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Mishra G, Gupta P, Kumar A, Purohit A, Tak V, Pardasani D. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis of alkylphosphonofluoridic acids as verification targets of nerve agents. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464645. [PMID: 38219625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Alkylphosphonofluoridic Acids (APFA) are the major thermal degradation products of G- and A-series nerve agents and thus play a vital role in the verification analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention. Present study focuses on the development of sample clean-up, derivatization procedures and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis of APFA in aqueous samples. APFA were found to be much more delicate than the corresponding alkylphosphonic acids and thus required subtle optimizations. Retention of analytes on silica and polymer-based anion exchangers followed by elution under alkaline conditions yielded best recoveries. Elution under acidic conditions led to partial or complete degradation of the analytes to alkylphosphonic acids. Silylation reactions, particularly with MTBSTFA were found the best in terms of chromatographic responses and resolution of the derivative peaks. Methylations with diazomethane, which requires acidic reaction media, failed to produce desired yields of the derivatives. Under optimized conditions, the analytes produced the recoveries ranging from 76.9 to 94.5% with RSD ≤9.2%. The best LOD's in the tandem mass spectrometric analysis ranged from 13 to 56 ng/ml. The applicability of the method was tested by spiking the analytes in the retained aqueous samples received for the 52nd proficiency test conducted by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Mishra
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Vertox Lab, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Vertox Lab, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Vertox Lab, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Ajay Purohit
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Vertox Lab, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Vijay Tak
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Vertox Lab, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Vertox Lab, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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2
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Farahani HS, Najafi M, Behbahani M, Naseri MT. Magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for extraction of DMMP from aqueous samples followed by GC-IMS analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4834-4841. [PMID: 37701994 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Micro-porous magnetic activated carbon was prepared under ultrasonic irradiation as an adsorbent for dispersed solid phase extraction of dimethyl methyl phosphonate from water samples, before analysis by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. The magnetic activated carbon was synthesized and characterized by using a vibrating sample magnetometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Then, the effects of the amount of sorbent, extraction time and pH of the sample in the dispersive solid phase extraction method were investigated and optimized by the response surface method. The dispersion of 20 mg adsorbent powder in a 50 mL water sample for 5 minutes with chloroform as the desorption solvent showed an average recovery value of 95% for dimethyl methyl phosphonate. Afterward, the method was used successfully for the determination of dimethyl methyl phosphonate in river and spring water. The linear range was obtained to be 0.05-1 μg mL-1. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were obtained to be 0.02 μg mL-1 and 0.05 μg mL-1 respectively. The analysis also showed good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation value of 3.1%. This method was shown to be easy, fast, reliable, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Najafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Behbahani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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3
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Xu M, Wu S, Zhu H, Wang L, Zhang H, Ma L, Miao T, Cheng Z. Pretreatment Method for Chloramine-T Decon Sample Before GC Analysis of HD and VX. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:859-864. [PMID: 36065028 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloramine-T, especially its solution in weak acidity, is one of the decontaminants for chemical warfare agents (CWAs), HD, and VX. A high CWAs recovery from decontamination (decon) sample via pretreatment was essential for evaluating decontamination effects. This paper performed experiments to optimize pretreatment methods to extract residual CWAs from chloramine-T decon samples before GC analysis. Effects of two neutralization methods, destroying decon activity by 15% Na2SO3 or decreasing decon activity by 3% NH3·H2O or 4% NaOH, were studied. Results showed they were all suitable for the HD decon sample, but only 4% NaOH was ideal for the VX decon sample. As for extractant, compared with dichloromethane, petroleum ether was more suitable for recovering CWAs from decon samples. A high recovery above 80% could be obtained for HD and VX samples ranging from 10 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L when optimized neutralization and extraction methods were simultaneously carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xu
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
| | | | - Haiyan Zhu
