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Birolli WG, Lanças FM, dos Santos Neto ÁJ, Silveira HCS. Determination of pesticide residues in urine by chromatography-mass spectrometry: methods and applications. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1336014. [PMID: 38932775 PMCID: PMC11199415 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1336014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pollution has emerged as a significant threat to humanity, necessitating a thorough evaluation of its impacts. As a result, various methods for human biomonitoring have been proposed as vital tools for assessing, managing, and mitigating exposure risks. Among these methods, urine stands out as the most commonly analyzed biological sample and the primary matrix for biomonitoring studies. Objectives This review concentrates on exploring the literature concerning residual pesticide determination in urine, utilizing liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and its practical applications. Method The examination focused on methods developed since 2010. Additionally, applications reported between 2015 and 2022 were thoroughly reviewed, utilizing Web of Science as a primary resource. Synthesis Recent advancements in chromatography-mass spectrometry technology have significantly enhanced the development of multi-residue methods. These determinations are now capable of simultaneously detecting numerous pesticide residues from various chemical and use classes. Furthermore, these methods encompass analytes from a variety of environmental contaminants, offering a comprehensive approach to biomonitoring. These methodologies have been employed across diverse perspectives, including toxicological studies, assessing pesticide exposure in the general population, occupational exposure among farmers, pest control workers, horticulturists, and florists, as well as investigating consequences during pregnancy and childhood, neurodevelopmental impacts, and reproductive disorders. Future directions Such strategies were essential in examining the health risks associated with exposure to complex mixtures, including pesticides and other relevant compounds, thereby painting a broader and more accurate picture of human exposure. Moreover, the implementation of integrated strategies, involving international research initiatives and biomonitoring programs, is crucial to optimize resource utilization, enhancing efficiency in health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Garcia Birolli
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chromatography Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Chromatography Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Marczewska P, Rolnik J, Szalbot M, Stobiecki T. Development and validation of a simple and efficient method for the analysis of commercial formulations containing clopyralid, picloram and aminopyralid as active ingredients. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:209-214. [PMID: 38456664 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2323425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography plays a pivotal role in evaluating pesticide formulations as it enables the determination of multiple active substances in plant protection products. An adaptable separation technique has been developed, enabling the qualitative and quantitative analysis of clopyralid, picloram, and aminopyralid within pesticide formulations in line with SANCO/3030/99 rev. 5 guidelines. This article offers an insight into the validation procedure encompassing key aspects such as selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and recovery. It places emphasis on critical stages, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation, detection, quantification, and data analysis. The active ingredients are separated using chromatography with isocratic elution, utilizing a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of water, acetonitrile, and acetic acid in a specific ratio (83:15:2 v/v/v). This separation is carried out on a YMC-Pack ODS-AQ column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The method's validation parameters have produced satisfactory outcomes. The recovery rates for each individual compound were found to be in the range of 98.6% to 101.0%. Precision, as indicated by the relative standard deviation (%RSD), was lower than the values predicted by the modified Horwitz equation. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients assessing the linearity of the response exceeded 0.99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Marczewska
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice Branch, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Rolnik
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice Branch, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Monika Szalbot
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice Branch, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stobiecki
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice Branch, Sosnicowice, Poland
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3
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Kannoujia J, Nagineni D, Rodda R, Chilukuri R, Babu Nanubolu J, Akshinthala P, Yarasi S, Kantevari S, Sripadi P. Identification and Characterization of the Isomeric Impurity of the Fungicide "Cyazofamid". Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201276. [PMID: 36745042 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of biproducts/ impurities present in agrochemicals are critical in view of their efficacy and safety towards public health. We herein present our study on identification and characterization of an impurity, 5-chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-4-p-tolylimidazole-1-sulfonamide (2) present in the fungicide, "cyazofamid". Intermittent HPLC analysis of the reaction of substituted imidazole (1) with N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl chloride suggested that 2 is formed during the reaction. Isolation by preparative HPLC and characterization by NMR, LC/HRMS, MS/MS and single crystal XRD analysis confirmed 2 as an isomer of cyazofamid, wherein the N,N-dimethyl sulfonamide group was positioned on the other nitrogen of imidazole in close proximity to chloride group. Computational studies further supported the formation of 2 and ruled out the other possible isomeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kannoujia
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Nagineni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Fluoro & Agrochemical Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Ramesh Rodda
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Chilukuri
- Fluoro & Agrochemical Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Centre for X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Parameswari Akshinthala
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Polymers & Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Soujanya Yarasi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Polymers & Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Srinivas Kantevari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Fluoro & Agrochemical Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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A rapid quantification method for simultaneous determination of pendimethalin and metribuzin contents in suspoemulsion formulation. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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5
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Hergueta-Castillo ME, López-Ruiz R, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Non-targeted analysis of co-formulants in antifungal pesticide formulations by gas chromatography-tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Carbajal-Hernández AL, Arzate-Cárdenas MA, Valerio-García RC, Martínez-Jerónimo F. Commercial pesticides for urban applications induced population growth and sub-cellular alterations in Raphidocelis subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) at concerning environmental concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1462-1476. [PMID: 36319920 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Information regarding the safety and environmental risks of pesticides intended for urban use remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of four common pesticides on the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata: DIAZINON® 25% C. E., Roundup®, URBACIN® 20C. E., and VAPODEL® 20% C. E., which are commercial formulations of diazinon, glyphosate, dichlorvos, and cypermethrin, respectively. According to 96-h inhibition of population growth bioassays, the four pesticide toxicities exemplified the following order: DIAZINON® (diazinon) > Roundup® (glyphosate) > VAPODEL® (dichlorvos) > URBACIN® (cypermethrin). Increasing pesticide concentrations elicited alterations in the specific growth rates (µmax). The macromolecule contents and photosynthetic pigments increased in groups exposed to the highest concentrations of DIAZINON® 25%, Roundup®, and URBACIN® 20 compared to the control group, despite these treatments inducing lower population growth rates. VAPODEL® 20% induced higher growth rates and lower macromolecule content compared to the control. Since active ingredients were not quantified, certain comparisons may prove limiting, but it is important to assess the effects of the whole mixtures in the form that they enter the environment, especially for urban-intended applications or generic formulations with higher additive contents. Finally, this study demonstrated that commercial pesticide formulations designed for urban applications might pose a threat to freshwater microalgae due to their underestimated toxic potential, but further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Carbajal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Ags, 20134, México
| | - Mario Alberto Arzate-Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Ags, 20134, México.
