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Li H, Zhang Z, Ho W, Huang Y, Chen M, Ge X. Predominance of aminated water interfaces on transition-metal nanoparticulate to enhance synergetic removal of carbonyls and inhibition of CO 2 production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 263:120042. [PMID: 39307230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
In the context of the air quality co-benefits of carbon neutrality, conventional strategies for the end-of-pipe control aimed at reducing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to carbon dioxide (CO2) require a more realistic revision. This study explored the synergetic removal of carbonyls with low carbon emission by amine-functionalized manganese dioxide (MnO2), obtained through a method involving freezing-thawing cycles. Molecular-level characterization revealed that an ordered array of interfacial water dimers (H5O2+, a class of water-proton clusters) on the MnO2 surface enhanced the robust bonding of metal sites with amino groups. Amine-functionalized MnO2 can be negatively charged under environmental acidity to further interfacial proton-coupled electron transfers. This cooperativity in interfacial chemical processes promoted the selective conversion of carbonyl carbons to bicarbonated amides (NH3+HCO3-), serving as a reservoir of CO2. In comparison to a commercially used 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) control, this approach achieved nearly complete removal of a priority carbonyl mixture containing formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone synergically. The formation of secondary organic compounds in the gas phase and CO2 off-gas were suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wingkei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Sussman RA, Sipala FM, Ronsisvalle S, Soulet S. Analytical methods and experimental quality in studies targeting carbonyls in electronic cigarette aerosols. Front Chem 2024; 12:1433626. [PMID: 39185372 PMCID: PMC11341475 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1433626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We provide an extensive review of 14 studies (11 independent and three industry-funded) on emissions generated by Electronic Cigarettes (ECs), specifically focusing on the evaluation of carbonyls present in these emissions and emphasizing a meticulous evaluation of their analytical methods and experimental procedures. Since the presence of carbonyl by-products in EC aerosol is concerning, it is important to evaluate the reliability of emission studies quantifying these compounds by verifying their compliance with the following criteria of experimental quality: authors must 1) supply sufficient information on the devices and experimental procedures to allow for potentially reproducing or replicating the experiments, 2) use of appropriate puffing protocols that approach consumer usage as best as possible, 3) use of appropriate analytical methods and 4) usage of blank samples to avoid false positive detection. Outcomes were classified in terms of the fulfilment of these conditions as reliable in seven studies, partially reliable in five studies, and unreliable in two studies. However, only five studies used blank samples and six studies failed the reproducibility criterion. Carbonyl yields were far below their yields in tobacco smoke in all reproducible studies, even in the partially reliable ones, thus supporting the role of ECs (when properly tested and operated) as harm reduction products. This review highlights the necessity to evaluate the quality of laboratory standards in testing EC emissions to achieve an objective assessment of the risk profile of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Sussman
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Vitale GA, Geibel C, Minda V, Wang M, Aron AT, Petras D. Connecting metabolome and phenotype: recent advances in functional metabolomics tools for the identification of bioactive natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:885-904. [PMID: 38351834 PMCID: PMC11186733 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1995 to 2023Advances in bioanalytical methods, particularly mass spectrometry, have provided valuable molecular insights into the mechanisms of life. Non-targeted metabolomics aims to detect and (relatively) quantify all observable small molecules present in a biological system. By comparing small molecule abundances between different conditions or timepoints in a biological system, researchers can generate new hypotheses and begin to understand causes of observed phenotypes. Functional metabolomics aims to investigate the functional roles of metabolites at the scale of the metabolome. However, most functional metabolomics studies rely on indirect measurements and correlation analyses, which leads to ambiguity in the precise definition of functional metabolomics. In contrast, the field of natural products has a history of identifying the structures and bioactivities of primary and specialized metabolites. Here, we propose to expand and reframe functional metabolomics by integrating concepts from the fields of natural products and chemical biology. We highlight emerging functional metabolomics approaches that shift the focus from correlation to physical interactions, and we discuss how this allows researchers to uncover causal relationships between molecules and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Andrea Vitale
- CMFI Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Geibel
- CMFI Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Vidit Minda
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, USA.
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, USA.
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, USA.
| | - Daniel Petras
- CMFI Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, USA.