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lan Ma
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Miao
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
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4
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Aleksenko SS, Novikova IV, Novikov RI, Smirnova ZV, Kondrat’ev VB. Amino Alcohols: Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Derivatives of Nitrogen-Containing Toxic Chemicals. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822070024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Ataş HB, Cenk M, Bozkurt ENN. A proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure and its application to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110974. [PMID: 34482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Performing a detailed qualitative validation, which is carried out by many laboratories in the forensic community, has been the main goal of this study. In this study, a proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure was proposed, and its application was shown on the analysis of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) related compounds in organic samples. All validation steps were described in detail. The study was carried out in pump oil and dichloromethane (DCM). The limit of detection values were determined for each compound and were found in the range of 0.5-2.0 µg mL-1 in pump oil and 0.08-1.5 µg mL-1 in DCM. The validation parameters were calculated, such as the rates of sensitivity, selectivity, false-negative, false-positive, also accordance and concordance. The predicted and obtained results were compared by using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Test, and the compatibility of the results was found as "very good". After the validation procedure, all of the validation results were evaluated, and the proposed method was confirmed as appropriate for the analysis of CWC-related compounds in organic samples. The applicability of the validated method was proved by determining the CWC-related compounds in organic samples provided by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons during proficiency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Bekiroğlu Ataş
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Cenk
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edibe Nurzen Namlı Bozkurt
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Xu M, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang H, Liang J, Wang X, Cheng Z, Zhu Y. Pretreatment method for hypochlorite decon water before GC analysis of HD, VX, and GD. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:985-992. [PMID: 33724930 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active chlorine decontaminants like hypochlorite are used to destroy chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as HD, VX and GD due to the former's strong oxidation capacity and high nucleophilicity. In this paper, experiments were performed to identify the main factors affecting agent recovery from decon water. Based on the results, a method to recover residual CWAs from hypochlorite decon water before quantitative determination by GC was developed. The results showed that the extraction solvent was a critical determinant of high CWA recovery. Dichloromethane was more suitable than petroleum either, especially for samples containing GD or low residual CWAs. For VX-containing samples, the use of an alkali solution improved VX recovery. Neutralization was also important for a high CWA recovery, especially for samples with low CWA concentrations and/or strong decontaminant reactivity. The use of 15% sodium sulfite as the neutralization solution gave the best results for hypochlorite decon water. When the optimized conditions of simultaneous sodium sulfite neutralization and dichloromethane extraction were used, the recovery of HD, VX and GD in hypochlorite decon water was greater than 85% at a concentration range of 20 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xu
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Lianyuan Wang
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | | | - Jing Liang
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Xingang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | | | - Yuefeng Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
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Sinha Roy K, Goud D R, Mazumder A, Chandra B, Purohit AK, Palit M, Dubey DK. Triazine-Based Covalent Organic Framework: A Promising Sorbent for Efficient Elimination of the Hydrocarbon Backgrounds of Organic Sample for GC-MS and 1H NMR Analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention Related Compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16027-16039. [PMID: 30964249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The strict monitoring and precise measurements of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in environmental and other complex samples with high accuracy have great practical significance from the forensic and Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) verification point of view. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop an efficient extraction and enrichment method for identification and quantification of toxic agents, especially with high sensitivity and multidetection ability in complex samples. It is the first study on solid-phase extraction (SPE) of CWAs and their related compounds from hydrocarbon backgrounds using covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs). This nitrogen-rich CTF sorbent has shown an excellent SPE performance toward sample cleanup by selective elimination of hydrocarbon backgrounds and enrich the CWC related analytes in comparison with the conventional and other reported methods. The best enrichment of the analytes was found with the washing solvent (1 mL of n-hexane) and the extraction solvent (1 mL of dichloromethane). Under the optimized conditions, the SPE method had good linearity in the concentration range of 0.050-10.0 μg mL-1 for organophosphorus esters, 0.040-20.0 μg mL-1 for nerve agents, and 0.200-20.0 μg mL-1 for mustards with correlation coefficients ( r2) between 0.9867 and 0.9998 for all analytes. Limits of detection ( S/ N = 3:1) in the SIM mode were found to be in the range of 0.015-0.050 μg mL-1 for organophosphorus esters, 0.010-0.030 μg mL-1 for nerve agents, and 0.050-0.100 μg mL-1 for blister agents. Limits of quantification ( S/ N = 10:1) were found in the range of 0.050-0.200 μg mL-1 for organophosphorus esters, 0.040-0.100 μg mL-1 for nerve agents, and 0.180-0.350 μg mL-1 for blister agents in the SIM mode. The recoveries of all analytes ranged from 87 to 100% with the relative standard deviations ranging from 1 to 8%. This method was also successfully applied for the sample preparation of 1H NMR analysis of sulfur and nitrogen mustards in the presence of hydrocarbon backgrounds. Therefore, this SPE method provides the single sample preparation for both NMR and GC-MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Sinha Roy
- Vertox Laboratory , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior 474002 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Raghavender Goud D
- Vertox Laboratory , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior 474002 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Avik Mazumder
- Vertox Laboratory , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior 474002 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Buddhadeb Chandra
- Vertox Laboratory , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior 474002 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ajay Kumar Purohit
- Vertox Laboratory , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior 474002 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Meehir Palit
- Vertox Laboratory , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior 474002 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Devendra Kumar Dubey
- Vertox Laboratory , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior 474002 , Madhya Pradesh , India
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Weissberg A, Elgarisi M, Madmon M, Shifrovich A, Blanca M, Dagan S. Identification of G-nerve agents at picogram levels from complex organic samples containing hydrocarbon interferences by aqueous extraction, followed by derivatization and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:274-280. [PMID: 30664819 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chromatograms obtained from the gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometric (GC-EI-MS) analysis of extracts containing G-nerve agents in the presence of diesel, gasoline, etc., are dominated by hydrocarbon backgrounds that "mask" the G-nerve agents, leading to severe difficulties in identification. This paper presents a practical solution for this challenge by transferring the G-nerve agents from the organic phase into the aqueous phase using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), followed by derivatization with 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenol (2-DMAMP), allowing ultrasensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the G-derivatives. The proposed approach enables rapid identification of trace amounts of G-nerve agents with limits of identification (LOIs) at the pg/mL scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Weissberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Maor Elgarisi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Moran Madmon
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Shifrovich
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Merav Blanca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shai Dagan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
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9
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Gold nanoparticles-enhanced ion-transmission mass spectrometry for highly sensitive detection of chemical warfare agent simulants. Talanta 2018; 190:403-409. [PMID: 30172526 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-embedded paper was coupled with ion-transmission mass spectrometry (MS) to enable the highly sensitive detection of chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants in solutions. With the assistance of a low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe, we found that AuNPs were capable to enhance the ionization efficiencies of target analytes, with MS signal intensities surprisingly undergone an 800-fold increase under optimized conditions. The interaction between AuNPs and the radiofrequency electromagnetic field was believed to promote the desorption/ionization process, resulting in the unusual signal enhancement phenomenon. Based on this finding, we established a method for the rapid analysis of two simulants of nerve agents, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), with a dynamic range from 0.5 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL and detection limits of 0.1 ng/mL and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. As sample pretreatments have been eliminated, the developed strategy is particularly promising for the on-site detection of CWAs considering its simple and rapid analytical workflow.
