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Li J, Lu Y, Chen H, Zheng D, Yang Q, Campos LC. Synthetic musks in the natural environment: Sources, occurrence, concentration, and fate-A review of recent developments (2010-2023). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171344. [PMID: 38432391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) have served as cost-effective substitutes for natural musk compounds in personal care and daily chemical products for decades. Their widespread use has led to their detection in various environmental matrices, raising concerns about potential risks. Despite numerous studies on SM levels in different natural environments, a systematic review of their contemporary presence is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by summarising recent research developments on SMs in diverse natural environments, including river water, lake water, seawater, estuarine water, groundwater, snow, meltwater, sediments, aquatic suspended matter, soils, sands, outdoor air, and atmospheric particulate matter. Covering the period from 2010 to 2023, the review focuses on four SM categories: nitro, polycyclic, macrocyclic, and alicyclic. It systematically examines their sources, occurrences, concentrations, spatial and temporal variations, and fate. The literature reveals widespread detection of SMs in the natural environment (freshwater and sediments in particular), with polycyclic musks being the most studied group. Both direct (e.g., wastewater discharges) and indirect (e.g., human recreational activities) sources contribute to SM presence. Levels of SMs vary greatly among studies with higher levels observed in certain regions, such as sediments in Southeast Asia. Spatial and temporal variations are also evident. The fate of SMs in the environment depends on their physicochemical properties and environmental processes, including bioaccumulation, biodegradation, photodegradation, adsorption, phase exchange, hydro-dilution effects. Biodegradation and photodegradation can decrease SM levels, but may produce more persistent and eco-toxic products. Modelling approaches have been employed to analyse SM fate, especially for indirect processes like photodegradation or long-distance atmospheric transport. Future studies should further investigate the complex fate if SMs and their environmental influence. This review enhances understanding of SM status in the natural environment and supports efforts to control environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA
| | - Huanfa Chen
- Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Duan Zheng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Qinlin Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Centre for Urban Sustainability and Resilience, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Wang T, Zou H, Li D, Gao J, Bu Q, Wang Z. Global distribution and ecological risk assessment of synthetic musks in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121893. [PMID: 37245793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks, as an alternative product of natural musks, are widely used in almost all fragrances of consumer products, such as perfumes, cosmetics and detergents. During the past few decades, the production of synthetic musks has been increasing year by year, subsequently followed by large concern about their adverse effects on ecosystems and human beings. Until now, several studies have reviewed the latest development of analytical methods of synthetic musks in biological samples and cosmetics products, while there is still lack of a systematic analysis of their global distribution in different environmental media. Thus, this review summarizes the occurrence of synthetic musks in the environment including biota around the world and explores their global distribution patterns. The results show that galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) are generally the most frequently detected synthetic musks in different samples with HHCB and AHTN being predominant. Higher concentrations of HHCB and AHTN are normally found in western countries compared to Asian countries, indicating more consumptions of these musks in western countries. The persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of synthetic musks (mainly for polycyclic musks and nitro musks) are also discussed. The risk quotients (RQs) of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK in most waters and sediments are below 0.1, reflecting a low risk to aqueous and sediment-dwelling species. In some sites, e.g., close to STPs, high risks (RQs>1) are characterized. Currently, limited data are available for macrocyclic musks and alicyclic musks in terms of either occurrence or PBT properties. More studies with an expanded scope of chemical type, geographical distribution and (synergic) toxicological effects especially from a long-term point of view are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Danyang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Cahova J, Blahova J, Plhalova L, Marsalek P, Doubkova V, Hostovsky M, Divisova L, Mares J, Faggio C, Svobodova Z. Long-term exposure to polycyclic musk tonalide - A potential threat to juvenile zebrafish ( Danio rerio)? VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:218-224. [PMID: 37982026 PMCID: PMC10581524 DOI: 10.17221/40/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic musk compounds are commonly used in personal care products to replace expensive natural fragrances. Due to their huge consumption, they have become a part of the aquatic environment. In the present study, a two-month exposure effect of tonalide on juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) was investigated. We determined the vitellogenin concentration to define the potential endocrine-disrupting effect of tonalide and also analysed selected indices to evaluate the induction of oxidative stress. The environmentally relevant concentration of tonalide (i.e., 500 