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Thakkar H, Jain S, Kumar S, Bhalekar VS, Gangakhedkar S, Shah RP. Hyphenated liquid chromatography - diode array detection - charged aerosol detection - high resolution - multistage mass spectrometry with online hydrogen/deuterium exchange: One stop solution for pharmaceutical impurity profiling. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463725. [PMID: 36586282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyphenation of different analytical techniques has always been advantageous in structural characterization as it saves time, money and resources. In the pharmaceutical sector, chromatography-based impurity profiling, including identification, characterization, and quantification in drug substances or finished products, is of utmost importance to comply with quality, patient safety and regulatory requirements. These impurities are monitored using LC-UV/DAD and identified and/or characterized using HRMS and MS/MS. LC analysis usually yields the area percent purity of the targeted peak, however, this is not sufficient for pharmaceutical purposes; where the regulatory requirement is to report impurities in percent weight by weight. Unfortunately, the non-availability of impurity standards and relative response factors at an early stage of drug development, risks the product quality due to the inability of the method to differentiate percent purity, and percent weight by weight. Hence, there is a need for a distinctive way of determining the relative response factor. In the current study, a unique hyphenation has been employed by integrating LC with DAD, CAD, and HRMSn with hydrogen-deuterium exchange. The LC flow, post-DAD detection has been diverted to CAD with an inverse gradient for relative response factor determination and MS Orbitrap for exact mass, and MSn fragmentation. A separate infusion pump has been incorporated to infuse D2O on a need basis, which can perform partial hydrogen deuterium exchange for determining the number of labile hydrogens in the impurity structure. This hyphenation has been validated with four model compounds and a total of nineteen chromatographic peaks. The technique provides ample information for their qualitative analysis along with percent weight-by-weight values, which fulfils the regulatory requirements and can be used as one-stop solution for impurity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Vijay S Bhalekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Shriya Gangakhedkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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Box–Behnken Design-Based Optimized Kinetic Approach to Develop an Eco-friendly Analytical Method for the Quantitation of Glimepiride Using Spectrophotometry. J Pharm Innov 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-022-09691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Liu Y, Romijn EP, Verniest G, Laukens K, De Vijlder T. Mass spectrometry-based structure elucidation of small molecule impurities and degradation products in pharmaceutical development. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Critical review of reports on impurity and degradation product profiling in the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Potential of Online Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography For Micro-Preparative Separations of Simple Samples. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-3012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Parsha S, Kumar YR, Ravichander M. LC–MS/MS and NMR Characterization of Key Impurities in Linagliptin and Pramipexole. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1087861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Parsha
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Y. Ravindra Kumar
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Hyderabad, India
| | - M. Ravichander
- Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
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Singh DK, Sahu A, Handa T, Narayanam M, Singh S. Study of the forced degradation behavior of prasugrel hydrochloride by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with NMR detection and prediction of the toxicity of the characterized degradation products. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2995-3005. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Archana Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Sector 67 S.A.S. Nagar Punjab India
| | - Tarun Handa
- Biocon-BMS R&D Centre (BBRC); Biocon Park Bangalore India
| | | | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Sector 67 S.A.S. Nagar Punjab India
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Maggio RM, Calvo NL, Vignaduzzo SE, Kaufman TS. