed that some Chlorophytes have only three (AtVPS13M, S, Y) whereas some Charophytes have up to six VPS13 paralogs (AtVPS13M1, M2, S, Y, X, B). We also highlighted specific structural features of VPS13M and X paralogs. This study reveals the complex evolution of VPS13 family and opens important perspectives for their functional characterization in photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Leterme
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Alberto Amato
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
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