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Feeney AJ, Goad JA, Flaherty GT. Global perspective of the risks of falsified and counterfeit medicines: A critical review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 61:102758. [PMID: 39218049 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of falsified and counterfeit medicines globally poses risks to international travellers. This narrative literature review examines the global challenge of falsified and counterfeit medicines, with a specific focus on risks for travellers. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of this multidimensional issue, exploring potential solutions for effective intervention. METHODS A comprehensive search of databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus, as well as relevant reports from international organisations, was undertaken. There was a focus on extracting information pertaining to the prevalence, types, and geographical patterns of falsified and counterfeit medicines encountered by international travellers. Synthesising this information helped to identify overarching trends and patterns. This narrative review utilised a thematic analysis approach to synthesise the findings. RESULTS The findings revealed a diverse range of counterfeit drug categories, spanning from antibiotics to lifestyle medications, posing unique risks to travellers navigating the global pharmaceutical landscape. The review emphasises the geographical distribution of these drugs, with varying consequences for both high- and low-income nations. The inadequate formulations and inconsistent drug release arising from these practices pose severe threats to public health, especially for individuals travelling abroad. The review also highlights the significance of international collaboration in addressing this global challenge, as pharmaceutical supply chains seamlessly cross borders, necessitating a collaborative approach for effective regulation and enforcement. CONCLUSIONS This review underscores the need for targeted research, collaborative interventions, and technological innovations to address the complexities associated with falsified and counterfeit medicines, ensuring the safety and well-being of international travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aonghus J Feeney
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard T Flaherty
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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2
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Kassahun H, Van Schepdael A, Ketema G, Adams E. Development and validation of a simple and affordable LC-UV method for identification and assay of selected antimicrobial medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 244:116127. [PMID: 38554556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobials, particularly antibiotics, are among the most common classes of drugs reported as substandard and falsified (SF) in developing countries. Therefore, it is important to develop simple and affordable analytical methods for the quality control of antimicrobial medicines. In this study, a liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) was developed and validated for the screening and quantification of 13 antimicrobial medicines and one beta-lactamase inhibitor in pharmaceutical formulations. LC separation was carried out on a Kinetex C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.6 µm) with gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of mixtures of acetonitrile-water-10 mM phosphate buffer pH 3.5 at ratios of 3:92:5, v/v/v for mobile phase A and 50:45:5, v/v/v for mobile phase B with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The screening method was intended for confirmation of the identity of the actives and validated for specificity and robustness, whereas the quantification method (using only a different detection wavelength) was further validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, sensitivity and precision (repeatability, intermediate precision). For all compounds, the method was found to be linear (r2 > 0.999), precise (%RSD < 1%), accurate (% recovery of 98-102%), sensitive, specific and robust. The developed LC method was successfully applied for the identification and assay of 12 antimicrobial samples from Ethiopia. Among the 12 samples analyzed, one (8.3%) product was confirmed to be falsified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haile Kassahun
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB, 923, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Wollo University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, , Ethiopia
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB, 923, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Gebremariam Ketema
- Wollo University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, , Ethiopia
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB, 923, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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3
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Mwalwisi YH, Fimbo AM, Hoellein L, Nandonde M, Sambu G, Ahmed B, Juma A, Augustine S, Shewiyo DH, Kaale EA, Holzgrabe U. The comparison of the quality of selected brands of antibiotics in Tanzania sourced from different geographical regions. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:1619-1627. [PMID: 38804149 PMCID: PMC11215545 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The quality of amoxicillin capsules, ceftriaxone for injection, and ciprofloxacin tablets was evaluated to determine whether there is any difference in quality when comparing the country of origin. This was undertaken because it has been claimed that antibiotics manufactured in Europe are of superior quality to those originating from Africa or Asia. METHODS Samples of amoxicillin capsules, ceftriaxone for injection, and ciprofloxacin tablets were collected from three randomly selected wholesale pharmacies in each city, namely Arusha, Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, Tanzania. The collected samples of collected brands were subjected to quality control testing as per their respective pharmacopoeial monographs. Amoxil 250 mg capsules (Glaxo Wellcome, Mayenne, France), Rocephin (Roche, Switzerland) and Cipro-Denk 500 (Allphamed Pharbil Arzneimittel GmbH, Gottingen, Germany) were used as reference brands for the other generic brands of amoxicillin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, respectively. RESULTS A total of 31 brands (10 different brands of amoxicillin capsules, 9 of ceftriaxone sodium injections, and 12 of ciprofloxacin tablets) were collected from the targeted regions and subjected to quality control testing. All samples of collected brands complied with the requirements of their respective pharmacopoeial monographs. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in quality between brands of amoxicillin capsules, ceftriaxone for injection, and ciprofloxacin tablets manufactured in Africa and Asia against those manufactured in Europe in terms of compliance with the respective pharmacopoeial monographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonah Hebron Mwalwisi
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Adam Mitangu Fimbo
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ludwig Hoellein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Moses Nandonde
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Laboratory Services, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gerald Sambu
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Laboratory Services, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Babuali Ahmed
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Laboratory Services, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Abdalla Juma
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Laboratory Services, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Siya Augustine
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Laboratory Services, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Danstan Hipolite Shewiyo
- Human and Veterinary Medicines, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Laboratory Services, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eliangiringa Amos Kaale
