1
|
Altamimy MA, Alshehri YM, Aldawsari FS, Altalyan NH, AlShmmari SK, Alzaid SF, Al-Qahtani NA, Alsagoor TM, Al Shahrani MS. A Selective Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantitation of Ethylene and Diethylene Glycol in Paediatric Syrups. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27559. [PMID: 38560135 PMCID: PMC10980933 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethylene Glycol (EG) and diethylene Glycol (DEG) are two contaminants known to cause various human health problems. These glycols might be present in drug syrups that are based on glycerol, sorbitol, or polyethylene glycol. In late 2022, several batches of cough, antipyretics, and antihistamine syrups were reported to contain toxic levels of EG and DEG in multiple countries; this incident concerned the World Health Organization (WHO). From an analytical perspective, several methods of glycols analysis in pharmaceuticals have been reported in the literature, with the majority being dedicated to raw material analysis. This study aims to develop a selective method capable of evaluating a wide range of paediatric syrups in order to assess the safety of commercially available paediatric syrups currently distributed in the local market. This research introduces a method for determining glycols utilizing gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), which offers significantly higher selectivity than conventional single quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The developed method meets the current International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines for validation. The absence of any interfering peaks in both the unspiked sample of promethazine syrup and the reference standard solutions proved the method's selectivity. Furthermore, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol was used as an internal standard, and a new GC-MS/MS method was developed to analyze it. The calibration curves for EG and DEG were linear within the selected concentration range of 1-10 μg/mL. The detection limit for both EG and DEG was 400 ng/mL, while the quantification limit was 1 μg/mL. Recovery values for both EG and DEG met the accuracy acceptance criterion. Thus, the developed method proved to be efficient and accurate for determining EG and DEG levels in suspected contaminated syrups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monerah A. Altamimy
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya M. Alshehri
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad S. Aldawsari
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah H. Altalyan
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan K. AlShmmari
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaikah F. Alzaid
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A. Al-Qahtani
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M. Alsagoor
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mobarak S. Al Shahrani
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 2501 Alsinaiyah District, Unit Number 1, Riyadh, 12843-7116, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ishizaki A, Ozawa K, Kataoka H. Simultaneous analysis of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities in metformin tablets using on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464416. [PMID: 37804578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and pharmaceutical preparations with carcinogenic N-nitrosamines has led to recalls of these products and supply shortages to patients. The present study describes the development of a highly sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of seven N-nitrosamines using on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine their actual contamination in metformin tablets. Using a Carboxen 1006 PLOT capillary as the extraction device for IT-SPME, these compounds were efficiently extracted and concentrated 6‒24-fold by subjecting 40 µL of sample to 25 repeated draw/eject cycles at a rate of 0.2 mL/min. The seven N-nitrosamines were separated within 11 min by gradient elution with 0.1 % formic acid solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase using a CAPCELL PAK C18 MGII column and detected by multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. The calibration curve showed linearity in the range 0.2‒50 ng/mL and detection limits (S/N = 3) in the range 3‒112 pg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 5.5 % and 7.0 % (n = 6), respectively, with accuracies ranging from 93‒117 %. Following ultrasonic extraction with water, centrifugation and filtration of the supernatant liquid through a membrane filter, the N-nitrosamine impurities in metformin tablets could be analyzed by IT-SPME/LC‒MS/MS. Their limits of quantification (S/N = 10) were 0.1‒5.1 pg/mg API and recoveries ranged from 87‒102 %. Analysis of eight metformin tablets from eight manufacturers showed that 5.8‒7.5 pg/mg N-nitrosodimethylamine were present in three tablets, with no other N-nitrosamines detected in any of the eight tablets. This method may be useful in testing for N-nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishizaki
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ozawa
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goyon A, Scott B, Crittenden CM, Zhang K. Analysis of pharmaceutical drug oligomers by selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 208:114466. [PMID: 34808518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of oligomeric impurities in drugs is often overlooked and less studied due to conventional small molecule analytical methods which are often not capable of capturing these oligomers. In the present work, the oligomer species of a lipophilic active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) containing an azetidine ring was investigated. No separation was observed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) methods, and only a partial separation of oligomer peaks was achieved by a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) method. To improve the resolution of the different oligomers species and understand the root cause of the formation of the oligomers, a selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method was developed by coupling SEC to RPLC. The selective comprehensive SEC × RPLC method allowed the separation of 16 species and evidenced four main groups of oligomer impurities. The contour plots of 3 API lots helped to visualize the oligomer profiles and quickly compare the difference between these lots. Finally, the oligomer peaks separated by 2D-LC were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer. The developed 2D-LC/HRMS workflow provides a fast and generic screening approach to quickly examine and visualize the oligomeric impurities in API materials, and direct the impurity control strategy during process development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Goyon
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brandon Scott
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher M Crittenden