ng/l) caused a significant decrease in the catalase activity (P < 0.05) and a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the lipid peroxidation. An increasing lipid peroxidation was also recorded for the highest concentration group tested (i.e., 50 000 ng/l). On the other hand, no significant changes were recorded in vitellogenin in all the exposed groups. Thus, based on these results, we have not demonstrated the endocrine-disrupting activity of tonalide in zebrafish. The results of the oxidative stress indices showed a significant impairment of the antioxidant defence after the two-month tonalide exposure, which could indicate part of the adaptive response to the tonalide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Cahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Plhalova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marsalek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Doubkova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hostovsky
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Divisova
- Simulation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agrosciences, Mendel University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Li X, Zhao Y, Chen B, Zhu Z, Kang Q, Husain T, Zhang B. Inhalation and ingestion of Synthetic musks in pregnant women: In silico spontaneous abortion risk evaluation and control. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106911. [PMID: 34619532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are odor additives commonly used in the personal care products. Their wide existence in the environment and the recently reported adverse impact on the production and activity of progesterone and estrogen have raised pregnancy red flags and even lead to a pregnancy loss. Apart from the suggestion of limiting SM contact and exposure, effective abortion risk control measures for SMs remain to be blank. Facing the above challenges, this study tried to establish a new theoretical circumvention strategy to reduce the abortion risk of SMs to pregnant women by designing the supplementary diet plan and environmentally friendly SMs derivatives using molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models. According to the supplementary diet plan, the diet combination of vitamin E, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin A, and vitamin B6 were confirmed to not only provide essential nutrients for human health, but also reduce the abortion risk in pregnant women in daily life. The multi-activity (binding ability of SMs with progesterone-estrogen) 3D-QSAR model was constructed to screen SMs derivatives. The LibDock score, a parameter reflecting the binding ability between SMs' Derivative-24 with progesterone-estrogen, decreased as much as 137.67% compared with its precursor galaxolide (HHCB). The 3D-QSAR models assisted screening indicated that Derivative-24 had lower environmental impacts (i.e., bioconcentration and mobility) and improved functional properties (odor stability, musky scent, and odor intensity). The integration of the optimum candidate, Derivative-24, with optimum three supplementary diet plans exhibited a much lower abortion risk than HHCB, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical circumvention strategy as a comprehensive abortion risk control measure. It also shed light on the design of new pharmaceutical and personal care products using advanced computing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Tahir Husain
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
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Chen J, Yi Z, Sun R, Ning W, Zhou C, Tian Z, Sun C, Li Y. Analysis of Fragrance Allergens in Personal Care Products, Toys, and Water Samples: A Review. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:396-412. [PMID: 34951644 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can cause irritation and negative reactions. A large number of emerging FAs are widely used in household goods, and cause contact allergy or allergic contact dermatitis in eczema population and the general population. It shows an increasing prevalence and is regarded as a concern to public health. Recently, more and more studies have focused on the analytical methods of FAs in a variety of samples with different matrices. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive overview of recent progress of analysis of FAs in various samples is needed. In this review, the physical and chemical properties, applications, hazards, and the recent advances of sample preparation and determination methods of common FAs in personal care products, toys, and water samples are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, this review also discusses the advantages and limitations of different sample pretreatment and detection methods, thus offering a deep-going discussion of the development and future trends in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057 China
| | - Zonghui Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Rui Sun
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Wei Ning
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chen Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ziyi Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041 China