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Liu G, Ma X, Li W, Chen J, Ji Y, An T. Pollution characteristics, source appointment and environmental effect of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Implication for air quality management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170836. [PMID: 38346658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Same as other bay areas, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is also suffering atmospheric composite pollution. Even a series of atmospheric environment management policies have been conducted to win the "blue sky defense battle", the atmospheric secondary pollutants (e.g., O3) originated from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) still threaten the air quality in GBA. However, there lacks a systematic summary on the emission, formation, pollution and environmental effects of OVOCs in this region for further air quality management. This review focused on the researches related to OVOCs in GBA, including their pollution characteristics, detection methods, source distributions, secondary formations, and impacts on the atmosphere. Pollution profile of OVOCs in GBA revealed that the concentration percentage among total VOCs from Guangzhou and Dongguan cities exceeded 50 %, while methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top four highest concentrated OVOCs. The detection technique on regional atmospheric OVOCs (e.g., oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs)) underwent an evolution of off-line derivatization method, on-line spectroscopic method and on-line mass spectrometry method. The OVOCs in GBA were mainly from primary emissions (up to 80 %), including vehicle emissions and biomass combustion. The anthropogenic alkenes and aromatics in urban area, and natural isoprene in rural area also made a significant contribution to the secondary emission (e.g., photochemical formation) of OVOCs. About 20 % in average of ROx radicals was produced from photolysis of formaldehyde in comparison with O3, nitrous acid and rest OVOCs, while the reaction between OVOCs and free radical accelerated the NOx-O3 cycle, contributing to 15 %-60 % cumulative formation of O3 in GBA. Besides, the heterogeneous reactions of dicarbonyls generated 21 %-53 % of SOA. This review also provided suggestions for future research on OVOCs in terms of regional observation, analytical method and mechanistic study to support the development of a control and management strategy on OVOCs in GBA and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Żuchowska K, Filipiak W. Modern approaches for detection of volatile organic compounds in metabolic studies focusing on pathogenic bacteria: Current state of the art. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100898. [PMID: 38634063 PMCID: PMC11022102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms produce numerous metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Monitoring these metabolites in biological matrices (e.g., urine, blood, or breath) can reveal the presence of specific microorganisms, enabling the early diagnosis of infections and the timely implementation of targeted therapy. However, complex matrices only contain trace levels of VOCs, and their constituent components can hinder determination of these compounds. Therefore, modern analytical techniques enabling the non-invasive identification and precise quantification of microbial VOCs are needed. In this paper, we discuss bacterial VOC analysis under in vitro conditions, in animal models and disease diagnosis in humans, including techniques for offline and online analysis in clinical settings. We also consider the advantages and limitations of novel microextraction techniques used to prepare biological samples for VOC analysis, in addition to reviewing current clinical studies on bacterial volatilomes that address inter-species interactions, the kinetics of VOC metabolism, and species- and drug-resistance specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Żuchowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Filipiak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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6
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Xu Y, Feng X, Chen Y, Zheng P, Hui L, Chen Y, Yu JZ, Wang Z. Development of an enhanced method for atmospheric carbonyls and characterizing their roles in photochemistry in subtropical Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165135. [PMID: 37379917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are ubiquitous and play vital roles in tropospheric photochemistry and oxidation capacity, particularly affecting radical cycling and ozone formation. An enhanced method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed to simultaneously quantify 47 carbonyl compounds with carbon (C) numbers from 1 to 13. Applying this new method to samples collected at ground and ship-borne field campaigns, we investigated the abundance, characteristic distribution, and photochemical activity of carbonyl species in the coastal atmosphere of Hong Kong. The total concentration of detected carbonyls ranged from 9.1 to 32.7 ppbv and exhibited distinct spatial variability. In addition to the usual abundant carbonyl species (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone), aliphatic saturated aldehydes with C ≥ 5 (particularly hexaldehyde and nonanaldehyde), and di‑carbonyls, exhibit significant abundance and photochemical reactivity in the coastal site and on the sea. The measured carbonyls could contribute to an estimated peroxyl radical formation rate of 1.88-8.43 ppb/h via OH oxidation and photolysis, greatly enhancing oxidation capacity and radical cycling. The ozone formation potential (OFP) estimated from the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) was dominated (69 %-82 %) by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with significant contribution (4 %-13 %) from di‑carbonyls. Furthermore, another dozens of long-chain carbonyls without MIR values, which were typically below detection or not included in the conventional analytical method, would increase the ozone formation rate by an additional 2 %-33 %. Additionally, the glyoxal, methylglyoxal, benzaldehyde and other α, β-unsaturated aldehydes also exhibited considerable contribution to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. This study highlights the importance of various reactive carbonyls in the atmospheric chemistry of urban and coastal regions. The newly developed method can effectively characterize more carbonyl compounds and advance our understanding of their roles in photochemical air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Zhu M, Ou J, Liao S, Yu F, Lu M, Sha Q, Liu J, Zhong H, Wu Z, Zhong Z, Zheng J. Characterizing Operating Condition-Based Formaldehyde Emissions of Light-Duty Diesel Trucks in China Using a PEMS-HCHO System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1592-1599. [PMID: 