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Lai YH, Wang YS. Advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of high mass-to-charge ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2426-2445. [PMID: 35686331 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in modern mass spectrometry (MS) is achieving high mass resolving power and accuracy for precision analyses in high mass-to-charge (m/z) regions. To advance the capability of MS for increasingly demanding applications, understanding limitations of state-of-the-art techniques and their status in applied sciences is essential. This review summarizes important instruments in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and related advances to extend their working range to high m/z regions. It starts with an overview of HRMS techniques that provide adequate performance for macromolecular analysis, including Fourier-transform, time-of-flight (TOF), quadrupole-TOF, and related data-processing techniques. Methodologies and applications of HRMS for characterizing macromolecules in biochemistry and material sciences are summarized, such as top-down proteomics, native MS, drug discovery, structural virology, and polymer analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hung Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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2
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Lin YH, Tu WC, Urban PL. Kinetic Profiling of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Biocatalysts in Continuous Flow by Online Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:109-118. [PMID: 36515652 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme kinetics is normally assessed by performing individual kinetic measurements using batch-type reactors (test tubes, microtiter plates), in which enzymes are mixed with different substrates. Some drawbacks of conventional methods are the large amounts of experimental materials, long analysis times, and limitations of spectrophotometry. Therefore, we have developed a method for facile determination of enzyme kinetics using online flow-based mass spectrometry. A concentration ramp of substrate or product was created by dynamically adjusting flow rates of pumps delivering stock solution of substrate and diluent. Precise kinetic measurements were performed by reaction product quantification and initial rate calculation. In the presence of ascending substrate concentrations, the rate of a target enzyme (penicillinase)-catalyzed hydrolysis was varied. By measuring the reaction product continuously, Michaelis constants (KM) could be calculated. The enzyme kinetic measurements for hydrolysis of penicillins were conducted based on this simple, rapid, and low sample consumption online flow device. In the homogeneous reaction, the KM values for amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G, and penicillin V were 254.9 ± 14.5, 29.2 ± 0.3, 2.6 ± 0.1, and 5.4 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. In the heterogeneous reaction, the KM values for amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G, and penicillin V were 408.9 ± 75.1, 114.4 ± 8.0, 21.8 ± 0.7, and 83.3 ± 4.8 μM, respectively. Apart from enzyme assay, the showcased method for the generation of temporal concentration ramps can be utilized to perform rapid quantity calibrations for mass spectrometric analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Tu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
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Machida S, Kida M, Muramatsu S, Hirao T, Haino T, Inokuchi Y. Gas-Phase UV Spectroscopy of Chemical Intermediates Produced in Solution: Oxidation Reactions of Phenylhydrazines by DDQ. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6697-6702. [PMID: 34338532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated cold gas-phase spectroscopy of chemical intermediates produced in solution. Herein, we combined an electrospray ion source with a T-shaped solution mixer for introducing chemical intermediates in solution into the gas phase. Specifically, the oxidation reaction of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)hydrazinecarboxaldehyde (NHCA) by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) was initiated by mixing the methanol solutions of NHCA and DDQ in the T-shaped mixer, and the chemical species were injected into the vacuum apparatus for ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) spectroscopy. A cationic intermediate was strongly observed at m/z 150 in the mass spectrum, and the UVPD spectrum was observed under cold (∼10 K) gas-phase conditions. The UVPD spectrum showed a strong, broad absorption at ∼38,000 cm-1, accompanied by a relatively weak component at ∼34,000 cm-1. These spectral patterns can be ascribed to a diazonium cation intermediate, whose existence has been predicted in a previous study. This report indicates that cold gas-phase UV spectroscopy can be a useful method for identifying the structure of chemical intermediates produced in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Machida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Motoki Kida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takehiro Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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A Tapered Capillary-Based Contactless Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry for On-Line Preconcentration and Separation of Small Organics. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8080111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an effective technique for the separation of different analytes. Moreover, online preconcentration of trace analytes in the capillary for CE analysis has been demonstrated. CE and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are suitable for the separation of analytes with similar polarities. Given that CE and CEC are only used to separate small-volume samples, sensitive mass spectrometry (MS) is a suitable detection tool for CE and CEC. Contactless atmospheric pressure ionization (C-API) is a continuous flow ion source that only uses a short capillary as the ionization emitter operated at atmospheric pressure for MS analysis. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of hyphenating CE/CEC with C-API-MS by using a short and tapered capillary as the interface. The short capillary (a few centimeters) can function as the separation/preconcentration tube and the ionization emitter. This hyphenated technique can be used to analyze small organics within a few minutes. The suitability of using the hyphenated technique for online preconcentration, separation, and quantitative analysis for small organics is demonstrated in this study.