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González-Hernández P, Pacheco-Fernández I, Bernardo F, Homem V, Pasán J, Ayala JH, Ratola N, Pino V. Headspace solid-phase microextraction based on the metal-organic framework CIM-80(Al) coating to determine volatile methylsiloxanes and musk fragrances in water samples using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 232:122440. [PMID: 34074425 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method was developed using the metal-organic framework (MOF) CIM-80(Al) as extraction phase and in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the simultaneous determination of 6 methylsiloxanes and 7 musk fragrances in different environmental waters. The chromatographic separation was optimized in different GC instruments equipped with different detectors, allowing the correct separation and identification of the compounds. The HS-SPME method was optimized using a Box-Behnken experimental design, while the validation was carried out together with the most suitable commercial fiber (divinylbenzene/polydimethylsiloxane) for comparison purposes. The MOF-based coating was particularly efficient for the determination of volatile methylsiloxanes, showing moderately lower limits of detection (of 0.2 and 0.5 μg L-1versus 0.6 μg L-1 for cyclic methylsiloxanes) and slightly better precision (relative standard deviation values lower than 17% versus 22%) than the commercial coating, while avoiding the cross-contamination issues associated to the polymeric composition of commercial fibers. The method was applied for the analysis of seawater and wastewater samples, allowing the quantification of several analytes and the assessment of matrix effects. The proposed HS-SPME method using the CIM-80(Al) fiber constitutes a more environmentally friendly, simpler, and efficient strategy in comparison with other sample preparation methods using different extraction techniques, while the use of a MOF as fiber sorbent constitutes a potential alternative to exploit the features of SPME for the challenging environmental monitoring of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Providencia González-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain; Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Idaira Pacheco-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Fábio Bernardo
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Vera Homem
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Juan H Ayala
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Nuno Ratola
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Verónica Pino
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
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Vimalkumar K, Nikhil NP, Arun E, Mayilsamy M, Babu-Rajendran R. Synthetic musks in surface water and fish from the rivers in India: Seasonal distribution and toxicological risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125558. [PMID: 34030411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs), a class of organic compounds added to various personal care products (PCPs) to enhance aroma, are increasingly released into the environment and become one emerging contaminants of concern in India. Some SMs like Galaxolide, Tonalide and Musk Ketone (MK) are lipophilic and found ubiquitously in the environment, posing health and ecological risks, especially affecting aquatic organisms. Hence, monitoring the synthetic musks contamination in these rivers become environmentally inevitable. Consequently, three major rivers, the Kaveri (Cauvery), Vellar and Thamirabarani Rivers in Tamil Nadu, India, were investigated to understand the occurrence and fate of SMs. The concentration of Galaxolide, Tonalide and MK in surface water ranged as not detected (ND)-198, ND-77 and ND-62 ng/L, respectively. The levels of SMs in the Kaveri River were comparable with Vellar and Thamirabarani Rivers; however, the detection frequency was low in Thamirabarani river. Fish samples from the Kaveri river had higher concentrations of SMs (galaxolide 36-350 ng/g > MK 2-33 ng/g > Tonalide 1-9 ng/g ww (wet weight)) than in the Vellar River. Based on Hazard Quotient, SMs pose no risks to freshwater systems and the resident organisms in this study. In India, the dry season starts from March to July (35-42 °C) and wet season starts from November to February (25-35 °C). Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values for Galaxolide were found higher during the wet season and lower during the dry season, whereas it is reverse for Tonalide. Among fish Gebilion catla may be a good indicator species for SMs, despite the seasons, it accumulates more. This is the first study of SMs in surface water and fish from the rivers in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthi Vimalkumar
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nishikant Patil Nikhil
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elaiyaraja Arun
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugasamy Mayilsamy
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Hiyoshi India Ecological Services Private Limited, TICEL Biopark Ltd., Module No: 201 & 202 (Phase I, Second Floor), Taramani Road (CSIR Road), Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramaswamy Babu-Rajendran
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kinetics and Mechanistic Studies of Photochemical and Oxidative Stability of Galaxolide. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies on kinetics of galaxolide (HHCB) degradation under influence of UV, simulated sunlight and some advanced oxidation processes (H2O2, UV/H2O2, and Vis/H2O2) were conducted. Galaxolide appeared to be a photolabile compound. The first-order kinetics model was assumed for all studied processes. It was observed that basic pH favored HHCB degradation. The influence of natural matrices (river water and artificial sweat) on direct photolysis of HHCB was examined. It was stated that the process of the photodegradation proceeded slower at the presence of each matrix. HHCB lactone was identified using the GC-MS technique. The recorded chromatograms showed that apart from the lactone, other degradation products were formed that we could not identify. In order to deeper understand the HHCB degradation process, DFT calculations were performed. The results pointed out that OH radicals play a key role in HHCB decomposition, which mainly proceeds via H abstractions as well as OH additions. It follows from the calculations that the visible light is sufficient to initiate the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) under the oxidative conditions, whereas UV irradiation is needed to start decay with no oxidative agents.