36662717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays a critical role in atmospheric photochemistry and public health. While existing studies have suggested that vehicular exhaust is an important source of HCHO, the operating condition-based diesel truck HCHO emission measurements remain severely limited due to the limited temporal resolution and accuracy of measurement techniques. In this study, we characterized the second-by-second HCHO emissions from 29 light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) in China over dynamometer and real-world driving tests using a portable online HCHO emission measurement system (PEMS-HCHO), considering various operating conditions. Our results suggested that the HCHO emissions from LDDTs might be underestimated by the widely used offline DNPH-HPLC method. The HCHO emissions at a 200 s cold start from China V LDDT can be up to 50 mg/start. Different driving conditions over dynamometer and real-world driving tests led to a 2-4 times difference in the HCHO emission factors (EFs). Under real-world hot-running conditions, the HCHO EFs of China III, IV, V, and VI LDDTs were 43.5 ± 35.7, 10.6 ± 14.2, 8.8 ± 5.1, and 3.2 ± 1.2 mg/km, respectively, which significantly exceeded the latest California low emission vehicle III HCHO emission standard (2.5 mg/km). These findings highlighted the significant impact of vehicle operating conditions on HCHO emissions and the urgency of regulating HCHO emissions from LDDTs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Zhu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiamin Ou
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Songdi Liao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Menghua Lu
- School of Petroleum Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Qinge Sha
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hancheng Zhong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zeyan Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhuangmin Zhong
- Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510000, China
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Taotao M, Dingzhong W, Yihan Z, Shuo Z, Shihao S, Xiang L, Jianxun Z. Rapid Determination of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde and Acrolein in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols by Direct Mass Spectrometry with Evaluation of the Toxicity. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1764575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ma Taotao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wang Dingzhong
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yihan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Shuo
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sun Shihao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Jianxun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Yoo MJ, Lee MH, Szulejko JE, Vikrant K, Kim KH. A quantitation method for gaseous formaldehyde based on gas chromatography with metal–organic framework cold-trap sorbent as an effective alternative for HPLC-based standard protocol. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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How improvements in monitoring and safety practices lowered airborne formaldehyde concentrations at an Italian university hospital: a summary of 20 years of experience. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:178-189. [PMID: 33074166 PMCID: PMC7968499 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have been crucial for the assessment of airborne formaldehyde (FA) exposure in healthcare environments due to changes in limits and reference values, definition of carcinogenicity, and new monitoring methods. The aim of this study was to analyse twenty years (1999–2019) of experience in automatic, continuous airborne FA monitoring in the Pathology Laboratory and operating rooms at the Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. These 20 years saw gradual improvements in FA monitoring of exposed employees considered at maximum risk, including improvements in analytical methods of detection and sampling strategies, which came with changes in procedures and workflow operations. In 2019, after the adoption of safe practices, including a closed-circuit system using pre-loaded containers and a vacuum sealing, 94 % of the total measurements (FA concentrations) were lower than 16 μg/m3, and only 6 % ranged from 21 to 75 μg/m3. In the studied work units, the ratio between area and personal readings ranged from 0.9 to 1.0, both for long and short-term sampling. Personal sampling was simplified with a new workstation, which integrated different monitoring systems into an innovative ergonomic armchair equipped with personal sampling devices. Area monitoring was also improved with a real-time, continuous photoacoustic instrument. Over these 20 years, FA exposure significantly dropped, which coincided with optimised histology workflow and implementation of safety practices. For high-throughput screening and cost savings we propose an innovative ergonomic armchair station which allows remote continuous monitoring.
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Vikrant K, Qu Y, Szulejko JE, Kumar V, Vellingiri K, Boukhvalov DW, Kim T, Kim KH. Utilization of metal-organic frameworks for the adsorptive removal of an aliphatic aldehyde mixture in the gas phase. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8330-8343. [PMID: 32236269 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been undertaken in the domain of air quality management for the removal of hazardous volatile organic compounds, particularly carbonyl compounds (CCs). In this study, the competitive sorptive removal of six CCs (namely, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, and valeraldehyde) was assessed using selected metal-organic frameworks (MOFs: MOF-5, MOF-199, UiO-66, and UiO-66-NH2) and inexpensive commercial activated carbon as a reference sorbent. The sorption experiments were conducted using a mixture of the six CCs (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at ∼1 Pa and propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, and valeraldehyde at ∼0.2 Pa) together with 15 Pa water and 2.6 Pa methanol in 1 bar nitrogen. For all of the carbonyl compounds other than formaldehyde, MOF-199 showed the best 10% breakthrough performance ranging from 34 L g-1 and 0.14 mol kg-1 Pa-1 for acetaldehyde to 1870 L g-1 and 7.6 mol kg-1 Pa-1 for isovaleraldehyde. Among all the sorbents tested, UiO-66-NH2 exhibited the best 10% breakthrough performance metrics towards the lightest formaldehyde which remains to be one of the most difficult targets for sorptive removal (breakthrough volume: 285 L g-1 and partition coefficient: 1.1 mol kg-1 Pa-1). Theoretical density functional theory (DFT)-based computations were also conducted to provide better insights into the adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. Accordingly, the