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Kitamura Y, Muramatsu S, Abe M, Inokuchi Y. Structural Investigation of Photochemical Intermediates in Solution by Cold UV Spectroscopy in the Gas Phase: Photosubstitution of Dicyanobenzenes by Allylsilanes. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6238-6245. [PMID: 34240866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ion sources with an in-line quartz cell were constructed to produce photochemical intermediates in solution. These ion sources can detect photochemical intermediates having lifetimes longer than a few seconds. Intermediates formed by photosubstitution of 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB) by allyltrimethylsilane (AMS) in acetonitrile using a Xe lamp were injected into the mass spectrometer. The cationic intermediate (C11H10N2·H+) was observed at m/z = 171, but no anionic intermediate was found, although C11H9N2- was expected based on prior studies. Theoretical studies suggested that C11H9N2- was simultaneously converted to neutral C11H10N2 and cationic C11H10N2·H+ species, which can be stable intermediates in the photosubstitution reaction. The UV photodissociation (UVPD) spectrum of C11H10N2·H+ under cold (∼10 K) gas-phase conditions determined the conformation of the C11H10N2 unit of the C11H10N2·H+ cation. This report demonstrates that cold gas-phase UV spectroscopy is a prospectively powerful tool for investigation of the electronic and geometric structures of photochemical intermediates produced in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Kitamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Abu Bakar NH, Yu KC, Urban PL. Robotized Noncontact Open-Space Mapping of Volatile Organic Compounds Emanating from Solid Specimens. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6889-6894. [PMID: 33885278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is normally preceded by sample homogenization and solvent extraction. This methodology does not provide spatial resolution of the analyzed VOCs in the examined matrix. Here, we present a robotized pen-shaped probe for open-space sampling and mapping of VOCs emanating from solid specimens (dubbed "PENVOC"). The system combines vacuum-assisted suction probe, mass spectrometry, and robotic handling of the probe. The VOCs are scavenged from the sample surface by a gentle hydrodynamic flow of air sustained by a vacuum pump. The sampled gas is transferred to the proximity of corona discharge in an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of a tandem mass spectrometer. The PENVOC has been attached to a robotic arm to enable unattended scanning of flat surfaces. The specimens can be placed away from the mass spectrometer during the scan. The robotized PENVOC has been characterized using chemical standards (benzaldehyde, limonene, 2-nonanone, and ethyl octanoate). The limits of detection are in the range from 2.33 × 10-5 to 2.68 × 10-4 mol m-2. The platform has further been used for mapping of VOCs emanating from a variety of specimens: flowers, glove exposed to smoke, fuel stains, worn medical face mask, worn clothing, cheese, ham, and fruits. The chemical maps show unique distributions of the VOCs on the scanned surfaces. Obtaining comparable results (VOC maps) using other techniques (e.g., repetitive headspace sampling prior to offline analysis) would be time-consuming. The presented mapping technique may find applications in environmental, forensic, and food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hidayat Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Nemaura T. Modelling the influx and efflux waves in drug movement: a basis for Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic link of efavirenz. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019; 6:015002. [PMID: 33438590 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel compartmental modelling approach to investigate influx and efflux distribution of the drug efavirenz is suggested. The models are developed for a patient who had been on 600 mg daily dose of efavirenz. The work makes use of suggested wave motion to model drug distribution. It offers new insights into PK-PD(Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic) modelling. The distributional systems (immission and emission) of efavirenz are investigated and models are suggested. Each of the two distributional systems consists of four descriptors a source (desorbate), an underlay(a substrate/stimulus), a facilitator (propeller) and a product (adsorbate). The immission distribution is responsible for adsorbate formation. The immission distributional kinetics model is applied in projecting bioavailability (F = 0.194 5), extrinsic pass effects availability [Formula: see text], immission distributional volumes [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text], elimination rate constants [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and clearance parameters [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the emission system model introduces a two-phased uptake for distribution of the efavirenz solution particle. The emission distribution is responsible for adsorbate degradation. It establishes a concentration-dependent peripheral uptake and a central one which is independent of concentration. The two distributional systems (waves) proposes a basis and subsequent space for a linear response. An elasticity measure is suggested for resistance to distributional flow. The developed models show how concentration can be used to characterise and predict distributional kinetics. Several relationships can be inferred from models suggested herein such as links to assertations from the Navier-Stokes and Noyes-Whitney equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nemaura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