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Effects of the Fragrance Galaxolide on the Biomarker Responses of the Clam Ruditapes philippinarum. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The musk fragrance Galaxolide® (HHCB) is widely used in personal care and household products. Its large use leads to a continuous release of the compound into aquatic environments. Although some studies on the presence of HHCB in ecosystems and biota have been conducted, limited data about its effects on organism biomarkers are available. This study aimed at investigating both cellular and biochemical effects of HHCB in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Mussels were exposed for 7, 14 and 21 days to 100 ng/L and 500 ng/L of HHCB in seawater, and the effects on haemocyte parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in the gills and digestive gland were evaluated. In addition, the neurotoxic potential of HHCB and its capacity to cause oxidative damage to proteins were assessed. Overall, our results demonstrated that exposure to HHCB was able to induce changes in biomarker responses of mussels, mainly at the cellular level.
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Grau J, Benedé JL, Chisvert A. Polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles for the determination of nitro musks in environmental water samples by stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction. Talanta 2021; 231:122375. [PMID: 33965039 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic-based microextraction approaches have gained popularity in recent years due to the magnetic properties of the extraction phases allowing to handle them easier and more efficiently. This work describes a magnetic-based analytical method for the determination of the family of nitro musks in environmental water samples. These compounds have been of great concern due to their environmental impacts and potential health effects. The method is based on stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction (SBSDME) as extraction approach, prior to thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (TD-GC-MS). For this purpose, polydopamine-coated cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4@PDA) were used as extraction material. The main parameters involved in the extraction procedure (i.e., sorbent amount, extraction time and ionic strength) as well as in the thermal desorption step (i.e., temperature and desorption time) were evaluated in order to obtain the highest sensitivity. Under the selected conditions, the method showed good linearity, limits of detection and quantification in the low ng L-1 range, intra- and inter-day repeatability with RSD <15%, and high enrichment factors (178-640). Finally, the method was applied to four environmental water samples of different origin. Relative recovery values ranging from 91 to 120% highlighted that the matrices under consideration do not affect the extraction process. This work constitutes the first time in which nitro musks compounds were selectively extracted by taking advantage the high potential that magnetic-based microextraction techniques offer, specially SBSDME.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Grau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan L Benedé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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HODKOVICOVA N, ENEVOVA V, CAHOVA J, BLAHOVA J, SIROKA Z, PLHALOVA L, DOUBKOVA V, MARSALEK P, FRANC A, FIORINO E, FAGGIO C, TICHY F, FALDYNA M, SVOBODOVA Z. Could the Musk Compound Tonalide Affect Physiological Functions and Act as an Endocrine Disruptor in Rainbow Trout? Physiol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of polycyclic musk compound tonalide (AHTN) in two concentrations was studied in male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792). A feeding trial was conducted with AHTN incorporated into feed granules. One concentration was environmentally relevant (854 µg/kg); the second one was 10× higher (8699 µg/kg). The fish were fed twice a day with the amount of feed at 1 % of their body weight. After an acclimatization period, the experimental phase in duration of six weeks followed. At the end of the experiment, fish were sampled and the biometrical data were recorded. Subsequently, hematological and biochemical tests, histopathological examination, analysis of oxidative stress markers and evaluation of endocrine disruption using plasma vitellogenin were performed. In conclusion, an increase of hematocrit for both AHTN concentrations was found, but no significant changes were observed in biochemical profile. Moreover, AHTN caused lipid peroxidation in caudal kidney tissue, which was confirmed by histopathological images. The long-lasting AHTN exposure could thus be harmful for maintaining homeostasis in the rainbow trout organism. However, the vitellogenin concentration seemed not to be affected by AHTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- N HODKOVICOVA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V ENEVOVA