magnitude of adsorption energy increased with an increase in the CC molar mass due to an enhancement in the synergetic interaction between C[double bond, length as m-dash]O groups (in adsorbate molecules) and the MOF active centers (open metallic centers and/or NH2 functionality) as the adsorbent. Such interactions were observed to result in strong distortion of MOF structures. In contrast, weak van der Waals attraction between the hydrocarbon "tail" of CC molecules and MOF linkers were seen to play a stabilizing role for the sorbent structure. The presence of the NH2 group in the MOF structure was suspected to play a key role in capturing lighter CCs, while such an effect was less prominent for heavier CCs. Overall, the results of this study provided a basis for the establishment of an effective strategy to enhance the sorption capacity of MOFs against diverse carbonyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vikrant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Ghislain M, Costarramone N, Sotiropoulos JM, Pigot T, Van Den Berg R, Lacombe S, Le Bechec M. Direct analysis of aldehydes and carboxylic acids in the gas phase by negative ionization selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry: Quantification and modelling of ion-molecule reactions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1623-1634. [PMID: 31216077 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The concentrations of aldehydes and volatile fatty acids have to be controlled because of their potential harmfulness in indoor air or relationship with the organoleptic properties of agri-food products. Although several specific analytical methods are currently used, the simultaneous analysis of these compounds in a complex matrix remains a challenge. The combination of positive and negative ionization selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) allows the accurate, sensitive and high-frequency analysis of complex gas mixtures of these compounds. METHODS The ion-molecule reactions of negative precursor ions (OH- , O•- , O2 •- , NO2 - and NO3 - ) with five aldehydes and four carboxylic acids were investigated in order to provide product ions and rate constants for the quantification of these compounds by negative ion SIFT-MS. The results were compared with those obtained by conventional analysis methods and/or with already implemented SIFT-MS positive ionization methods. The modelling of hydroxide ion (OH- )/molecule reaction paths by ab-initio calculation allowed a better understanding of these gas-phase reactions. RESULTS Deprotonation systematically occurs by reaction between negative ions and aldehydes or acids, leading to the formation of [M - H]- primary ions. Ab-initio calculations demonstrated the α-CH deprotonation of aldehydes and the acidic proton abstraction for fatty acids. For aldehydes, the presence of water in the flow tube leads to the formation of hydrated ions, [M - H]- .H2 O. With the NO2 - precursor ion, a second reaction channel results in ion-molecule association with the formation of M.NO2 - ions. CONCLUSIONS Except for formaldehyde, all the studied compounds can be quantified by negative ion SIFT-MS with significant rate constants. In addition to positive ion SIFT-MS with H3 O+ , O2 + and NO+ precursor ions, negative ionization with O•- , O2 •- , OH- , NO2 - and NO3 - extends the range of analysis of aldehydes and carboxylic acids in air without a preparation or separation step. This methodology was illustrated by the simultaneous quantification in single-scan experiments of seven aldehydes and six carboxylic acids released by building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Ghislain
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, IPREM, Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
- Intersciences Nederlands, Tinstraat 16, 4823 AA, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, IPREM, Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, IPREM, Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | | | - Sylvie Lacombe
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, IPREM, Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Mickael Le Bechec
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, IPREM, Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
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13
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Vitola Pasetto L, Simon V, Richard R, Pic JS, Violleau F, Manero MH. Aldehydes gas ozonation monitoring: Interest of SIFT/MS versus GC/FID. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:1107-1115. [PMID: 31561301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two analytical techniques - online Gas Chromatography coupled with Flame Ionization Detector (often used method for VOCs monitoring) versus Selected Ion Flow Tube coupled with Mass Spectrometry (a more recent technique based on direct mass spectrometry) - were compared in association to an ozone-based gas treatment. Selecting aldehydes as the representative VOCs, their concentrations were monitored during ozonation experiments by both techniques in parallel. Contradictory results were obtained in the presence of ozone. Aldehydes were up to 90% removed due to a reaction with ozone according to GC/FID analysis, whereas with SIFT/MS, aldehydes concentration remained at the same level during the experiments regardless of the ozone presence. In addition, it was demonstrated that the apparent aldehydes removal was affected by GC injector temperature, varying from 90% (when it was at 250 °C) to 60% (at 100 °C). Meanwhile, even when the ozonation reactor was heated to 100 °C, no aldehydes conversion was evidenced by SIFT/MS, suggesting that the GC injector temperature was not the only interference-causing parameter. The ozone-aldehyde reaction is probably catalyzed by some material of GC injector and/or column. An ozone-GC interference was therefore confirmed, making unsuitable the use of GC/FID with silicone stationary phase to monitor aldehydes in presence of high concentrations of ozone (at least 50 ppmv). On the other hand, SIFT/MS was validated as a reliable technique, which can be employed in order to measure VOCs concentrations in ozonation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Vitola Pasetto
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Richard
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Stéphane Pic
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Violleau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Manero
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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14