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Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Wu SP, Tay KS, Urban PL. Automation of mass spectrometric detection of analytes and related workflows: A review. Talanta 2019; 208:120304. [PMID: 31816721 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developments in mass spectrometry (MS) in the past few decades reveal the power and versatility of this technology. MS methods are utilized in routine analyses as well as research activities involving a broad range of analytes (elements and molecules) and countless matrices. However, manual MS analysis is gradually becoming a thing of the past. In this article, the available MS automation strategies are critically evaluated. Automation of analytical workflows culminating with MS detection encompasses involvement of automated operations in any of the steps related to sample handling/treatment before MS detection, sample introduction, MS data acquisition, and MS data processing. Automated MS workflows help to overcome the intrinsic limitations of MS methodology regarding reproducibility, throughput, and the expertise required to operate MS instruments. Such workflows often comprise automated off-line and on-line steps such as sampling, extraction, derivatization, and separation. The most common instrumental tools include autosamplers, multi-axis robots, flow injection systems, and lab-on-a-chip. Prototyping customized automated MS systems is a way to introduce non-standard automated features to MS workflows. The review highlights the enabling role of automated MS procedures in various sectors of academic research and industry. Examples include applications of automated MS workflows in bioscience, environmental studies, and exploration of the outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Guala D, Ogris C, Müller N, Sonnhammer ELL. Genome-wide functional association networks: background, data & state-of-the-art resources. Brief Bioinform 2019; 21:1224-1237. [PMID: 31281921 PMCID: PMC7373183 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast amount of experimental data from recent advances in the field of high-throughput biology begs for integration into more complex data structures such as genome-wide functional association networks. Such networks have been used for elucidation of the interplay of intra-cellular molecules to make advances ranging from the basic science understanding of evolutionary processes to the more translational field of precision medicine. The allure of the field has resulted in rapid growth of the number of available network resources, each with unique attributes exploitable to answer different biological questions. Unfortunately, the high volume of network resources makes it impossible for the intended user to select an appropriate tool for their particular research question. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the underlying data and representative network resources as well as to mention methods of integration, allowing a customized approach to resource selection. Additionally, this report will provide a primer for researchers venturing into the field of network integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Guala
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Box 1031, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Christoph Ogris
- Computational Cell Maps, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nikola Müller
- Computational Cell Maps, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erik L L Sonnhammer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Box 1031, 17121 Solna, Sweden
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Carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase microextraction for analysis of Benzo[a]pyrene. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1049:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang HH, Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Kinetic study of continuous liquid-liquid extraction of wine with real-time detection. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:85-91. [PMID: 30193643 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic optimization of continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) can shorten sample preparation times and reduce losses of labile or volatile analytes. Here, we coupled a downscaled CLLE apparatus with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Real-time sampling was guided by an Arduino-based programmable logic controller. The recorded datasets were processed to compute the extraction rate constants for the target analytes. The extraction time in subsequent on-line experiments was set to 180 min as a compromise between the reduction of the analysis time and maximizing its yield. Interestingly, off-line analysis of the extract produced different results than on-line analysis pointing to the immanent degradation of the collected extract aliquots. Next, we implemented this hyphenated system in the analysis of red wine samples, which were stored during different periods of time after opening the bottle. The results reveal differences in the depletion of the volatile wine components during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsien Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Trimarco DB, Scott SB, Thilsted AH, Pan JY, Pedersen T, Hansen O, Chorkendorff I, Vesborg PC. Enabling real-time detection of electrochemical desorption phenomena with sub-monolayer sensitivity. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Konermann L. Addressing a Common Misconception: Ammonium Acetate as Neutral pH "Buffer" for Native Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1827-1835. [PMID: 28710594 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Native ESI-MS involves the transfer of intact proteins and biomolecular complexes from solution into the gas phase. One potential pitfall is the occurrence of pH-induced changes that can affect the analyte while it is still surrounded by solvent. Most native ESI-MS studies employ neutral aqueous ammonium acetate solutions. It is a widely perpetuated misconception that ammonium acetate buffers the analyte solution at neutral pH. By definition, a buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate weak base. The buffering range covers the weak acid pKa ± 1 pH unit. NH4+ and CH3-COO- are not a conjugate acid/base pair, which means that they do not constitute a buffer at pH 7. Dissolution of ammonium acetate salt in water results in pH 7, but this pH is highly labile. Ammonium acetate does provide buffering around pH 4.75 (the pKa of acetic acid) and around pH 9.25 (the pKa of ammonium). This implies that neutral ammonium acetate solutions electrosprayed in positive ion mode will likely undergo acidification down to pH 4.75 ± 1 in the ESI plume. Ammonium acetate nonetheless remains a useful additive for native ESI-MS. It is a volatile electrolyte that can mimic the solvation properties experienced by proteins under physiological conditions. Also, a drop from pH 7 to around pH 4.75 is less dramatic than the acidification that would take place in pure water. It is hoped that the habit of referring to pH 7 solutions as ammonium acetate "buffer" will disappear from the literature. Ammonium acetate "solution" should be used instead. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Lento C, Wilson DJ. Unravelling the mysteries of sub-second biochemical processes using time-resolved mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:1640-1653. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many important chemical and biochemical phenomena proceed on sub-second time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
- Centre for Research of Biomolecular Interactions
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15
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Liu Z, Schaap KS, Ballemans L, de Zanger R, de Blois E, Rohde M, Oehlke E. Measurement of reaction kinetics of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE using a microfluidic system. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14669-14676. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design and evaluation of a microfluidic system that allowed the determination of Arrhenius parameters for the formation of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE using clinical radiolabeling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Liu
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - K. S. Schaap
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - L. Ballemans
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - R. de Zanger
- Erasmus MC
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
- 3015CN Rotterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - E. de Blois
- Erasmus MC
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
- 3015CN Rotterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - M. Rohde
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - E. Oehlke
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Liu B, Wu K, Thevuthasan S, Baer DR, Zhu Z, Yu XY, Wang F. In Situ Mass Spectrometric Monitoring of the Dynamic Electrochemical Process at the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface: a SIMS Approach. Anal Chem 2016; 89:960-965. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass
Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass
Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | - Kui Wu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass
Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass
Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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17
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Meher AK, Chen YC. Online monitoring of chemical reactions by polarization-induced electrospray ionization. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Wu J, Jie M, Dong X, Qi H, Lin JM. Multi-channel cell co-culture for drug development based on glass microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry coupled platform. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:80-86. [PMID: 27539420 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cell-based drug assay plays an essential role in drug development. By coupling a microfluidic chip with mass spectrometry (MS), we developed a multifunctional platform. Cell co-culture, cell apoptosis assay, fluorescence and MS detection of intracellular drug absorption could be simultaneously conducted on this platform. METHODS Three micro-channels were fabricated through photolithography technology to conduct the cell co-culture. Cell apoptosis after drug treatment was assayed by fluorescent probes (Hoechst 33342). Intracellular Dox absorption was analyzed by confocal fluorescent microscopy. With a high voltage (~ 4.5 kV) applied onto the microfluidic chip, the ionization spray was successfully generated by dropping isopropanol onto it. By coupling with a Shimadzu LCMS-2010 A mass spectrometer, intracellular CPA absorption was detected on the microfluidic chip. RESULTS The microfluidic chip-MS coupled platform showed high biocompatibility. Distinction of cell apoptosis between co-cultured and mono-cultured cells was detected. The results of intracellular drug absorption well explained the different cell apoptosis rate. CONCLUSIONS Cell-based drug assay was facilely and successfully conducted on the microfluidic chip-MS coupled platform. This technology we have devised could promote MS application in the field of drug development. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingsha Jie
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xueling Dong
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongbin Qi
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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19