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J CAHOVA
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J BLAHOVA
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z SIROKA
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L PLHALOVA
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V DOUBKOVA
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P MARSALEK
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A FRANC
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E FIORINO
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - C FAGGIO
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - F TICHY
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M FALDYNA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z SVOBODOVA
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
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Wen L, Wu P, Wang LL, Chen LZ, Wang ML, Wang X, Lin JM, Zhao RS. Solid-phase microextraction using a β-ketoenamine-linked covalent organic framework coating for efficient enrichment of synthetic musks in water samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:2434-2442. [PMID: 32930232 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay02755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks with tunable porous crystallinity and outstanding stability have recently exhibited fascinating pretreatment performance as solid-phase microextraction coatings. In this report, a β-ketoenamine-linked covalent organic framework (TpPa-1) was successfully constructed through a Schiff-base-type reaction between 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and para-phenylenediamine (Pa-1). A TpPa-1 coating was then fabricated on a stainless-steel fiber for capturing trace synthetic musks. This TpPa-1 coating exhibited strong interaction with synthetic musks because of its hydrophobicity and π-π affinity. This TpPa-1-based solid-phase microextraction methodology, coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, provided high enrichment factors (1214-12 487), wide linearity (0.5-1000 ng L-1), low limits of detection (0.04-0.31 ng L-1), and acceptable reproducibility (relative standard deviation, <10%) for nine synthetic musks. Recoveries at three spiked levels in three types of water samples were between 76.2% and 118.7%. These results indicated the promising applicability of the TpPa-1 as a solid-phase microextraction fiber coating for reliably detecting trace concentrations of synthetic musks in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Jinan, 250014, China.
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Li-Zong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ming-Lin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
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Abstract
In vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been recently proposed for the extraction, clean-up and preconcentration of analytes of biological and clinical concern. Bioanalysis can be performed by sampling exo- or endogenous compounds directly in living organisms with minimum invasiveness. In this context, innovative and miniaturized devices characterized by both commercial and lab-made coatings for in vivo SPME tissue sampling have been proposed, thus assessing the feasibility of this technique for biomarker discovery, metabolomics studies or for evaluating the environmental conditions to which organisms can be exposed. Finally, the possibility of directly interfacing SPME to mass spectrometers represents a valuable tool for the rapid quali- and quantitative analysis of complex matrices. This review article provides a survey of in vivo SPME applications focusing on the extraction of tissues, cells and simple organisms. This survey will attempt to cover the state-of- the-art from 2014 up to 2019.