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Vikrant K, Cho M, Khan A, Kim KH, Ahn WS, Kwon EE. Adsorption properties of advanced functional materials against gaseous formaldehyde. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108672. [PMID: 31450145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intense efforts have been made to eliminate toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments, especially formaldehyde (FA). In this study, the removal performances of gaseous FA using two metal-organic frameworks, MOF-5 and UiO-66-NH2, and two covalent-organic polymers, CBAP-1 (EDA) and CBAP-1 (DETA), along with activated carbon as a conventional reference material, were evaluated. To assess the removal capacity of FA under near-ambient conditions, a series of adsorption experiments were conducted at its concentrations/partial pressures of both low (0.1-0.5 ppm/0.01-0.05 Pa) and high ranges (5-25 ppm/0.5-2.5 Pa). Among all tested materials at the high-pressure region ㅐ (e.g., at 2.5 ppm FA), a maximum adsorption capacity of 69.7 mg g-1 was recorded by UiO-66-NH2. Moreover, UiO-66-NH2 also displayed the best 10% breakthrough volume (BTV10) of 534 L g-1 (0.5 ppm FA) to 2963 L g-1 (0.1 ppm FA). In contrast, at the high concentration test (at 5, 10, and 25 ppm FA), the maximum BTV10 values were observed as: 137 (UiO-66-NH2), 144 (CBAP-1 (DETA)), and 36.8 L g-1 (CBAP-1 (EDA)), respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model was observed to be a better fit of the adsorption data than the Freundlich model under most of the tested conditions. The superiority of UiO-66-NH2 was attributed to the van der Waals interactions between the linkers (framework) and the hydrocarbon "tail" (FA) coupled with interactions between its open metal sites and the FA carbonyl groups. This study demonstrated the good potential of these advanced functional materials toward the practical removal of gaseous FA in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vikrant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Azmatullah Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wha-Seung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05005, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Thangaraj S, Voutilainen S, Andberg M, Koivula A, Jänis J, Rouvinen J. Bioconjugation with Aminoalkylhydrazine for Efficient Mass Spectrometry-Based Detection of Small Carbonyl Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13447-13453. [PMID: 31460473 PMCID: PMC6705233 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugation through oxime or hydrazone formation is a versatile strategy for covalent labeling of biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. In this work, a mass spectrometry-based method was developed for the bioconjugation of small carbonyl compounds (CCs) with an aminoalkylhydrazine to form stable hydrazone conjugates that are readily detectable with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Out of all hydrazine reagents tested, 2-(dimethylamino)ethylhydrazine (DMAEH) was selected for further analysis due to the fastest reaction rates observed. A thorough study of the reaction kinetics between structurally varied short-chain CCs and DMAEH was performed with the second-order reaction rate constants spanning in the range of 0.23-208 M-1 s-1. In general, small aldehydes reacted faster than the corresponding ketones. Moreover, a successful reaction monitoring of a deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase-catalyzed reversible retro-aldol cleavage of deoxyribose was demonstrated. Thus, the developed method shows potential also for ESI-MS-based enzyme kinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil
K. Thangaraj
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sanni Voutilainen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, FI-020444 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Martina Andberg
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, FI-020444 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anu Koivula
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, FI-020444 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Juha Rouvinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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16
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Song W, Wang Y, Huang L, Cheng H, Wu J, Pan Y. Reactive paper spray mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of formaldehyde in facial masks. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1091-1096. [PMID: 30912597 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A reactive paper spray mass spectrometric approach for rapid analysis of formaldehyde (FA) in cosmetics was developed based on an on-line derivatization reaction between formaldehyde and dansyl hydrazine (DH). METHODS The whole experimental procedure consists of three simple steps: (1) load the sample (2 μL) onto the paper; (2) add the spray solvent (10 μL DH); (3) apply a high voltage (+4.5 kV) to the sample. We used an internal standard (dansyl amide) to create the analytical calibration curve. The established approach has been successfully applied in the quantitation of FA in facial masks. RESULTS Our approach shows good linearity for the FA concentrations between 3 and 300 μg L-1 , and the limit of detection is at 0.8 μg L-1 . Five brands of facial masks were analyzed by this approach without any sample pretreatment, and the FA contents varied from 0.05 to 2.6 mg L-1 with favorable recoveries achieved between 93.2% and 111.3%. CONCLUSIONS This established approach presents a solution to rapid quantitation at extremely low cost of consumables and has potential as a simple, sensitive and robust strategy for the direct analysis of FA in cosmetics, food, environmental, and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Song
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Heyong Cheng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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17
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Dugheri S, Mucci N, Cappelli G, Bonari A, Garzaro G, Marrubini G, Bartolucci G, Campagna M, Arcangeli G. Monitoring of Air-Dispersed Formaldehyde and Carbonyl Compounds as Vapors and Adsorbed on Particulate Matter by Denuder-Filter Sampling and Gas Chromatographic Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1969. [PMID: 31163683 PMCID: PMC6603861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds (CCs) are products present both as vapors and as condensed species adsorbed on the carbonaceous particle matter dispersed in the air of urban areas, due to vehicular traffic and human activities. Chronic exposure to CCs is a potential health risk given the toxicity of these chemicals. The present study reports on the measurement of the concentrations of 14 CCs in air as vapors and 2.5 µm fraction PM by the ENVINT GAS08/16 gas/aerosol sampler, a serial sampler that uses annular denuder, as sampling device. The 14 CCs were derivatized during sampling prior to gas-chromatographic separation and multiple detection by mass spectrometry, nitrogen-phosphorus thermionic, electron capture detection. Outdoor air multiple samples were collected in four locations in the urban area of Florence. The results evidenced that formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the more abundant CCs in the studied areas. The data collected was discussed considering the particle to vapor ratio of each CC found. The CCs pollution picture obtained was tentatively related to the nature and intensity of the traffic transiting by the sampling sites. This approach allowed to determine 14 CCs in both concentrated and diluted samples and is proposed as a tool for investigating outdoor and indoor pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- General Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Garzaro