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Chen TR, Urban PL. Mass spectrometry-guided refinement of chemical energy buffers. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20150812. [PMID: 27436961 PMCID: PMC4950186 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic reactions often require supplying chemical energy and phosphate groups in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Auxiliary enzymes can be used to convert a reaction by-product-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-back to ATP. By employing real-time mass spectrometry (RTMS), one can gain an insight into inter-conversions of reactants in multi-enzyme reaction systems and optimize the reaction conditions. In this study, temporal traces of ions corresponding to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), ADP and ATP provided vital information that could be used to adjust activities of the 'buffering enzymes'. Using the RTMS results as a feedback, we also characterized a bienzymatic energy buffer that enables the recovery of ATP in the cases where it is directly hydrolysed to AMP in the main enzymatic reaction. The significance of careful selection of enzyme activities-guided by RTMS-is exemplified in the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase in the presence of a buffering enzyme, pyruvate kinase. Relative activities of the two enzymes, present in the reaction mixture, influence biosynthetic reaction yields. This observation supports the conclusion that optimization of chemical energy recycling procedures is critical for the biosynthetic reaction economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.-R. Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - P. L. Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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20
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Cong Y, Katipamula S, Trader CD, Orton DJ, Geng T, Baker ES, Kelly RT. Mass spectrometry-based monitoring of millisecond protein-ligand binding dynamics using an automated microfluidic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1544-8. [PMID: 27009517 PMCID: PMC4846533 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing protein-ligand binding dynamics is crucial for understanding protein function and for developing new therapeutic agents. We present a novel microfluidic platform that features rapid mixing of protein and ligand solutions, variable incubation times, and an integrated electrospray ionization source for mass spectrometry-based monitoring of protein-ligand binding dynamics. This platform offers many advantages, including solution-based binding, label-free detection, automated operation, rapid mixing, and low sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Cong
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
| | - Shanta Katipamula
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
| | - Cameron D Trader
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
| | - Daniel J Orton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Tao Geng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
| | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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21
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Yang Y, Han F, Ouyang J, Zhao Y, Han J, Na N. In-situ nanoelectrospray for high-throughput screening of enzymes and real-time monitoring of reactions. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 902:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Ingram AJ, Boeser CL, Zare RN. Going beyond electrospray: mass spectrometric studies of chemical reactions in and on liquids. Chem Sci 2016; 7:39-55. [PMID: 28757996 PMCID: PMC5508663 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02740c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a burst in the number and variety of available ionization techniques to use mass spectrometry to monitor chemical reactions in and on liquids. Chemists have gained the capability to access chemistry at unprecedented timescales, and monitor reactions and detect intermediates under almost any set of conditions. Herein, recently developed ionization techniques that facilitate mechanistic studies of chemical processes are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of our perspective on the judicious application of these and similar techniques in order to study reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ingram
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | | | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
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23
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Reyes-Garcés N, Bojko B, Pawliszyn J. Biocompatible Solid-Phase Microextraction Nanoelectrospray Ionization: An Unexploited Tool in Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2015; 88:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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24
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Hsieh KT, Liu PH, Urban PL. Automated on-line liquid–liquid extraction system for temporal mass spectrometric analysis of dynamic samples. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 894:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Cell-patterned glass spray for direct drug assay using mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:132-9. [PMID: 26388483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the establishment of a glass spray mass spectrometry (GS-MS) platform for direct cell-based drug assay was described. Cell co-culture, drug-induced cell apoptosis, proliferation analysis and intracellular drug absorption measurement were performed simultaneously on this specifically designed platform. Two groups of co-cultured cells (NIH-3T3/HepG2 and HepG2/MCF-7) were cultivated and they showed high viability within 3 days. The biocompatibility of the platform facilitated the subsequent bioassays, in which, cyclophosphamide (CPA) and genistein were used as the model drugs. The distinctions of cell apoptosis and proliferation between the mono-cultured and co-cultured cells were clearly observed and well explained by in situ GS-MS measurements. A satisfactory linearity of the calibration curve between the relative MS intensity and CPA concentrations was obtained using stable isotope labeling method (y = 0.16545 + 0.0985x, R(2) = 0.9937). The variations in the quantity of absorbed drug were detected and the results were consistent with the concentration-dependence of cell apoptosis. All the results demonstrated that direct cell-based drug assay could be performed on the stable isotope labeling assisted GS-MS platform in a facile and quantitative manner.