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Sinha Roy K, Goud DR, Chandra B, Dubey DK. Efficient Extraction of Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustards from Nonpolar Matrix and an Investigation on Their Sorption Behavior on Silica. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8295-8299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Sinha Roy
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - D. Raghavender Goud
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chandra
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Dubey
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
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11
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Roy KS, Purohit AK, Chandra B, Goud DR, Pardasani D, Dubey DK. Polymeric Sorbent with Controlled Surface Polarity: An Alternate for Solid-Phase Extraction of Nerve Agents and Their Markers from Organic Matrix. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7025-7032. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Sinha Roy
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002 Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Purohit
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002 Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chandra
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002 Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - D. Raghavender Goud
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002 Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Pardasani
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002 Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Dubey
- VERTOX Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002 Madhya Pradesh, India
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Witkiewicz Z, Neffe S, Sliwka E, Quagliano J. Analysis of the Precursors, Simulants and Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533075 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation products is extremely important at a time, when more and more terrorist groups and radical non-state organizations use or plan to use chemical weapons to achieve their own psychological, political and military goals. The review covers the open source literature analysis after the time, when the chemical weapons convention had come into force (1997). The authors stated that during last 15 years increased number of laboratories are focused not only on trace analysis of CWA (mostly nerve and blister agents) in environmental and biological samples, but the growing number of research are devoted to instrumental analysis of precursors and degradation products of these substances. The identification of low-level concentration of CWA degradation products is often more important and difficult than the original CWA, because of lower level of concentration and a very large number of compounds present in environmental and biological samples. Many of them are hydrolysis products and are present in samples in the ionic form. For this reason, two or three instrumental methods are used to perform a reliable analysis of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Slawomir Neffe
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Sliwka
- b Division of Chemistry and Technology of Fuel , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Javier Quagliano
- c Applied Chemistry Department , Argentine Institute for Scientific and Technical Research for the Defense (CITEDEF) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Pal Anagoni S, Kauser A, Maity G, Upadhyayula VVR. Quantitative determination of acidic hydrolysis products of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals from aqueous and soil samples using ion-pair solid-phase extraction and in situ butylation. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:689-696. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pal Anagoni
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Asma Kauser
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Gopal Maity
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
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14
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Chromatographic analysis of chemical compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Sassolini A, Brinchi G, Di Gennaro A, Dionisi S, Dominici C, Fantozzi L, Onofri G, Piazza R, Guidotti M. Evaluation of Molecular Markers and Analytical Methods Documenting the Occurrence of Mustard Gas and Arsenical Warfare Agents in Soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:432-438. [PMID: 27385368 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemicals warfare agents (CWAs) are an extremely toxic class of molecules widely produced in many industrialized countries for decades, these compounds frequently contained arsenic. The plants where the CWAs have been produced or the plants where they have been demilitarized after the Second World War with unacceptable techniques can represent a serious environmental problem. CWAs standards are difficult to find on market so in present work an environmental assessment method based on markers has been proposed. Triphenylarsine, phenylarsine oxide and thiodiglycol have been selected as markers. Three reliable analytical methods based on gaschromatography and mass detection have been proposed and tested for quantitative analysis of markers. Methods performance have been evaluated testing uncertainty, linearity, recovery and detection limits and also comparing detection limits with exposure limits of reference CWAs. Proposed assessment methods have been applied to a case study of a former industrial plant sited in an area characterized by a high background of mineral arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sassolini
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Brinchi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Gennaro
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Simone Dionisi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Carola Dominici
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Luca Fantozzi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Onofri
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Rosario Piazza
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guidotti
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