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products: uses and applications of NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:102-22. [PMID: 24853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current standards and regulations demand the pharmaceutical industry not only to produce highly pure drug substances, but to achieve a thorough understanding of the impurities accompanying their manufactured drug substances and products. These challenges have become important goals of process chemistry and have steadily stimulated the search of impurities after accelerated or forced degradation procedures. As a result, impurity profiling is one of the most attractive, active and relevant fields of modern pharmaceutical analysis. This activity includes the identification, structural elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk drugs and their pharmaceutical formulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has evolved into an irreplaceable approach for pharmaceutical quality assessment, currently playing a critical role in unequivocal structure identification as well as structural confirmation (qualitative detection), enabling the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the formation of process and/or degradation impurities. NMR is able to provide qualitative information without the need of standards of the unknown compounds and multiple components can be quantified in a complex sample without previous separation. When coupled to separative techniques, the resulting hyphenated methodologies enhance the analytical power of this spectroscopy to previously unknown levels. As a result, and by enabling the implementation of rational decisions regarding the identity and level of impurities, NMR contributes to the goal of making better and safer medicines. Herein are discussed the applications of NMR spectroscopy and its hyphenated derivate techniques to the study of a wide range pharmaceutical impurities. Details on the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology and well as specific challenges with regards to the different analytical problems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Maggio
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
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NMR and mass spectrometric characterization of vinblastine, vincristine and some new related impurities—Part II. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Structure elucidation of indole–indoline type alkaloids: A retrospective account from the point of view of current NMR and MS technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:106-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dubrovay Z, Háda V, Béni Z, Szántay C. NMR and mass spectrometric characterization of vinblastine, vincristine and some new related impurities - part I. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 84:293-308. [PMID: 22985529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the course of exploring the possibilities of developing a new, improved process at Gedeon Richter for the production of the "bisindole" alkaloids vinblastine (VLB) and vincristine (VCR), some novel VLB/VCR-related trace impurities were detected by analytical HPLC. Following isolation by preparative HPLC, a combination of 1D and 2D ultra high-field NMR and high-resolution (HR) (LC-)MS/MS studies allowed the structural identification and complete spectral characterization of several hitherto unpublished VLB/VCR-analogue impurities. Since the impurities could not be isolated in entirely pure forms and were available only in minute, mass-limited quantities, accessing the spectral information needed for their ab initio structure determination was met with various practical difficulties. Successful structure determination therefore relied heavily on the availability and use of detailed and definitive spectral data for both VLB and VCR. In particular, the utilization of detailed (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR assignments as well as (1)H-(1)H, (1)H-(13)C and (1)H-(15)N spin-spin connectivities pertaining to different solvents for VLB/VCR base and sulphate salt was required. Although NMR studies on VLB base and other bisindoles were reported earlier in the literature, an NMR characterization of VLB and VCR under the above-mentioned circumstances and using ultra-high field instrumentation is either scarcely available or entirely lacking, therefore the necessary data had to be obtained in-house. Likewise, a modern tandem HR-ESI-MS/MS(n) fragmentation study of VLB and VCR has not been published yet. In the present paper we therefore give a thorough NMR and MS characterization of VLB and VCR specifically with a view to filling this void and to provide sufficiently extensive and solid reference data for the structural investigation of the aforementioned VLB/VCR impurities. Besides being scientifically relevant in its own right, the disclosed data should be useful for anyone interested in VLB/VCR-related molecules at a structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Dubrovay
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc., API Research and Development - Spectroscopic Research, Budapest, Hungary
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Quantitative NMR for bioanalysis and metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1165-79. [PMID: 22766756 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, significant technical and experimental advances have made quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) a valuable analytical tool for quantitative measurements on a wide variety of samples. In particular, qNMR has emerged as an important method for metabolomics studies where it is used for interrogation of large sets of biological samples and the resulting spectra are treated with multivariate statistical analysis methods. In this review, recent developments in instrumentation and pulse sequences will be discussed as well as the practical considerations necessary for acquisition of quantitative NMR experiments with an emphasis on their use for bioanalysis. Recent examples of the application of qNMR for metabolomics/metabonomics studies, the characterization of biologicals such as heparin, antibodies, and vaccines, and the analysis of botanical natural products will be presented and the future directions of qNMR discussed.