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Graham JC, Powley MW, Udovic E, Glowienke S, Nicolette J, Parris P, Kenyon M, White A, Maisey A, Harvey J, Martin EA, Dowdy E, Masuda-Herrera M, Trejo-Martin A, Bercu J. Calculating qualified non-mutagenic impurity levels: Harmonization of approaches. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105023. [PMID: 34363920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of impurities in drugs is unavoidable. As impurities offer no direct benefit to the patient, it is critical that impurities do not compromise patient safety. Current guidelines on the derivation of acceptable impurity levels leave aspects of calculations open for interpretation, resulting in inconsistencies across industry and regulators. To understand current impurity qualification practices from a safety standpoint, regulatory expectations and the safety risk that impurities pose, the IQ DruSafe Impurities Working Group (WG) conducted a pharmaceutical industry-wide survey. Survey results highlighted areas that could benefit from harmonization, including nonclinical species/sex selection and the application of adjustment factors (i.e., body surface area). Recommendations for alignment on these topics is included in this publication. Additionally, the WG collated repeat-dose toxicity information for 181 starting materials and intermediates, reflective of pharmaceutical impurities, to understand the toxicological risks they generally pose in relation to the drug substance (DS) and the assumptions surrounding the calculation of qualified impurity levels. An evaluation of this dataset and the survey were used to harmonize how to calculate a safe limit for an impurity based on toxicology testing of the impurity when present within the DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erika Udovic
- Novartis Pharma AG, Pre-Clinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - John Nicolette
- AbbVie Inc., Pre-clinical Safety, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Dowdy
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Chemical Development & Manufacturing, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Foster City, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dispas A, Clarke A, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Losacco LG, Veuthey JL, Gros Q, Molineau J, Noireau A, West C, Salafia F, Zoccali M, Mondello L, Guillen A, Wang J, Zhang K, Jochems P, Schad G, Nakajima K, Horie S, Joseph J, Parr MK, Billemont P, Severino A, Schneider S, Naegele E, Kutscher D, Wikfors R, Black R, Ingvaldson L, Da Silva JO, Bennett R, Regalado EL, Hoang TPT, Touboul D, Nikolova Y, Kamenova-Nacheva M, Dimitrov V, Berger BK, Schug KA, Kerviel-Guillon S, Mauge F, Takahashi M, Izumi Y, Bamba T, Rouvière F, Heinisch S, Guillarme D, Hubert P. Interlaboratory study of a supercritical fluid chromatography method for the determination of pharmaceutical impurities: Evaluation of multi-systems reproducibility. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114206. [PMID: 34146950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is now a well-established technique, especially in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. We recently demonstrated the transferability and the reproducibility of a SFC-UV method for pharmaceutical impurities by means of an inter-laboratory study. However, as this study involved only one brand of SFC instrumentation (Waters®), the present study extends the purpose to multi-instrumentation evaluation. Specifically, three instrument types, namely Agilent®, Shimadzu®, and Waters®, were included through 21 laboratories (n = 7 for each instrument). First, method transfer was performed to assess the separation quality and to set up the specific instrument parameters of Agilent® and Shimadzu® instruments. Second, the inter-laboratory study was performed following a protocol defined by the sending lab. Analytical results were examined regarding consistencies within- and between-laboratories criteria. Afterwards, the method reproducibility was estimated taking into account variances in replicates, between-days and between-laboratories. Reproducibility variance was larger than that observed during the first study involving only one single type of instrumentation. Indeed, we clearly observed an 'instrument type' effect. Moreover, the reproducibility variance was larger when considering all instruments than each type separately which can be attributed to the variability induced by the instrument configuration. Nevertheless, repeatability and reproducibility variances were found to be similar than those described for LC methods; i.e. reproducibility as %RSD was around 15 %. These results highlighted the robustness and the power of modern analytical SFC technologies to deliver accurate results for pharmaceutical quality control analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Dispas
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium; University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, CHU, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical R&D, Chemical and Analytical Development, Basel CH4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Gioacchino Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Gros
- University of Orléans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Jérémy Molineau
- University of Orléans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Angéline Noireau
- University of Orléans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Caroline West
- University of Orléans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Fabio Salafia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lee Ingvaldson
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Jimmy Oliveira Da Silva
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Thi Phuong Thuy Hoang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Touboul
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yana Nikolova
- Sofia Tech Park, Laboratory For Extraction Of Natural Products And Synthesis Of Bioactive Compounds, Bulgaria
| | - Mariana Kamenova-Nacheva
- Sofia Tech Park, Laboratory For Extraction Of Natural Products And Synthesis Of Bioactive Compounds, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir Dimitrov
- Sofia Tech Park, Laboratory For Extraction Of Natural Products And Synthesis Of Bioactive Compounds, Bulgaria
| | - Blair K Berger
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | | | - Fabien Mauge
- SERVIER Research Institute, Analytical and Physical Chemistry Department, France