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26
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Chen SY, Urban PL. On-line monitoring of Soxhlet extraction by chromatography and mass spectrometry to reveal temporal extract profiles. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 881:74-81. [PMID: 26041522 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soxhlet extraction is a popular sample preparation technique used in chemical analysis. It enables liberation of molecules embedded in complex matrices (for example, plant tissues, foodstuffs). In most protocols, samples are analyzed after the extraction process is complete. However, in order to optimize extraction conditions and enable comparisons between different types of extraction, it would be desirable to monitor it in real time. The main development of this work is the design and construction of the interface between Soxhlet extractor and GC-MS as well as ESI-MS system. The temporal extract profiles, obtained in the course of real-time GC-MS monitoring, have been fitted with mathematical functions to analyze extraction kinetics of different analytes. For example, the mass transfer coefficients of pinene, limonene and terpinene in lemon sample, estimated using the first-order kinetic model, are 0.540h(-1), 0.507h(-1) and 0.722h(-1), respectively. On the other hand, the Peleg model provides the following extraction rates of pinene, limonene and terpinene: 0.370nMh(-1), 0.216nMh(-1) and 0.596nMh(-1), respectively. The results suggest that both first-order kinetic and Peleg equations can be used to describe the progress of Soxhlet extraction. On-line monitoring of Soxhlet extraction reveals extractability of various analytes present in natural samples (plant tissue), and can potentially facilitate optimization of the extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Ying Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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27
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Abstract
We investigated the fusion of high-speed liquid droplets as a way to record the kinetics of liquid-phase chemical reactions on the order of microseconds. Two streams of micrometer-size droplets collide with one another. The droplets that fused (13 μm in diameter) at the intersection of the two streams entered the heated capillary inlet of a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum was recorded as a function of the distance x between the mass spectrometer inlet and the droplet fusion center. Fused droplet trajectories were imaged with a high-speed camera, revealing that the droplet fusion occurred approximately within a 500-μm radius from the droplet fusion center and both the size and the speed of the fused droplets remained relatively constant as they traveled from the droplet fusion center to the mass spectrometer inlet. Evidence is presented that the reaction effectively stops upon entering the heated inlet of the mass spectrometer. Thus, the reaction time was proportional to x and could be measured and manipulated by controlling the distance x. Kinetic studies were carried out in fused water droplets for acid-induced unfolding of cytochrome c and hydrogen-deuterium exchange in bradykinin. The kinetics of the former revealed the slowing of the unfolding rates at the early stage of the reaction within 50 μs. The hydrogen-deuterium exchange revealed the existence of two distinct populations with fast and slow exchange rates. These studies demonstrated the power of this technique to detect reaction intermediates in fused liquid droplets with microsecond temporal resolution.
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28
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Meher AK, Chen YC. Polarization induced electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of liquid, viscous and solid samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:444-450. [PMID: 25800179 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a polarization-induced electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was developed. A micro-sized sample droplet was deposited on a naturally available dielectric substrate such as a fruit or a stone, and then placed close to (~2 mm) the orifice of a mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage. Taylor cone was observed from the sample droplet, and a spray emitted from the cone apex was generated. The analyte ion signals derived from the droplet were obtained by the mass spectrometer. The ionization process is similar to that in ESI although no direct electric contact was applied on the sample site. The sample droplet polarized by the high electric field provided by the mass spectrometer initiated the ionization process. The dielectric sample loading substrate facilitated further the polarization process, resulting in the formation of Taylor cone. The mass spectral profiles obtained via this approach resembled those obtained using ESI-MS. Multiply charged ions dominated the mass spectra of peptides and proteins, whereas singly charged ions dominated the mass spectra of small molecules such as amino acids and small organic molecules. In addition to liquid samples, this approach can be used for the analysis of solid and viscous samples. A small droplet containing suitable solvent (5-10 µl) was directly deposited on the surface of the solid (or viscous) sample, placed close the orifice of mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage. Taylor cone derived from the droplet was immediately formed followed by electrospray processes to generate gas-phase ions for MS analysis. Analyte ions derived from the main ingredients of pharmaceutical tablets and viscous ointment can be extracted into the solvent droplet in situ and observed using a mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Meher
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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29