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Marrubini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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18
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Filipiak W, Bojko B. SPME in clinical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological research – How far are we from daily practice? Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Garcia-Alonso S, Perez-Pastor RM. Organic Analysis of Environmental Samples Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array and Fluorescence Detectors: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:29-49. [PMID: 30925844 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1570461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This overview is focused to provide an useful guide of the families of organic pollutants that can be determined by liquid chromatography operating in reverse phase and ultraviolet/fluorescence detection. Eight families have been classified as the main groups to be considered: carbonyls, carboxyls, aromatics, phenols, phthalates, isocyanates, pesticides and emerging. The references have been selected based on analytical methods used in the environmental field, including both the well-established procedures and those more recently developed.
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20
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Yoshikawa K, Oshima Y, Inagaki A, Sakuragawa A. Determination of Formaldehyde in Water Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Methyl Acetoacetate Derivatization. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:672-677. [PMID: 30298273 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method with methyl acetoacetate derivatization via the Hantzsch reaction was developed for the analysis of formaldehyde (HCHO) in several water samples. Under optimized conditions, HCHO was detected within 4 min and was not affected by excessive derivatization reagents. The calibration curve constructed from the peak height of HCHO was linear, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The relative standard deviation of the peak height from ten replicates was 0.29%. The detection and quantitative limits were 0.96 µg/L and 3.16 µg/L, respectively. A recovery test of HCHO was performed to compare the developed method with the official analysis method (DNPH method). The developed method was used to determine the HCHO levels in several water samples (tap water, river water, and waste water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshikawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, China.
| | - Yusuke Oshima
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, China
| | - Ayaka Inagaki
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, China
| | - Akio Sakuragawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, China
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21
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Houdier S, Lévêque J, Sabatier T, Jacob V, Jaffrezo JL. Aniline-based catalysts as promising tools to improve analysis of carbonyl compounds through derivatization techniques: preliminary results using dansylacetamidooxyamine derivatization and LC-fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7031-7042. [PMID: 30094788 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphan Houdier
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Justine Lévêque
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Tiphaine Sabatier
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRM, UMR3589, METEO-FRANCE & CNRS, 42 Avenue G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Véronique Jacob
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
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22
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Chen L, Fu YJ, Fang WL, Guo XF, Wang H. Screening of a highly effective fluorescent derivatization reagent for carbonyl compounds and its application in HPLC with fluorescence detection. Talanta 2018; 186:221-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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Lomonaco T, Romani A, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, Bellagambi FG, Onor M, Salvo P, Fuoco R, Di Francesco F. Determination of carbonyl compounds in exhaled breath by on-sorbent derivatization coupled with thermal desorption and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2018; 12:046004. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Dugheri S, Bonari A, Pompilio I, Colpo M, Mucci N, Arcangeli G. An Integrated Air Monitoring Approach for Assessment of Formaldehyde in the Workplace. Saf Health Work 2018; 9:479-485. [PMID: 30559999 PMCID: PMC6284158 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to validate an integrated air monitoring approach for assessing airborne formaldehyde (FA) in the workplace. An active sampling by silica gel impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, a passive solid phase microextraction technique using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine as on-fiber derivatization reagent, an electrochemical direct-reading monitor, and an enzyme-based badge were evaluated and tested over a range of 0.020–5.12 ppm, using dynamically generated FA air concentrations. Simple linear regression analysis showed the four methods were suitable for evaluating airborne FA. Personal and area samplings in 12 anatomy pathology departments showed that the international occupational exposure limits in the GESTIS database were frequently exceeded. This monitoring approach would allow a fast, easy-to-use, and economical evaluation of both current work practices and eventual changes made to reduce FA vapor concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
- Corresponding author. Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pompilio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Colpo
- Dipartimento di Statistica, Informatica, Applicazioni, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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25