- Pharm R&D Lab, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65545, 11103, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Waffo Tchounga CA, Marini RD, Nnanga Nga E, Ciza Hamuli P, Ngono Mballa R, Hubert P, Ziemons E, Sacré PY. In-Field Implementation of Near-Infrared Quantitative Methods for Analysis of Medicines in Tropical Environments. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1264-1279. [PMID: 37735910 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231201653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is actually a well-established technique that demonstrates its performance in the frame of detection of poor-quality medicines. The use of low-cost handheld NIR spectrophotometers in low-resource contexts can allow an inexpensive and more rapid detection compared to laboratory methods. Considering these points, it was decided to develop, validate, and transfer methods for the quantification of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole tablet samples using a NIR handheld spectrophotometer in transmission mode (NIR-M-T1) coupled to chemometrics such as partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithm. All of the models were validated with the total error approach using an accuracy profile as a decision tool, with ±10% specifications and a risk α set at 5%. Quantitative PLSR models were first validated in Belgium, which is a temperate oceanic climate zone. Second, they were transferred to Cameroon, a tropical climate zone, where issues regarding the prediction of new validation series with the initial models were highlighted. Two augmentation strategies were then envisaged to make the predictive models robust to environmental conditions, incorporating the potential variability linked to environmental effects in the initial calibration sets. The resulting models were then used for in-field analysis of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole tablet samples collected in three cities in Cameroon. The contents results obtained for each sample with the two strategies were close and not statistically different. Nevertheless, the first one is easier to implement and the second is the best regarding model diagnostic measures and accuracy profiles. Two samples were found to be noncompliant in terms of content, and these results were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography taken as the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Djang'eing'a Marini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Nnanga Nga
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patient Ciza Hamuli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rose Ngono Mballa
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise (LANACOME), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, Research Support Unit in Chemometrics, Liège, Belgium
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Van Schepdael A. Capillary electrophoresis as a simple and low-cost analytical tool for use in money-constrained situations. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Tanioka M, Ebihana T, Uraguchi M, Shoji H, Nakamura Y, Ueda R, Ogura S, Wakiya Y, Obata T, Ida T, Horigome J, Kamino S. Visualization of the photodegradation of a therapeutic drug by chemometric-assisted fluorescence spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20714-20720. [PMID: 35919137 PMCID: PMC9295133 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03534k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluorescence spectral fingerprint, also known as the excitation-emission matrix (EEM), is used to assess and visualize therapeutic drug photodegradation in combination with chemometrics. Examination of EEM-parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) data showed that an individual component was easily separated from a mixture of photogenerated products of a heterocyclic pharmacophore, in this case, phenothiazine drugs (PTZs). Detailed investigations of both structure-EEM relationships and kinetics revealed that the components extracted from EEM-PARAFAC could be quantitatively attributed to such photogenerated products as phenothiazine sulfoxide and carbazole derivatives. EEM in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) could be used as a mapping tool to visualize information of the photodegradation process of PTZs. We also assessed the photostability of various types of PTZs containing side chains by using validated EEM-PARAFAC methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanioka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Tsugumi Ebihana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Manae Uraguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Haruka Shoji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Rina Ueda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Shota Ogura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Wakiya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Tohru Obata
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ida
- Sony Group Corporation 1-7-1 Konan Minato-ku Tokyo 108-0075 Japan
| | - Jun Horigome
- Hitachi High-Tech Science Co., Ltd Hitachinaka-shi Ibaraki 312-0052 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kamino
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8650 Japan
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7
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Hoellein L, Kaale E, Mwalwisi YH, Schulze MH, Vetye-Maler C, Holzgrabe U. Emerging Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Africa and Latin America: Search for Reasons. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:827-843. [PMID: 35519501 PMCID: PMC9064051 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s205077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicine quality and methods for its assessment play a major role in the effectiveness of therapies and the treatment of many infectious diseases. However, poor-quality and/or falsified products are circulating in huge amounts in many low- and middle-income countries and are one of the major reasons why more and more resistant bacteria emerge. The development of resistance is additionally triggered by a plethora of antibiotic medicines which is easily available through pharmacies and unofficial sources. The uncontrolled overuse of these products is a huge problem not only in single countries but worldwide. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the factors which are involved in an emerging resistance development and how strong regulatory authorities, routine quality control by means of proficiency testing, and post-marketing surveillance as well as training personnel and patients can be combined to curb the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Hoellein
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliangiringa Kaale
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Marco H Schulze
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektiologie, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Moshoeshoe RJ, Enslin GM, Katerere DR. An exploratory assessment of the legislative framework for combating counterfeit medicines in South Africa. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:3. [PMID: 34986899 PMCID: PMC8730303 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substandard and Falsified (SF) medical products are a growing global concern. They harm the individual patient, the healthcare system and the economy. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has highlighted contributing factors globally: insufficient national medicine regulation, poor enforcement of existing legislation, weak stakeholder collaboration and the rise of novel viruses, such as the COVID-19. The study aimed to assess the legislative and policy framework and institutional relationships governing pharmaceuticals and anti-counterfeiting strategies. METHODS The study was explorative and consisted of two phases. The first phase was between 2016 and 2017. It looked at document analysis (annual reports and press releases from 2011 to 2016) from government institutions involved in medicines regulation and law enforcement for SF seizure reports between 2004 and 2017. The second phase was between 2016 and 2018 through in-depth semi-structured interviews (seven in total) with selected stakeholders. RESULTS First Phase-the data collected and reported by various departments was sporadic and did not always correlate for the same periods indicating, a lack of a central reporting system and stakeholder collaboration. In South Africa, counterfeiting of medicines mainly involves the smuggling of non-registered goods. The most common counterfeit items were painkillers, herbal teas, herbal ointments, while some were medical devices. Furthermore, Customs identified South Africa as a transhipment point for SF infiltration to neighbouring countries with less robust regulatory systems. Second phase-interview transcripts were analysed by thematic coding. These were identified as the adequacy of legislation, institutional capacity, enforcement and post-market surveillance, stakeholder collaboration and information sharing, and public education and awareness. CONCLUSION Document analysis and interviews indicate that South Africa already has a national drug policy and legislative framework consistent with international law. However, there is no specific pharmaceutical legislation addressing the counterfeiting of medicines. Law enforcement has also been complicated by poor stakeholder engagement and information sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Moshoeshoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X640, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - G M Enslin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X640, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - D R Katerere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X640, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Mothé CMA, Souza AD, Singh AK, Bou-Chacra NA, Aurora-Prado MS. Application of capillary zone electrophoresis to determine second-generation H1 antihistaminic drugs, loratadine and rupatadine. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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10
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Sakira AK, Ouattara MSMJ, Yabre M, Bande M, Some TI. Contribution to the Detection of Poor Quality Sildenafil Drugs in Burkina Faso Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:4093859. [PMID: 34691802 PMCID: PMC8528628 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4093859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In substandard drugs enforcement, there is a need to develop reliable, fast, and inexpensive analytical methods. Due to its very characteristics, HPTLC offers opportunities for the development of methods that meet these requirements. This technique was used to develop and validate a method for the determination of sildenafil in pharmaceutical formulations from the licit and illicit supply chain in Burkina Faso. Taking into account optimization parameters such as measurement wavelength and mobile phase composition, the best elution quality is found at the maximum signals of spots on silica plates at 305 nm, using a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol mixture 9 : 1 (v/v) proportions. The method developed under these conditions was validated using the accuracy profile as a decision tool. The establishment of the response function curves allowed the choice of the polynomial function applied to the peak areas. This mathematical model provides a validity range between 0.4 and 0.6 mg/mL. The application of the developed and validated method to collected samples allowed the detection of two substandard drugs and confirmed the poor quality of drugs in the illicit market. More data using this approach in a variety of drug molecules could lead to the establishment of databases of counterfeit drugs in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Karim Sakira
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de La Santé (ED2S), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mitéhélé Sandrine Marie Josiane Ouattara
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de La Santé (ED2S), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Yabre
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de La Santé (ED2S), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Moumouni Bande
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de La Santé (ED2S), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Touridomon Issa Some
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de La Santé (ED2S), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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11
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Correa CBM, Kogawa AC, Chorilli M, Salgado HRN. Miniaturized Microbiological Method to Determine the Potency of Rifaximin in Tablets. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1049-1054. [PMID: 33512492 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rifaximin, a semi-synthetic antimicrobial, does not present microbiological method described in official compendia, and there is a lack of literature on this topic. The quality control of antimicrobials is extremely important to evaluate the real potency of pharmaceutical products. OBJECTIVE A miniaturized turbidimetric method for determining the potency of rifaximin in tablets was developed and validated by turbidimetry, according to the international guidelines. METHOD Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 IAL 2393, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, inoculum at 8%, rifaximin in purified water with 20% ethanol at 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL and 530 nm were used. RESULTS The method was considered selective for rifaximin, as the adjuvants did not show activity; linear with correlation coefficients 0.9998 for standard and 0.9999 for sample; accurate with 99.73% recovery; precise with RSD less than 3%; and robust in the face of small variations in (i) rifaximin volume, (ii) proportion of ethanol, (iii) inoculum volume. CONCLUSIONS The method is considered adequate and safe to evaluate the potency of rifaximin in tablets, contemplating speed, low cost, low waste generation, and ease of operation. HIGHLIGHTS This work usescurrent, sustainable, and green analytical chemistry and can be used in the routine analyses of rifaximin by laboratories and the pharmaceutical industry around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bersi Motta Correa
- São Paulo State University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kogawa
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- São Paulo State University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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12
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Determination of the quality of metronidazole formulations by near-infrared spectrophotometric analysis. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2020.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Hamill H, David-Barrett E, Mwanga JR, Mshana G, Hampshire K. Monitoring, reporting and regulating medicine quality: tensions between theory and practice in Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-003043. [PMID: 34049934 PMCID: PMC8166622 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the WHO launched its Global Surveillance and Monitoring System (GSMS) for substandard and falsified medicines, with the aim of improving the quality of reporting and using the data to inform post-market surveillance and build regulatory capacity. However, from a regulatory governance perspective, its effectiveness depends on the willingness and ability of actors ‘on the ground’ to identify, report and investigate possible infringements and to enforce penalties. This paper presents findings from 27 interviews with representatives of agencies charged with regulating pharmaceutical markets and 4 interviews with pharmaceutical industry representatives in Tanzania. Their experiences provide important insights into how the theorised mechanism between reporting and a reduction in undesirable behaviours can play out in a low-income context, revealing hidden assumptions about regulator behaviour and motivations. A combination of chronic under-resourcing, information gaps and enforcement challenges conspires to limit the efforts of local regulators to achieve the GSMS goals, shedding new light on the relationship between apparent ‘misconduct’ and structural constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hamill
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Joseph Rogathe Mwanga
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Behavioural Sciences School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Bugando, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Gerry Mshana