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Ramos S, Homem V, Santos L. Analytical methodology to screen UV-filters and synthetic musk compounds in market tomatoes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124605. [PMID: 31450107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis was developed to extract thirteen synthetic musk compounds (SMCs: cashmeran, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide, galaxolide, tonalide, musk ambrette, musk xylene, musk ketone, musk tibetene, musk moskene, ethylene brassylate and exaltolide) and six ultraviolet-filters (UVFs: 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 3-(4'-methylbenzylidene) camphor, 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate, benzophenone and drometrizole trisiloxane) from tomatoes. The proposed methodology was optimized: 2 g of freeze-dried tomato was extracted with 4 mL of water and 10 mL of ethyl acetate, adding 6 g of MgSO4 and 1.5 g of NaCl, then a dispersive solid-phase extraction was performed using 3 g of MgSO4, 300 mg of primary-secondary amino adsorbent (PSA) and 300 mg of octadecyl-silica (C18). Validation delivered recoveries between 81 (celestolide) and 119% (musk tibetene), with relative standard deviations <10%. The instrumental limit of detection varied from 0.02 (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate) to 3.00 pg (exaltolide and musk xylene). Regarding the method quantification limits, it ranged between 0.4 (celestolide) and 47.9 ng g-1 dw (exaltolide). The method was applied to different varieties of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), revealing UVFs and SMCs between 1 and 210 ng g-1 dw. Higher concentrations were found for benzophenone (29-210 ng g-1 dw) and galaxolide (9-53 ng g-1 dw). The risk associated to the ingestion of contaminated tomatoes has also been estimated, showing that a potential health risk is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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Weggler BA, Gruber B, Teehan P, Jaramillo R, Dorman FL. Inlets and sampling. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813745-1.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Simultaneous determination of synthetic musks and UV-filters in water matrices by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Gao S, Tian B, Zeng X, Yu Z. Enantiomeric analysis of polycyclic musks AHTN and HHCB and HHCB-lactone in sewage sludge by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:607-612. [PMID: 30667545 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Enantioselective analysis of chiral compounds is an interesting and challenging technique used to elucidate the degradation/transformation mechanisms of these compounds or understand their environmental processes. In this study, we have developed an effective separation and detection approach for the enantiomeric analysis of AHTN and HHCB, as well as a transformation product of HHCB (HHCB-lactone), in sludge samples. METHODS The analytical method was developed using a cyclodextrin-based enantioselective gas chromatography column combined with tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The GC oven temperature gradients, the linear velocity of the helium carrier gas, as well as the MS/MS parameters, including quantitative and qualitative ion pairs, dwell times, and collision energies, were optimized to achieve good separation and high sensitivity for all target enantiomers. RESULTS Baseline separations of all target enantiomers were observed. Limits of quantification (LOQs) for all enantiomers ranged from 0.010 to 0.045 μg/L, and calibration linearity for all single enantiomers was higher than 0.99. The intra-day and inter-day precisions for all single enantiomers of AHTN, HHCB, and HHCB-lactone ranged from 0.8 to 3.8% and from 4.2 to 8.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed method was fully validated through enantioselective analyses of AHTN, HHCB, and HHCB-lactone in sludge samples collected from 17 WWTPs. The enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of HHCB and HHCB-lactone in sludge samples distinctly deviated from 0.50, indicating a significant enantioselective transformation of HHCB with preferential degradation of the 4S enantiomers. Significant positive correlations were found between the EF values of cis-HHCB enantiomers and cis-HHCB-lactone enantiomers in the sludge samples, implying that further efforts are still needed to clarify the degradation/transformation mechanism from HHCB to HHCB-lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Boyang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Tumová J, Šauer P, Golovko O, Koba Ucun O, Grabic R, Máchová J, Kocour Kroupová H. Effect of polycyclic musk compounds on aquatic organisms: A critical literature review supplemented by own data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2235-2246. [PMID: 30326456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products around the world. Because they are not completely removed in sewage treatment plants, they eventually end up in aquatic environments. The aim of this review was to summarize published information on effects of polycyclic musks on aquatic organisms and to discuss whether the experimental design of toxicological studies involving these substances could influence the results obtained. With the exception of one study run in a flow-through system, all published toxicological studies on synthetic polycyclic musks have been conducted in semi-static or even static systems. Based upon data in the literature and our own results, we conclude that in toxicological tests with semi-static set-ups, concentrations of polycyclic musks decrease with time between bath exchanges, and, as a result, tested organisms are not being exposed to stable concentrations but rather to concentration pulses. The duration and character of these pulses are influenced mainly by aeration of experimental baths, as polycyclic musks have a tendency to volatilize from water baths. Under semi-static conditions, tested organisms may be subjected to lower concentration of the tested substance for relatively long periods. Those levels may even fall below the limits of quantification. During these periods, some level of detoxification and/or elimination (depuration) of the toxicant may reduce toxic effect of the previous exposures. Consequently, toxicity of polycyclic musk substances for aquatic organisms obtained under these conditions may be underestimated. Based upon existing data in the literature, therefore, it is very difficult to correctly estimate risk of polycyclic musks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Tumová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Koba Ucun