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The efficient structure elucidation of minor components in heparin digests using microcoil NMR. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2244-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Advances in the analysis of steroid hormone drugs in pharmaceuticals and environmental samples (2004–2010). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:728-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Determination of additives in an electrolytic zinc bath by q1H-NMR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1085-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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A Multidisciplinary Investigation to Determine the Structure and Source of Dimeric Impurities in AMG 517 Drug Substance. Int J Anal Chem 2008; 2009:768743. [PMID: 20140079 PMCID: PMC2814138 DOI: 10.1155/2009/768743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the initial scale-up batches of the experimental drug substance AMG 517, a pair of unexpected impurities was observed by HPLC. Analysis of data from initial LC-MS experiments indicated the presence of two dimer-like molecules. One impurity had an additional sulfur atom incorporated into its structure relative to the other impurity. Isolation of the impurities was performed, and further structural elucidation experiments were conducted with high-resolution LC-MS and 2D NMR. The dimeric structures were confirmed, with one of the impurities having an unexpected C-S-C linkage. Based on the synthetic route of AMG 517, it was unlikely that these impurities were generated during the last two steps of the process. Stress studies on the enriched impurities were carried out to further confirm the existence of the C-S-C linkage in the benzothiazole portion of AMG 517. Further investigation revealed that these two dimeric impurities originated from existing impurities in the AMG 517 starting material, N-acetyl benzothiazole. The characterization of these two dimeric impurities allowed for better quality control of new batches of the N-acetyl benzothiazole starting material. As a result, subsequent batches of AMG 517 contained no reportable levels of these two impurities
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Stolarczyk EU, Kaczmarek Ł, Eksanow K, Kubiszewski M, Glice M, Kutner A. Identification and Characterization of Potential Impurities of Quetiapine Fumarate. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 14:27-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450802409388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Görög S. Drug safety, drug quality, drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 48:247-53. [PMID: 18082992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and minimizing the side effects of drugs are the key issues in assuring the safety of drug therapy. Since side effects are inherent properties of the drug material, these cannot be influenced by drug analysts. At the same time drug analysts play a predominant role in assuring the quality of bulk drug materials and drug formulations and this is also closely related to the safety issue. The three main attributes of drug quality are identity, strength and purity. Of these, in the case of bulk drug materials, purity is of prominent importance: by the identification (structure elucidation) and quantitative determination of the impurities and degradation products, the risk of their contribution to the side effect profile of the drug materials can be avoided or at least controlled/minimized. The development in the field of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods in the last decades has led to changes in the philosophy, structure and requirements in the monographs of drug materials in the principal pharmacopoeias. Although the approaches of the European and US Pharmacopoeias are somewhat different, a common feature is the shift of focal point toward purity tests. In contrast to this, relatively few changes are observable in the field of the assay methods for bulk drug materials: non-selective titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods are still widely used. Since the results of these do not contribute to the safety issue, the omission of these tests and substitution by the "mass balance" concept is recommended. The effectiveness of the tendency of replacing non-selective methods by selective ones (mainly HPLC) is also questionable. The reason for this is that due to the limited precision of the HPLC assay the drug content obtained by the mass balance concept is a much better quality control attribute for bulk drug materials than that obtained by HPLC. It is recommended that classical assay methods (including HPLC) be used in exceptional cases only and the time and energy thus spared be used for more important impurity-related issues that directly contribute to the safety of drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Görög
- Gedeon Richter Plc., P.O.B. 27, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Hype and hypernation: multiple hyphenation of column liquid chromatography and spectroscopy. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Pauli GF, Jaki BU, Lankin DC. A routine experimental protocol for qHNMR illustrated with Taxol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:589-95. [PMID: 17298095 PMCID: PMC3392896 DOI: 10.1021/np060535r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR) provides a value-added dimension to the standard spectroscopic data set involved in structure analysis, especially when analyzing bioactive molecules and elucidating new natural products. The qHNMR method can be integrated into any routine qualitative workflow without much additional effort by simply establishing quantitative conditions for the standard solution 1H NMR experiments. Moreover, examination of different chemical lots of taxol (paclitaxel) and a Taxus brevifolia extract as working examples led to a blueprint for a generic approach to performing a routinely practiced 13C-decoupled qHNMR experiment and for recognizing its potential and main limitations. The proposed protocol is based on a newly assembled 13C GARP broadband decoupled proton acquisition sequence that reduces spectroscopic complexity by removal of carbon satellites. The method is capable of providing qualitative and quantitative NMR data simultaneously and covers various analytes from pure compounds to complex mixtures such as metabolomes. Due to a routinely achievable dynamic range of 300:1 (0.3%) or better, qHNMR qualifies for applications ranging from reference standards to biologically active compounds to metabolome analysis. Providing a "cookbook" approach to qHNMR, acquisition conditions are described that can be adapted for contemporary NMR spectrometers of all major manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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The importance and the challenges of impurity profiling in modern pharmaceutical analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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