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Kate Hampshire
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Sangeda RZ, Baha A, Erick A, Mkumbwa S, Bitegeko A, Sillo HB, Fimbo AM, Chambuso M, Mbugi EV. Consumption Trends of Antibiotic for Veterinary Use in Tanzania: A Longitudinal Retrospective Survey From 2010-2017. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.694082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWith increased livestock keeping, multiple prevailing infections, antimicrobial agents’ use and pattern in Tanzania, the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) becomes inevitable. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have increasingly become a major challenge in human and animal medicine. Although inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans is the principal cause of resistance, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating from animals contribute to the emergence and spread of these bacteria. Antibiotics help control a multitude of bacterial infections that are major causes of diseases in both animals and humans. Rational use in animals is crucial to control any development and transfer of AMR to humans. This study aimed to create quantitative evidence of animal antimicrobial usage patterns in Tanzania to serve as a baseline for surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance control.MethodologyThis descriptive longitudinal retrospective study was conducted to explore the trend of veterinary-antibiotics consumed in the eight years, from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2017 in Tanzania mainland. The data source was records of all antibiotics imported for veterinary use into Tanzania’s mainland according to the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) records. The analysis employed the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology using Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification. Regression and time series analysis was used to establish trends in antibiotics consumption.ResultsA total of 12,147,491 kg of antibiotics were consumed in Tanzania from 2010 to 2017. Tetracycline, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, quinolones, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and antibacterial combinations were the most commonly used antibacterial agents in Tanzania. Tetracycline class topped the list with about 8,090,798 kg (66.6%) out of 12,147,491 kg total quantity of antimicrobials consumed. Non-significant, linear curve estimations and time series analysis indicate a decline in the quantities of veterinary antibiotics used in the eight years from 2010 to 2017.ConclusionsThis study suggests that tetracycline is the most used antibiotic class for veterinary medicine in Tanzania. The trend of antimicrobial use is generally decreasing compared to other countries in Africa. Even though some antibiotics have the lowest consumption rate, they are also prone to AMR, prompting follow-up by the relevant regulatory authorities.
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Tobolkina E, Rudaz S. Capillary Electrophoresis Instruments for Medical Applications and Falsified Drug Analysis/Quality Control in Developing Countries. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8107-8115. [PMID: 34061489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of integrated analytical techniques to meet stringent requirements in the life sciences requires a well-developed analytical capacity. New technology in analytical equipment for the analysis of large and small molecules is continuously being developed. However, developing countries frequently struggle to keep pace with technological advancements. Hence, it is of utmost importance to better invest in optimizing existing and proven methodologies to tackle life-saving challenges in developing countries. In this regard, capillary electrophoresis is a promising candidate for solving multiple analytical problems compared to its chromatographic and spectroscopic counterparts due to its fast analytical response time and notable cost efficiency. In the following, we summarize various issues and opportunities for capillary electrophoresis to be the technique of choice for the unresolved bottlenecks in analytical equipment in developing countries for drug quality control. This perspective demonstrates that the ongoing quest for the design of new, impactful analytical techniques is a dynamic and rapidly developing research area and mentions some directions and opportunities that have arisen during the recent pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tobolkina
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Quality and composition of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel available in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009038. [PMID: 33493211 PMCID: PMC7861518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though the international combat against Neglected Tropical Diseases such as schistosomiasis or soil-transmitted helminthiases depends on reliable therapeutics, anthelminthic pharmacovigilance has been neglected on many national African drug markets. Therefore, quality and composition of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel locally collected in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Tanzania were analysed. Methods Samples of 88 different batches were obtained from randomly selected facilities. Sampling took place in Northwest Tanzania, Western Burkina Faso, Southeast Côte d’Ivoire and Southwest Ghana. Visual examination of both packaging and samples was performed according to the WHO ‘Be Aware’ tool. Products were then screened with the GPHF Minilab, consisting of tests of mass uniformity, disintegration times and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Confirmatory tests were performed according to international pharmacopoeiae, applying assays for dissolution profiles and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Findings Despite minor irregularities, appearance of the products did not hint at falsified medicines. However, 19.6% of the brands collected in Ghana and Tanzania were not officially licensed for sale. Mass uniformity was confirmed in 53 out of 58 brands of tablets. 41 out of 56 products passed disintegration times; 10 out of the 15 failing products did not disintegrate at all. Evaluating TLC results, only 4 out of 83 batches narrowly missed specification limits, 18 batches slightly exceeded them. Not more than 46.3% (31 / 67) of the tablets assayed passed the respective pharmaceutical criteria for dissolution. HPLC findings confirmed TLC results despite shifted specification limits: 10 out of 83 tested batches contained less than 90%, none exceeded 110%. Conclusion In the four study countries, no falsified anthelminthic medicine was encountered. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was not found to either exceed or fall below specification limits. Galenic characteristics however, especially dissolution profiles, revealed great deficits. Among Neglected Tropical Diseases, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases are still highly prevalent and affect more than 1.5 billion people on our planet. Key players in the combat against these entities are the anthelminthic medicines Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel, which are applied in therapy and preventive chemotherapy likewise. Despite widely available in tropical regions and, particularly for both benzimidazoles, relatively cheap, their quality has been poorly monitored. By this study, we illuminated products from East (Tanzania) and West Africa (Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana) and thus extended the African map of reproducibly assessed deworming drugs. Although containing sufficient active pharmaceutical ingredient, a failure of more than 50% in galenic features significantly mars a thorough elimination of parasites from patients. Our findings emphasize the need for quality-assured products. Regular local screening, efficient and expressive confirmation of irregularities and a swift appropriate reaction by governmental authorities contribute to a successful fight against these infectious diseases. Otherwise, their sequelae pose a tremendous burden to the development and prosperity of afflicted regions–not only in heavily affected Africa but around the globe.