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Máchová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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Trabalón L, Alves RN, Castro Ó, Nadal M, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marques A. Preliminary assessment of galaxolide bioaccessibility in raw and cooked FISH. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Li X, Chu Z, Yang J, Li M, Du M, Zhao X, Zhu ZJ, Li Y. Synthetic Musks: A Class of Commercial Fragrance Additives in Personal Care Products (PCPs) Causing Concern as Emerging Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:213-280. [PMID: 30471657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are promising fragrance additives used in personal care products (PCPs). The widespread presence of SMs in environmental media remains a serious risk because of their harmful effects. Recently, the environmental hazards of SMs have been widely reported in various environmental samples including those from coastal and marine regions. This paper provides a systematic review of SMs, including their classification, synthetic routes, analysis and occurrence in environmental samples, fate and toxicity in the environment, as well as the associated risk assessment and pollution control. Research gaps and future opportunities were also identified with the hope of raising interest in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zhenhua Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Joy Zhu
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang X, Zhuang H, Wan X. Hapten Syntheses, Antibody Generation, and Ultrasensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Tonalid in Human Blood. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1392546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huisheng Zhuang
- School of Environment Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, South Campus, Renji Hospital, Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Zeng X, Xu L, Liu J, Wu Y, Yu Z. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants/plasticizers and synthetic musks in sediments from source water in the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:975-982. [PMID: 29135044 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Pearl River (China) and its tributaries receive discharges of treated/untreated domestic sewage and industrial wastewater throughout the entire drainage basin. The river provides source water for many local inhabitants, and there is great concern over its pollution status. Fifteen sediment samples were collected from source water areas in the Pearl River Delta, and analyzed for the occurrence and distribution of 2 classes of emerging pollutants, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPs) and synthetic musks. In most sediments, 5 polycyclic musks and 2 nitro musks were detected, and galaxolide (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta (g)-2-benzopyran [HHCB]) and tonalide (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene [AHTN]) were the predominant components, with concentrations of 0.030 to 547 and 4.31 to 439 ng/g, respectively. Seven widely used OPs were found in most sediments, at varying total concentrations from 1.79 to 143 ng/g, with tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEOP), tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) being the main components. The results indicated that industrial discharge and domestic sewage played important roles for synthetic musk and OP distribution in sediments in the study area. In general, higher levels of OPs and synthetic musks were found in Guangzhou, Foshan, and Dongguan, suggesting a significant impact from industrial discharges and the dense population of these regions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:975-982. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Tumova J, Grabicova K, Golovko O, Koba O, Kodes V, Fedorova G, Grabic R, Kroupova HK. Comparison of passive sampling and biota for monitoring of tonalide in aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22251-22257. [PMID: 28799007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products all over the world. Afterwards, they are discharged into the environment mainly because they are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to investigate if a passive sampler is applicable for the monitoring of tonalide, a polycyclic musk compound, in the aquatic environment and to compare the levels of tonalide in pesticide-polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and biota. For this purpose, four sampling localities on the three biggest rivers in the Czech Republic were selected. Tonalide was determined in POCIS at all sampling sites in the concentration ranging from 9 ng/POCIS (Labe River, Hradec Králové) to 25 ng/POCIS (Morava River, Blatec). The locality with the most frequent occurrence of tonalide in biota samples was the Morava River which well corresponded with the highest tonalide concentration in POCIS among sampling sites. The highest number of positive tonalide detections among all studied biota samples was found in fish plasma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that tonalide bioaccumulates in fish blood. Tonalide levels were below the limit of quantification in benthos samples at all sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Tumova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Koba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Kodes
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 17, 143 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
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Gumbi BP, Moodley B, Birungi G, Ndungu PG. Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and GC-MS in Mgeni and Msunduzi river sediments, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20015-20028. [PMID: 28699007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of eight pharmaceuticals was monitored during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) along a 250-km stretch of the Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This paper describes an optimized method for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in sediments. The method combines ultrasonic, centrifuge, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of these drugs in solid samples. Most of the parameters that affect the extraction step were optimized. Solid samples were placed in a centrifuge tube and extracted with ethyl acetate:acetone (1:1, two cycles), followed by clean-up with Oasis HLB cartridge and derivatization with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Satisfactory recoveries were obtained ranging from 66 to 130%, depending on the analyte. Precision expressed as RSD (%) (n = 3) was less than 20% for all analytes. The LODs and LOQs were in the range of 0.024 to 1.90 ng g-1 which allowed to be applied in the analysis solid samples in Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers. In the solid samples analyzed, NSAID concentration ranged from not detected to 221 ng g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhekumuzi P Gumbi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Brenda Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Grace Birungi
- Department of Chemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick G Ndungu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Private Bag 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa.