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rajan S, Sonoda J, Tully T, Williams AJ, Yang F, Macchi F, Hudson T, Chen MZ, Liu S, Valle N, Cowan K, Gelzleichter T. A pharmacology guided approach for setting limits on product-related impurities for bispecific antibody manufacturing. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 94:19-25. [PMID: 29660397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION bFKB1 is a humanized bispecific IgG1 antibody, created by conjoining an anti-Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) half-antibody to an anti-Klothoβ (KLB) half-antibody, using the knobs-into-holes strategy. bFKB1 acts as a highly selective agonist for the FGFR1/KLB receptor complex and is intended to ameliorate obesity-associated metabolic defects by mimicking the activity of the hormone FGF21. An important aspect of the biologics product manufacturing process is to establish meaningful product specifications regarding the tolerable levels of impurities that copurify with the drug product. The aim of the current study was to determine acceptable levels of product-related impurities for bFKB1. METHODS To determine the tolerable levels of these impurities, we dosed obese mice with bFKB1 enriched with various levels of either HMW impurities or anti-FGFR1-related impurities, and measured biomarkers for KLB-independent FGFR1 signaling. RESULTS Here, we show that product-related impurities of bFKB1, in particular, high molecular weight (HMW) impurities and anti-FGFR1-related impurities, when purposefully enriched, stimulate FGFR1 in a KLB-independent manner. By taking this approach, the tolerable levels of product-related impurities were successfully determined. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates a general pharmacology-guided approach to setting a product specification for a bispecific antibody whose homomultimer-related impurities could lead to undesired biological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Rajan
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Junichiro Sonoda
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Timothy Tully
- Global Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ambrose J Williams
- Global Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Global Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Frank Macchi
- Global Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Terry Hudson
- Global Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark Z Chen
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shannon Liu
- Non clinical Operations, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicole Valle
- Non clinical Operations, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kyra Cowan
- Bio Analytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Gelzleichter
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruggenthaler M, Grass J, Schuh W, Huber CG, Reischl RJ. Levothyroxine sodium revisited: A wholistic structural elucidation approach of new impurities via HPLC-HRMS/MS, on-line H/D exchange, NMR spectroscopy and chemical synthesis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 135:140-152. [PMID: 28024262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural elucidation of unknown pharmaceutical impurities plays an important role in the quality control of newly developed and well-established active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) monograph for the API Levothyroxine Sodium, a synthetic thyroid hormone, features two high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods using UV-VIS absorption detection to determine organic impurities in the drug substance. The impurity profile of the first USP method ("Procedure 1") has already been extensively studied, however for the second method ("Procedure 2"), which exhibits a significantly different impurity profile, no wholistic structural elucidation of impurities has been performed yet. Applying minor modifications to the chromatographic parameters of USP "Procedure 2" and using various comprehensive structural elucidation methods such as high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with on-line hydrogen-deuterium (H/D) exchange or two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) we gained new insights about the complex impurity profile of the synthetic thyroid hormone. This resulted in the characterization of 24 compounds previously unknown to literature and the introduction of two new classes of Levothyroxine Sodium impurities. Five novel compounds were unambiguously identified via isolation or synthesis of reference substances and subsequent NMR spectroscopic investigation. Additionally, Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID)-type fragmentation of identified major impurities as well as neutral loss fragmentation patterns of many characterized impurities were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ruggenthaler
- SANDOZ GmbH, Biochemiestraße 10, A-6250 Kundl/Tirol, Austria; Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics,University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Grass
- SANDOZ GmbH, Biochemiestraße 10, A-6250 Kundl/Tirol, Austria
| | - W Schuh
- SANDOZ GmbH, Biochemiestraße 10, A-6250 Kundl/Tirol, Austria
| | - C G Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics,University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - R J Reischl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics,University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maggio RM, Calvo NL, Vignaduzzo SE, Kaufman TS. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products: uses and applications of NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:102-22. [PMID: 24853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current standards and regulations demand the pharmaceutical industry not only to produce highly pure drug substances, but to achieve a thorough understanding of the impurities accompanying their manufactured drug substances and products. These challenges have become important goals of process chemistry and have steadily stimulated the search of impurities after accelerated or forced degradation procedures. As a result, impurity profiling is one of the most attractive, active and relevant fields of modern pharmaceutical analysis. This activity includes the identification, structural elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk drugs and their pharmaceutical formulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has evolved into an irreplaceable approach for pharmaceutical quality assessment, currently playing a critical role in unequivocal structure identification as well as structural confirmation (qualitative detection), enabling the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the formation of process and/or degradation impurities. NMR is able to provide qualitative information without the need of standards of the unknown compounds and multiple components can be quantified in a complex sample without previous separation. When coupled to separative techniques, the resulting hyphenated methodologies enhance the analytical power of this spectroscopy to previously unknown levels. As a result, and by enabling the implementation of rational decisions regarding the identity and level of impurities, NMR contributes to the goal of making better and safer medicines. Herein are discussed the applications of NMR spectroscopy and its hyphenated derivate techniques to the study of a wide range pharmaceutical impurities. Details on the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology and well as specific challenges with regards to the different analytical problems are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Maggio
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|