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Substandard Quality of the Antimicrobials Sold in the Street Markets in Haiti. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070407. [PMID: 32674272 PMCID: PMC7399874 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study was conducted to analyze the quality of the antimicrobials sold in the street markets in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. A total of 258 packs containing antimicrobials were bought in 28 street markets in Port-au-Prince (Haiti). Tablets and contents of capsules included in 196 packs were analyzed using a Raman handheld spectrometer (NanoRAM of BWTEK, Model: BWS456-785) during the first quarter of 2019. Three out of 11 antimicrobials (Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, and Cotrimoxazole) had a high spectral match with an HQI ≥ 90 to the respective authentic medicine for more than 95% of their tablets/capsules. For six antimicrobials (Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Cloxacillin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and the combination Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid) none of their tablets/capsules showed a sufficient spectral match with the authentic medicine. This finding indicates that these products sold in the markets did not contain the labeled drug and/or contained a degraded drug. In addition to the fact that prescription antimicrobials can be purchased in street markets, the present field study found that for most of them (including "Watch" antimicrobials according to the AWaRe classification) were substandard, which contributes to the present antimicrobials resistance epidemic.
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Nguyen TAH, Pham TNM, Le TB, Le DC, Tran TTP, Nguyen TQH, Nguyen TKT, Hauser PC, Mai TD. Cost-effective capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for quality control of beta-lactam antibiotics. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sherma J, Rabel F. Advances in the thin layer chromatographic analysis of counterfeit pharmaceutical products: 2008–2019. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1610772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
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Tetteh EK. Reducing avoidable medication-related harm: What will it take? Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 15:827-840. [PMID: 30981449 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of quality-assured medicines is expected to maintain or improve population health. Yet in a number of situations, what is realized is lower health benefits or magnified safety risks. Recognizing the public health implications of safety risks or medication-related harm, and that some types of harm are avoidable, the World Health Organization has initiated the third Global Patient Safety challenge on Medication Safety. Under the term "Medication Without Harm", this Challenge aims to assess the scope and nature of avoidable medication-related harm, create a framework for intervention and develop national guidance and tools to support safer medication use. The global target under the Challenge is to reduce the level of severe avoidable medication-related harm by 50% over a five-year period or within the next five years. Given a higher morbidity and mortality due to medication-related harm in low-income countries, this paper evaluates what needs to be done in low-income countries in order to achieve the global target. The ideal solution advocated requires that health planners in each low-income country determine what fraction of safety risks or harm can be prevented; and the relationship between number or frequency of avoidable harm or safety risks and the resource costs of treatment or prevention. In the absence of such information, this paper discusses a number of prevention strategies that might help; arguing that the period over which avoidable medication-related harm can be reduced by 50% will depend on whether significant continuous investments in health-system strengthening are made prior to and within that period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Kwabena Tetteh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Ndichu ET, Ohiri K, Sekoni O, Makinde O, Schulman K. Evaluating the quality of antihypertensive drugs in Lagos State, Nigeria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211567. [PMID: 30759124 PMCID: PMC6373917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the burden of noncommunicable diseases grows, access to safe medical therapy is increasing in importance. The aim of this study was to develop a method for evaluating the quality of antihypertensive drugs and to examine whether this prevalence varies by socioeconomic variables. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of registered pharmacies in 6 local government areas (LGAs) in Lagos State, Nigeria. In each LGA, we sampled 17 pharmacies from a list of all registered pharmacies derived from the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria. We assessed drug quality based on (1) the level of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which identified falsely labeled drug samples; and (2) the amount of impurities, which revealed substandard drug samples in accordance with the international pharmacopoeia guidelines. Good-quality drugs met specifications for both API and impurity. RESULTS Of the 102 drug samples collected, 30 (29.3%) were falsely labeled, 76 (74.5%) were substandard,78 (76.5%) were of poor quality and 24 (23.5%) were of good quality.Among the falsely labeled drugs, 2 samples met standards set for purity while 28 did not. Among the 76 substandard drug samples, 28 were also falsely labeled. Of the falsely labeled drugs, 17 (56.7%) came from LGAs with low socioeconomic status, and 40 (52.6%) of the substandard drug samples came from LGAs with high socioeconomic status. Most of the good-quality drug samples, 14 (58.3%), were from LGAs with low socioeconomic status. Eighteen (60%) of the falsely labeled samples, 37 (48.7%) of the substandard samples, and 15 (62.5%) of the good-quality drug samples were from manufacturers based in Asia. The average price was 375.67 Nigerian naira (NGN) for falsely labeled drugs, 383.33 NGN for substandard drugs, and 375.67 NGN for good-quality drugs. The prevalence of falsely labeled and substandard drug samples did not differ by LGA-level socioeconomic status (P = .39) or region of manufacturer (P = .24); however, there was a trend for a difference by price (P = .06). CONCLUSION The prevalence of falsely labeled and substandard drug samples was high in Lagos. Treatment of noncommunicable diseases in this setting will require efforts to monitor and assure drug quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelechi Ohiri
- Health Strategy and Delivery Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Kevin Schulman
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Ch JR, Rao T B, Kumar Goud P S, J S, K R. Development and validation of liquid chromatography method using the principles of QbD for antimalarials used in Artemisinin based combination therapy. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1492936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Raju Ch
- Department of Chemistry, K. L. Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhaskara Rao T
- Department of Chemistry, K. L. Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sanath Kumar Goud P