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Saraiva M, Cavalheiro J, Lanceleur L, Monperrus M. Synthetic musk in seafood products from south Europe using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction method. Food Chem 2016; 200:330-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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A rapid method for the analysis of methyl dihydrojasmonate and galaxolide in indoor and outdoor air particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1447:135-40. [PMID: 27113676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of methyl dihydrojasmonate (MHDJ) in air particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) is described for the first time. This fragrance is determined together galaxolide (HHCB). Airborne particles were collected by filtration of air volumes between 100 and 1000m(3). Recovery efficiencies of filter extraction with Soxhlet and pressurized liquids were evaluated. The method included reaction with BSTFA:TMCS for generation of trimethylsilyloxy derivatives which prevented deleterious effects in the gas capillary column by interaction of hydroxyl groups from air constituents other than these fragrances. This step avoided the use of additional clean up methods such as liquid column chromatography affording direct quantification by GC-EI-MS. The proposed method had enough sensitivity for quantification of these fragrances in indoor and outdoor environmental samples using small aliquots of the PM extracts, e.g. 2.5%, and therefore saving sample material for eventual determination of other compounds. The detection limits were 0.03ng and 0.01ng for MHDJ and HHCB, respectively. Both MHDJ and HHCB were predominantly found in the smallest PM fraction analyzed (<0.5μm). The outdoor concentrations were highest in busy urban streets. However, indoor levels in school classrooms and subway stations were one order of magnitude higher than those observed outdoor. This difference was consistent with the use of these compounds as additives in cleaning and personal care products and the small dispersion of these fragrances in indoor environments. Information on the occurrence of this and other fragrances is needed to increase the understanding on the influence of anthropogenic activities in the formation of organic aerosols and source apportionment.
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27
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Enantioselective Determination of Polycyclic Musks in River and Wastewater by GC/MS/MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030349. [PMID: 27011195 PMCID: PMC4809012 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The separation of chiral compounds is an interesting and challenging topic in analytical chemistry, especially in environmental fields. Enantioselective degradation or bioaccumulation has been observed for several chiral pollutants. Polycyclic musks are chiral and are widely used as fragrances in a variety of personal care products such as soaps, shampoos, cosmetics and perfumes. In this study, the gas chromatographic separation of chiral polycyclic musks, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclo-penta-γ-2-benzopyrane (HHCB), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydronaphthalene (AHTN), 6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane (AHDI), 5-acetyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-iso-propylindane (ATII), and 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanone (DPMI) was achieved on modified cyclodextrin stationary phase (heptakis (2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-β-CD in DV-1701)). Separation techniques are coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), as it provides the sensitivity and selectivity needed. River and wastewaters (influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)) in the Nakdong River were investigated with regard to the concentrations and the enantiomeric ratios of polycyclic musks. HHCB was most frequently detected in river and wastewaters, and an enantiomeric enrichment was observed in the effluents of one of the investigated wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We reported the contamination of river and wastewaters in Korea by chiral polycyclic musks. The results of this investigation suggest that enantioselective transformation may occur during wastewater treatment.
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