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Hu JB, Chen TR, Chang CH, Cheng JY, Chen YC, Urban PL. A compact 3D-printed interface for coupling open digital microchips with Venturi easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 140:1495-501. [PMID: 25622965 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF) based on the electrowetting-on-dielectric phenomenon is a convenient way of handling microlitre-volume aliquots of solutions prior to analysis. Although it was shown to be compatible with on-line mass spectrometric detection, due to numerous technical obstacles, the implementation of DMF in conjunction with MS is still beyond the reach of many analytical laboratories. Here we present a facile method for coupling open DMF microchips to mass spectrometers using Venturi easy ambient sonic-spray ionization operated at atmospheric pressure. The proposed interface comprises a 3D-printed body that can easily be "clipped" at the inlet of a standard mass spectrometer. The accessory features all the necessary connections for an open-architecture DMF microchip with T-shaped electrode arrangement, thermostatting of the microchip, purification of air (to prevent accidental contamination of the microchip), a Venturi pump, and two microfluidic pumps to facilitate transfer of samples and reagents onto the microchip. The system also incorporates a touch-screen panel and remote control for user-friendly operation. It is based on the use of popular open-source electronic modules, and can readily be assembled at low expense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Bi Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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30
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Liuni P, Deng B, Wilson DJ. Comparing equilibrium and kinetic protein unfolding using time-resolved electrospray-coupled ion mobility mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 140:6973-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00843c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We apply a new hyphenated method, TRESI-IMS-MS, to compare equilibrium and kinetic unfolding intermediates of cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Liuni
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
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31
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Chiu SH, Urban PL. Robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform enabled by open-source electronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 64:260-8. [PMID: 25232666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an important analytical technique with numerous applications in clinical analysis, biochemistry, environmental analysis, geology and physics. Its success builds on the ability of MS to determine molecular weights of analytes, and elucidate their structures. However, sample handling prior to MS requires a lot of attention and labor. In this work we were aiming to automate processing samples for MS so that analyses could be conducted without much supervision of experienced analysts. The goal of this study was to develop a robotics and information technology-oriented platform that could control the whole analysis process including sample delivery, reaction-based assay, data acquisition, and interaction with the analyst. The proposed platform incorporates a robotic arm for handling sample vials delivered to the laboratory, and several auxiliary devices which facilitate and secure the analysis process. They include: multi-relay board, infrared sensors, photo-interrupters, gyroscopes, force sensors, fingerprint scanner, barcode scanner, touch screen panel, and internet interface. The control of all the building blocks is achieved through implementation of open-source electronics (Arduino), and enabled by custom-written programs in C language. The advantages of the proposed system include: low cost, simplicity, small size, as well as facile automation of sample delivery and processing without the intervention of the analyst. It is envisaged that this simple robotic system may be the forerunner of automated laboratories dedicated to mass spectrometric analysis of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Chiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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32
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Wong SY, Chen YC. Droplet-based electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for qualitative and quantitative analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:432-436. [PMID: 24809906 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yi Wong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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33
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Ting H, Urban PL. Spatiotemporal effects of a bioautocatalytic chemical wave revealed by time-resolved mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42873g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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34
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Hu JB, Chen SY, Wu JT, Chen YC, Urban PL. Automated system for extraction and instantaneous analysis of millimeter-sized samples. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra48023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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35
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Lin SH, Lo TJ, Kuo FY, Chen YC. Real time monitoring of accelerated chemical reactions by ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:50-56. [PMID: 24446263 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonication has been used to accelerate chemical reactions. It would be ideal if ultrasonication-assisted chemical reactions could be monitored by suitable detection tools such as mass spectrometry in real time. It would be helpful to clarify reaction intermediates/products and to have a better understanding of reaction mechanism. In this work, we developed a system for ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization mass spectrometry (UASI-MS) with an ~1.7 MHz ultrasonic transducer to monitor chemical reactions in real time. We demonstrated that simply depositing a sample solution on the MHz-based ultrasonic transducer, which was placed in front of the orifice of a mass spectrometer, the analyte signals can be readily detected by the mass spectrometer. Singly and multiply charged ions from small and large molecules, respectively, can be observed in the UASI mass spectra. Furthermore, the ultrasonic transducer used in the UASI setup accelerates the chemical reactions while being monitored via UASI-MS. The feasibility of using this approach for real-time acceleration/monitoring of chemical reactions was demonstrated. The reactions of Girard T reagent and hydroxylamine with steroids were used as the model reactions. Upon the deposition of reactant solutions on the ultrasonic transducer, the intermediate/product ions are readily generated and instantaneously monitored using MS within 1 s. Additionally, we also showed the possibility of using this reactive UASI-MS approach to assist the confirmation of trace steroids from complex urine samples by monitoring the generation of the product ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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