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satish J
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajashekhar K
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
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Assemat G, Balayssac S, Gerdova A, Gilard V, Caillet C, Williamson D, Malet-Martino M. Benchtop low-field 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for detecting falsified medicines. Talanta 2018; 196:163-173. [PMID: 30683346 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Falsified medicines represent a serious threat to public health. Among the different measures to effectively combat this scourge, analytical methods play a key role in their detection and removal from the market before they reach patients. The present study evaluates for the first time the potential of a benchtop low-field (LF) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer for uncovering drug falsification by focusing on the analysis of fifteen erectile dysfunction and nine antimalarial medicines, the most commonly reported falsified medicines in developed and developing countries respectively. After a simple and rapid sample preparation and ≈ 5 min of spectrum recording, LF 1H NMR allows to conclude on the quality of the medicine: presence or absence of the expected active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), presence of unexpected API, absence of any API. Some 2D experiments are also described but although conclusive they are hampered by the duration of the experiments. The LF 1H NMR assay, based on the internal standard method, is validated by the determination of its accuracy, repeatability, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), and by comparison of the data obtained on some medicines after 45 min of spectrum recording to those measured with high-field 1H NMR. Because of its saving capabilities (cost, space, user experience), LF 1H NMR spectroscopy might become a routine screening tool in laboratories in charge of detecting falsified medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Assemat
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Anna Gerdova
- Oxford Instruments Industrial Analysis, Tubney Woods, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 5QX, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Céline Caillet
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR and Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - David Williamson
- Oxford Instruments Industrial Analysis, Tubney Woods, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 5QX, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France.
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Saberi N, Akhgari M, Bahmanabadi L, Bazmi E, Mousavi Z. Determination of synthetic pharmaceutical adulterants in herbal weight gain supplements sold in herb shops, Tehran, Iran. Daru 2018; 26:117-127. [PMID: 30242673 PMCID: PMC6279663 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays with the growing popularity of herbal remedies across the world, large sections of population rely on herbal drug practitioners for their primary care. Therefore there is a need to ensure about the safety of herbal drugs and to detect adulteration with undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients. Herbal drugs are used as first-line drug therapy in some instances. Unfortunately even if there are claims as to be natural, undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients have been detected in these supplements. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to analyse herbal weight gain drugs collected from herb shops located in Tehran, Iran to detect hidden pharmaceutical ingredients using UHPLC and GC/MS instrumentations. METHODS Sixty herbal drugs advertised as weight gain supplements were gathered from herb shops Tehran province, Iran. All samples were analysed from analytical toxicology point of view to detect undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients. Method was validated for quantitative analysis of cyproheptadine and dexamethasone. RESULTS Method validity parameters showed good results for quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical ingredients. Cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, sildenafil, tramadol, caffeine and acetaminophen were detected in herbal weight gain drugs. Analysed dosage forms contained cyproheptadine and dexamethasone in concentrations higher than therapeutic doses. Quantitative analysis of contaminated drugs showed that the content of pharmacologic ingredients were 0.2-67 and 5.5-10.1 mg/tablet or capsule for cyproheptadine and dexamethasone respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite natural supplements producers' claim, herbal weight gain drugs were not natural at all. Undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients can predispose patients to health problems and even life-threatening situations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niosha Saberi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhgari
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Bahmanabadi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Bazmi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
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Saberi N, Akhgari M, Bahmanabadi L, Bazmi E, Mousavi Z. Determination of synthetic pharmaceutical adulterants in herbal weight gain supplements sold in herb shops, Tehran, Iran. Daru 2018. [DOI: doi.org/10.1007/s40199-018-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Rasheed H, Höllein L, Holzgrabe U. Future Information Technology Tools for Fighting Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:995. [PMID: 30233373 PMCID: PMC6127459 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Substandard and falsified (SF) medicines have emerged as a global public health issue within the last two decades especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Serious consequences of this problem include a loss of trust and increased financial costs due to less disease control and more frequent complications during therapy. Of note, antimicrobial resistance is an additional long-term implication of poor-quality antimicrobials. This review covers information technology tools including medicines authentication tools (MAT) as mobile apps and messaging service, 2D barcoding approaches with drug safety alert systems, web based drug safety alerts, radiofrequency identification tags, databases to support visual inspection, digital aids to enhance the performance of quality evaluation kits, reference libraries for identification of falsified and substandard medicines, and quality evaluation kits based on machine learning for field testing. While being easy to access and simple to use, these initiatives are gaining acceptance in LMICs. Implementing 2D barcoding based on end-to-end verification and "Track and Trace" systems has emerged as a step toward global security in the supply chain. A breakthrough in web-based drug safety alert systems and data bases was the establishment of the Global Surveillance and Monitoring System by the World Health Organization in 2013. Future applications include concepts including "lab on a chip" and "paper analytical devices" and are claimed to be convenient and simple to use as well as affordable. The principles discussed herein are making profound impact in the fight against substandard and falsified medicines, offering cheap and accessible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Rasheed