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Singh V, Purohit AK, Chinthakindi S, Goud RD, Tak V, Pardasani D, Shrivastava AR, Dubey DK. Analysis of chemical warfare agents in organic liquid samples with magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry for verification of the chemical weapons convention. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1448:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Magnetic hydrophilic–lipophilic balance sorbent for efficient extraction of chemical warfare agents from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Iron oxide functionalized graphene nano-composite for dispersive solid phase extraction of chemical warfare agents from aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wolf JC, Schaer M, P Siegenthaler P, Zenobi R. Direct gas-phase detection of nerve and blister warfare agents utilizing active capillary plasma ionization mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:305-312. [PMID: 26307710 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive direct gas-phase detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is demonstrated utilizing active capillary plasma ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation. Four G- agents, two V-agents and various blistering agents [including sulfur mustard (HD)] were detected directly in the gas phase with limits of detection in the low parts per trillion (ng m(-3)) range. The direct detection of HD was shown for dry carrier gas conditions, but signals vanished when humidity was present, indicating a possible direct detection of HD after sufficient gas phase pretreatment. The method provided sufficient sensitivity to monitor directly the investigated volatile CWAs way below their corresponding minimal effect dose, and in most cases even below the eight hours worker exposure concentration. In general, the ionization is very soft, with little to no in-source fragmentation. Especially for the G-agents, some dimer formation occurred at higher concentrations. This adds complexity, but also further selectivity, to the corresponding mass spectra. Our results show that the active capillary plasma ionization is a robust, sensitive, "plug and play" ambient ionization source suited (but not exclusively) to the very sensitive detection of CWAs. It has the potential to be used with portable MS instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, HCI E329, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. jan-
| | - M Schaer
- Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Branch, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - P P Siegenthaler
- Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Branch, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - R Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, HCI E329, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wolf JC, Schaer M, Siegenthaler P, Zenobi R. Direct quantification of chemical warfare agents and related compounds at low ppt levels: comparing active capillary dielectric barrier discharge plasma ionization and secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 87:723-9. [PMID: 25427190 DOI: 10.1021/ac5035874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel active capillary dielectric barrier discharge plasma ionization (DBDI) technique for mass spectrometry is applied to the direct detection of 13 chemical warfare related compounds, including sarin, and compared to secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. The investigated compounds include an intact chemical warfare agent and structurally related molecules, hydrolysis products and/or precursors of highly toxic nerve agents (G-series, V-series, and "new" nerve agents), and blistering and incapacitating warfare agents. Well-defined analyte gas phase concentrations were generated by a pressure-assisted nanospray with consecutive thermal evaporation and dilution. Identification was achieved by selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The most abundant fragment ion intensity of each compound was used for quantification. For DBDI and SESI, absolute gas phase detection limits in the low ppt range (in MS/MS mode) were achieved for all compounds investigated. Although the sensitivity of both methods was comparable, the active capillary DBDI sensitivity was found to be dependent on the applied AC voltage, thus enabling direct tuning of the sensitivity and the in-source fragmentation, which may become a key feature in terms of field applicability. Our findings underline the applicability of DBDI and SESI for the direct, sensitive detection and quantification of several CWA types and their degradation products. Furthermore, they suggest the use of DBDI in combination with hand-held instruments for CWAs on-site monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Christoph Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , HCI E329, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Park EJ, Cho YK, Kim DH, Jeong MG, Kim YH, Kim YD. Hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating of mesoporous silica and its use as a preconcentrating agent of gas analytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10256-10262. [PMID: 25102134 DOI: 10.1021/la502915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica with mean pore size of ∼14 nm was coated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a thermal deposition method. We showed that the inner walls of pores larger than ∼8 nm can be coated by thin layers of PDMS, and the surfaces consisting of PDMS-coated silica were superhydrophobic, with water contact angles close to 170°. We used the PDMS-coated silica as adsorbents of various gas-phase chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants. PDMS-coated silica allowed molecular desorption of various CWA simulants even after exposure under highly humid conditions and, therefore, is applicable as an agent for the preconcentration of gas-phase analytes to enhance the sensitivities of various sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Park
- Department of Chemistry and ‡SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Solid supported in situ derivatization extraction of acidic degradation products of nerve agents from aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:325-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Popiel S, Nawała J, Czupryński K. Preparation and application of sol–gel acrylate and methacrylate solid-phase microextraction fibres for gas chromatographic analysis of organoarsenic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 837:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Park EJ, Kim YD. Adsorption and Desorption of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants on Silica Surfaces with Hydrophobic Coating. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.7.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Park YK, Chung WY, Kim B, Kye YS, Shin MS, Kim D. Ion-Pair Single-Drop Microextraction Determinations of Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents in Water. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Augusto F, Hantao LW, Mogollón NG, Braga SC. New materials and trends in sorbents for solid-phase extraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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