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4-hydrazinobenzoic acid as a derivatizing agent for aldehyde analysis by HPLC-UV and CE-DAD. Talanta 2018; 187:113-119. [PMID: 29853022 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aldehydes are relevant analytes in a wide range of samples, in particular, food and beverages but also body fluids. Hydrazines can undergo nucleophilic addition with aldehydes or ketones giving origin to hydrazones (a group of stable imines) that can be suitably used in the identification of aldehydes. Herein, 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid (HBA) was, for the first time, used as the derivatizing agent in analytical methodologies using liquid chromatography aiming the determination of low-molecular aldehydes. The derivatization reaction was simultaneously performed along with the extraction process, using gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME), which resulted in a clean extract containing the HBA-aldehyde derivates. The corresponding formed imines were determined by both high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) with UV spectrophotometric detection (HPLC-UV) and capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection (CE-DAD). HBA showed to be a rather advantageous derivatization reagent due to its stability, relatively high solubility in water and other solvents, high selectivity and sensibility, reduced impurities, simple preparation steps and applicability to different separation and/or different detection techniques. Limits of detections (LODs) of the optimized methodologies (in terms of time and pH among other experimental variables) were all below 0.5 mg L-1, using both instrumental techniques. Furthermore, for the first time, the HBA-aldehyde derivatives were analyzed by LC with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), demonstrating the possibility of identification by MS of each compound. The developed methodologies were also successfully applied in the analysis of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in several alcoholic beverages. This was also the first time GDME was combined with CE, showing that it can be a valuable sample preparation tool for electrophoresis, in particular by eliminating the interference of ions and inorganic constituents present in the samples.
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26
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Metal-organic framework and Tenax-TA as optimal sorbent mixture for concurrent GC-MS analysis of C1 to C5 carbonyl compounds. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5033. [PMID: 29567947 PMCID: PMC5864741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a multi adsorbent-based method using combinations of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and a commercial sorbent Tenax-TA for sampling and thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) quantification of mixtures of six (C1 to C5) aldehydes. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated along with the optical analytical conditions for maximum recovery. Optimal TD conditions for adsorption and desorption of aldehydes using MOF-5 (Zn-based MOF)+ Tenax-TA were determined as -25 °C and 150 °C, respectively (purge volume: 100 ml). These conditions yielded good linearity (R2 = 0.997), precision, and high sensitivity. Analysis of the aldehyde mixtures yielded slightly smaller R2 values than the analysis of single species. Additionally, the performance of MOF-5+ Tenax-TA was compared with other combinations comprising of Cu-based MOF-199 and Zr-based MOF of UiO-66 topology. The results of the theoretical modelling analyses propose simultaneous interaction of the C=O group of aldehydes with open metal sites of the studied MOFs and van der Waals interaction of hydrocarbon "tail" of aldehydes with linkers of MOFs. The combined interactions significantly increased the enthalpy (eV/molecule) of formaldehyde adsorption on MOF. Our findings unravel a potential way to extend the application of GC-based detection toward concurrent analysis of organic molecules of variable sizes.
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27
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Li Y, Sun H, Lai J, Chang X, Zhang P, Chen S. Determination of carbonyl pollutants adsorbed on ambient particulate matter of type PM2.5 by using magnetic molecularly imprinted microspheres for sample pretreatment and capillary electrophoresis for separation and quantitation. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:122. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Quantitative or only qualitative measurements of sulfur compounds in ambient air at ppb level? Uncertainties assessment for active sampling with Tenax TA®. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Zhao W, Zhang Q, Lu B, Sun S, Zhang S, Zhang J. Rapid Determination of Six Low Molecular Carbonyl Compounds in Tobacco Smoke by the APCI-MS/MS Coupled to Data Mining. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:8260860. [PMID: 28512594 PMCID: PMC5415865 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8260860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple method was established for the rapid determination of low molecular carbonyl compounds by the combination of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS) and data mining. The ionization was carried out in positive mode, and six low molecular carbonyl compounds of acrolein, acetone, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, butanone, and butyraldehyde were analyzed by both full scan mode and daughter scan mode. To overcome the quantitative difficulties from isomer of acetone/propionaldehyde and butanone/butyraldehyde, the quantitation procedure was performed with the characteristic ion of [CH3O]+ under CID energy of 5 and 15 eV. Subsequently, the established method was successfully applied to analysis of six low molecular carbonyl compounds in tobacco smoke with analytical period less than four minutes. The contents of acrolein, acetone, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, butanone, and butyraldehyde for a cigarette were about 63 ± 5.8, 325 ± 82, 55 ± 9.7, 11 ± 1.4, 67 ± 5.9, and 12 ± 1.8 μg/cig, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the established method had the potential application in rapid determination of low molecular carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuduo Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Binbin Lu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shihao Sun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianxun Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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30