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ludwig Höllein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Lawson G, Ogwu J, Tanna S. Quantitative screening of the pharmaceutical ingredient for the rapid identification of substandard and falsified medicines using reflectance infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202059. [PMID: 30096202 PMCID: PMC6086453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization suggests that approximately 10% of medicines worldwide are either falsified or substandard with higher figures in low and middle income countries. Such poor quality medicines can seriously harm patients and pose a threat to the economy worldwide. This study investigates attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a simple and rapid method for determination of drug content in tablet dosage forms. Paracetamol was used as the model pharmaceutical ingredient. Spectra of standard mixtures of paracetamol with different excipients formed the basis for multivariate PLS based quantitative analysis of simulated tablet content using different selected infrared absorbance bands. Calibration methods using ATR-FTIR were compared with the ATR-FTIR and conventional ultraviolet spectroscopic analyses of real tablet samples and showed that the paracetamol/microcrystalline cellulose mixtures gave optimum results for all spectral bands tested. The quantitative data for band 1524-1493cm-1 was linear (R2 ˃ 0.98; LOQ ≥ 10%w/w tablet). Global examples of paracetamol tablets were tested using this protocol and 12% of the tablet samples examined was identified as substandard. Each sample analysis was completed in just a few minutes. ATR-FTIR can therefore be used in the rapid screening of tablet formulations. The simplicity of the proposed method makes it appropriate for use in low and middle income countries where analytical facilities are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lawson
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John Ogwu
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sangeeta Tanna
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Mufusama JP, Ndjoko Ioset K, Feineis D, Hoellein L, Holzgrabe U, Bringmann G. Quality of the antimalarial medicine artemether - lumefantrine in 8 cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1599-1606. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Mufusama
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Germany
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; Université de Kinshasa; Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Karine Ndjoko Ioset
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Germany
- Faculté des Sciences; Université de Lubumbashi; Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Germany
| | - Ludwig Hoellein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Germany
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Paul P, Sänger-van de Griend C, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. Recent advances in the capillary electrophoresis analysis of antibiotics with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:405-415. [PMID: 29940496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review describes briefly the high rate of counterfeiting of antimicrobial drugs with focus upon its immediate health consequences. The major part of this review encompasses accounts of the improvements achieved in the domain of miniaturization of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D). The application of this principle into the development of portable devices as well as its application to counter the health-system-crippling phenomenon of counterfeit antibiotic formulations, are discussed in the context of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Paul
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, PB 923, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Department of Medicinal chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 751 23, Sweden; Kantisto BV, Callenburglaan 22, Baarn, 3742 MV, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, PB 923, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, PB 923, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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30
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Alotaibi N, Overton S, Curtis S, Nickerson JW, Attaran A, Gilmer S, Mayer PM. Toward Point-of-Care Drug Quality Assurance in Developing Countries: Comparison of Liquid Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy Quantitation of a Small-Scale Random Sample of Amoxicillin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:477-481. [PMID: 29893196 PMCID: PMC6090331 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substandard antibiotics are thought to be a major threat to public health in developing countries and a cause of antimicrobial resistance. However, assessing quality outside of a laboratory setting, using simple equipment, is challenging. The aim of this study was to validate the use of a portable Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer for the identification of substandard antibiotics. Results are presented for amoxicillin packages from Haiti, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Papua New Guinea, and Ethiopia collected over the course of 6 months in 2017, including two field trips with the FT-IR to Ghana and Sierra Leone. Canadian samples were used as a control. Regarding drug quality, of 290 individual capsules of amoxicillin analyzed, 13 were found to be substandard with total active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) lying outside the acceptable range of 90–110%. Of these 13, four were below 80% API. The FT-IR reliably identified these outliers and was found to yield results in good agreement with the established pharmacopeia liquid chromatography protocol. We conclude that the portable FT-IR may be suitable to intercept substandard antibiotics in developing countries where more sophisticated techniques are not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Overton
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Curtis
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason W Nickerson
- Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amir Attaran
- Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Kakio T, Nagase H, Takaoka T, Yoshida N, Hirakawa J, Macha S, Hiroshima T, Ikeda Y, Tsuboi H, Kimura K. Survey to Identify Substandard and Falsified Tablets in Several Asian Countries with Pharmacopeial Quality Control Tests and Principal Component Analysis of Handheld Raman Spectroscopy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1643-1652. [PMID: 29611498 PMCID: PMC6086158 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has warned that substandard and falsified medical products (SFs) can harm patients and fail to treat the diseases for which they were intended, and they affect every region of the world, leading to loss of confidence in medicines, health-care providers, and health systems. Therefore, development of analytical procedures to detect SFs is extremely important. In this study, we investigated the quality of pharmaceutical tablets containing the antihypertensive candesartan cilexetil, collected in China, Indonesia, Japan, and Myanmar, using the Japanese pharmacopeial analytical procedures for quality control, together with principal component analysis (PCA) of Raman spectrum obtained with handheld Raman spectrometer. Some samples showed delayed dissolution and failed to meet the pharmacopeial specification, whereas others failed the assay test. These products appeared to be substandard. Principal component analysis showed that all Raman spectra could be explained in terms of two components: the amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the kinds of excipients. Principal component analysis score plot indicated one substandard, and the falsified tablets have similar principal components in Raman spectra, in contrast to authentic products. The locations of samples within the PCA score plot varied according to the source country, suggesting that manufacturers in different countries use different excipients. Our results indicate that the handheld Raman device will be useful for detection of SFs in the field. Principal component analysis of that Raman data clarify the difference in chemical properties between good quality products and SFs that circulate in the Asian market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kakio
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nagase
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Takaoka
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Hirakawa
- Chemical Analysis Business, Thermo Fisher Scientific K.K., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Susan Macha
- Global Product Protection, Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Deerfield, Illinois
| | - Takashi Hiroshima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohito Tsuboi
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kimura
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Paul P, Sänger-van de Griend C, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. A simple, low-cost and robust capillary zone electrophoresis method with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for the routine determination of four selected penicillins in money-constrained laboratories. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2521-2529. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Paul
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Pharmaceutical Analysis; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Leuven Belgium
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Uppsala University; Husargatan Sweden
- Kantisto BV; Calenburglaan The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Pharmaceutical Analysis; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Pharmaceutical Analysis; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Leuven Belgium
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33
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Mackintosh M, Tibandebage P, Karimi Njeru M, Kariuki Kungu J, Israel C, Mujinja PGM. Rethinking health sector procurement as developmental linkages in East Africa. Soc Sci Med 2018; 200:182-189. [PMID: 29421465 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Health care forms a large economic sector in all countries, and procurement of medicines and other essential commodities necessarily creates economic linkages between a country's health sector and local and international industrial development. These procurement processes may be positive or negative in their effects on populations' access to appropriate treatment and on local industrial development, yet procurement in low and middle income countries (LMICs) remains under-studied: generally analysed, when addressed at all, as a public sector technical and organisational challenge rather than a social and economic element of health system governance shaping its links to the wider economy. This article uses fieldwork in Tanzania and Kenya in 2012-15 to analyse procurement of essential medicines and supplies as a governance process for the health system and its industrial links, drawing on aspects of global value chain theory. We describe procurement work processes as experienced by front line staff in public, faith-based and private sectors, linking these experiences to wholesale funding sources and purchasing practices, and examining their implications for medicines access and for local industrial development within these East African countries. We show that in a context of poor access to reliable medicines, extensive reliance on private medicines purchase, and increasing globalisation of procurement systems, domestic linkages between health and industrial sectors have been weakened, especially in Tanzania. We argue in consequence for a more developmental perspective on health sector procurement design, including closer policy attention to strengthening vertical and horizontal relational working within local health-industry value chains, in the interests of both wider access to treatment and improved industrial development in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Tibandebage
- REPOA, 157 Mgombani Street, Regent Estate, P.O. Box 33223, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Mercy Karimi Njeru
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Mbagathi Rd., P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joan Kariuki Kungu
- African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Gigiri Court 49, P.O. Box 45917-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Caroline Israel
- REPOA, 157 Mgombani Street, Regent Estate, P.O. Box 33223, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Phares G M Mujinja
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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34
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Foroughi MH, Akhgari M, Jokar F, Mousavi Z. Identification of undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients in counterfeit herbal medicines used as opioid substitution therapy. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2017. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2016.1273387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Foroughi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhgari
- Forensic Toxicology Department, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Jokar
- Forensic Toxicology Department, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
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35
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Foroughi MH, Akhgari M, Jokar F, Mousavi Z. Identification of undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients in counterfeit herbal medicines used as opioid substitution therapy. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2016.1273387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Foroughi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhgari
- Forensic Toxicology Department, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Jokar
- Forensic Toxicology Department, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
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36
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Mwalwisi YH, Hoellein L, Kaale E, Holzgrabe U. Development of a simple, rapid, and robust liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of sulfalene, sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:558-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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