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Brandão PF, Ramos RM, Almeida PJ, Rodrigues JA. Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Cork Agglomerates by GDME-HPLC-UV: Identification of the Extracted Compounds by HPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1037-1042. [PMID: 28098446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new approach is proposed for the extraction and determination of carbonyl compounds in solid samples, such as wood or cork materials. Cork products are used as building materials due to their singular characteristics; however, little is known about its aldehyde emission potential and content. Sample preparation was done by using a gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME) device for the direct extraction of volatile aldehydes and derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Analytical determination of the extracts was done by HPLC-UV, with detection at 360 nm. The developed methodology proved to be a reliable tool for aldehyde determination in cork agglomerate samples with suitable method features. Mass spectrometry studies were performed for each sample, which enabled the identification, in the extracts, of the derivatization products of a total of 13 aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, furfural, propanal, 5-methylfurfural, butanal, benzaldehyde, pentanal, hexanal, trans-2-heptenal, heptanal, octanal, and trans-2-nonenal) and 4 ketones (3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetone, cyclohexanone, and acetophenone). This new analytical methodology simultaneously proved to be consistent for the identification and determination of aldehydes in cork agglomerates and a very simple and straightforward procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Francisco Brandão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre no. 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Ramos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre no. 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Joaquim Almeida
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre no. 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José António Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre no. 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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31
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Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Guardino X, Gadea E, Garrote P. Impact of formaldehyde and VOCs from waste treatment plants upon the ambient air nearby an urban area (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:369-380. [PMID: 27300568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Francisco Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Guardino
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enrique Gadea
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro Garrote
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Kim KH, Szulejko JE, Jo HJ, Lee MH, Kim YH, Kwon E, Ma CJ, Kumar P. Measurements of major VOCs released into the closed cabin environment of different automobiles under various engine and ventilation scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:340-346. [PMID: 27261883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in automobile cabins were measured quantitatively to describe their emission characteristics in relation to various idling scenarios using three used automobiles (compact, intermediate sedan, and large sedan) under three different idling conditions ([1] cold engine off and ventilation off, [2] exterior air ventilation with idling warm engine, and [3] internal air recirculation with idling warm engine). The ambient air outside the vehicle was also analyzed as a reference. A total of 24 VOCs (with six functional groups) were selected as target compounds. Accordingly, the concentration of 24 VOC quantified as key target compounds averaged 4.58 ± 3.62 ppb (range: 0.05 (isobutyl alcohol) ∼ 38.2 ppb (formaldehyde)). Moreover, if their concentrations are compared between different automobile operational modes: the 'idling engine' levels (5.24 ± 4.07) was 1.3-5 times higher than the 'engine off' levels (4.09 ± 3.23) across all 3 automobile classes. In summary, automobile in-cabin VOC emissions are highly contingent on changes in engine and ventilation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jae Jo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Min-Hee Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Eilhann Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy at Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
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33
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Poole JJ, Grandy JJ, Gómez-Ríos GA, Gionfriddo E, Pawliszyn J. Solid Phase Microextraction On-Fiber Derivatization Using a Stable, Portable, and Reusable Pentafluorophenyl Hydrazine Standard Gas Generating Vial. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6859-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justen J. Poole
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jonathan J. Grandy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - German A. Gómez-Ríos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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34
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Szulejko JE, Kim KH. A practical approach to estimate emission rates of indoor air pollutants due to the use of personal combustible products based on small-chamber studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1451-1458. [PMID: 26495830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As emission rates of airborne pollutants are commonly measured from combusting substances placed inside small chambers, those values need to be re-evaluated for the possible significance under practical conditions. Here, a simple numerical procedure is investigated to extrapolate the chamber-based emission rates of formaldehyde that can be released from various combustible sources including e-cigarettes, conventional cigarettes, or scented candles to their concentration levels in a small room with relatively poor ventilation. This simple procedure relies on a mass balance approach by considering the masses of pollutants emitted from source and lost through ventilation under the assumption that mixing occurs instantaneously in the room without chemical reactions or surface sorption. The results of our study provide valuable insights into re-evaluation procedure of chamber data to allow comparison between extrapolated and recommended values to judge the safe use of various combustible products in confined spaces. If two scented candles with a formaldehyde emission rate of 310 µg h(-1) each were lit for 4 h in a small 20 m(3) room with an air change rate of 0.5 h(-1), then the 4-h (candle lit) and 8-h (up to 8 h after candle lighting) TWA [FA] were determined to be 28.5 and 23.5 ppb, respectively. This is clearly above the 8-h NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) time weighted average of 16 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Szulejko
- Atmospheric Environment & Air Quality Management Lab, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Atmospheric Environment & Air Quality Management Lab, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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