- Cátedras CONACYT. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México, 03940, México.
| | - Roberto Carlos Valerio-García
- Laboratorio de Química Organometálica, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Ags, 20134, México
| | - Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo
- Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y, Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Ciudad de, México, 11340, México
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Cappiello A, Termopoli V, Palma P, Famiglini G, Saeed M, Perry S, Navarro P. Liquid Chromatography-Electron Capture Negative Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection of Pesticides in a Commercial Formulation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:141-148. [PMID: 34898195 PMCID: PMC8739837 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Negative chemical ionization (NCI) and electron-capture negative ionization (ECNI) are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques that generate negative ions in the gas phase for compounds containing electronegative atoms or functional groups. In ECNI, gas-phase thermal electrons can be transferred to electrophilic substances to produce M-• ions and scarce fragmentation. As a result of the electrophilicity requirements, ECNI is characterized by high-specificity and low background noise, generally lower than EI, offering lower detection limits. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility of extending typical advantages of ECNI to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The LC is combined with the novel liquid-EI (LEI) LC-EIMS interface, the eluent is vaporized and transferred inside a CI source, where it is mixed with methane as a buffer gas. As proof of concept, dicamba and tefluthrin, agrochemicals with herbicidal and insecticidal activity, respectively, were chosen as model compounds and detected together in a commercial formulation. The pesticides have different chemical properties, but both are suitable analytes for ECNI due to the presence of electronegative atoms in the molecules. The influence of the mobile phase and other LC- and MS-operative parameters were methodically evaluated. Part-per-trillion (ppt) detection limits were obtained. Ion abundances were found to be stable with quantitative linear detection, reliable, and reproducible, with no influence from coeluting interfering compounds from the sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mansoor Saeed
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Simon Perry
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
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8
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Lykogianni M, Bempelou E, Karamaouna F, Aliferis KA. Do pesticides promote or hinder sustainability in agriculture? The challenge of sustainable use of pesticides in modern agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148625. [PMID: 34247073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture aims to meet the food needs of the growing world population while ensuring minimal impact on the environment and humans as well as productivity. Although pesticides represent the backbone of the agri-food sector in its endeavor to secure food production their application is perceived by many as an obstacle towards the achievement of sustainability; the main concerns are linked with their adverse effects on human health and the environment. Τhis review aims to present the status of chemical plant protection and provide insights into the use of pesticides within the context of sustainable agriculture. It mainly focuses on the strengthened legislation frameworks, which especially in the European Union and the United States of America ensure the placement in the market of pesticides with acceptable toxicological and environmental profiles without compromising crop production. Furthermore, the implementation of Integrated Pest Management principles plays a key role in the sustainable use of pesticides. The stringent regulatory requirements have resulted in the dramatic increase of the associated effort and costs in pesticide research and development (R&D) of improved products. Nevertheless, the investment of leading agrochemical companies in the R&D of new pesticides remains high. All the above set the ground for the sustainable use of pesticides in crop production while their successful application remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Lykogianni
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Efficacy Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Attica, Greece.
| | - Eleftheria Bempelou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Attica, Greece.
| | - Filitsa Karamaouna
- Laboratory of Efficacy Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Attica, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos A Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Eldin Bayoumi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, P.O.B. 68, 11241 Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Maldonado-Reina AJ, López-Ruiz R, Garrido Frenich A, Arrebola FJ, Romero-González R. Co-formulants in plant protection products: An analytical approach to their determination by gas chromatography-high resolution mass accuracy spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 234:122641. [PMID: 34364450 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 12 volatile benzene and naphthalene derived co-formulants were identified by suspect screening and unknown analysis in 14 plant protection products (PPPs) corresponding to several types of formulations, as emulsifiable concentrates (EC), suspension concentrates (SC), dispersible concentrates (DC) and ZC, which is a mixture of a capsule suspension (CS) in an SC, containing either difenoconazole or chlorantraniliprole as main active ingredients. The selected technique was gas chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap high resolution mass accuracy spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS), providing efficient separation and detection of all identified compounds. Finally, 42 compounds were tentatively identified, and 12 of them were confirmed and quantified using analytical standards. Results showed that the applied methodology was able to detect these co-formulants at concentrations as low as 0.03 g/L (tert-butylbenzene), encompassing a wide concentration range, up to 9.63 g/L (pentamethylbenzene). Pentamethylbenzene was the only compound detected in all studied samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Maldonado-Reina
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - F Javier Arrebola
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain.
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11
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Balayiannis GP, Karasali H. Determination of azoxystrobin, topramezone, acetamiprid, fluometuron and folpet in their commercially available pesticide formulations by liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:503-511. [PMID: 33970794 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1903285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple, precise and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of the active substances (a.s.) azoxystrobin, topramezone, acetamiprid, fluometuron and folpet in their respective commercially available formulations. The method was used for the analysis of samples under the frame of the national quality control program of plant protection products in the Greek market. Chromatographic separation of the active substances from additives and co-formulants is achieved using isocratic elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 on a C18 monolithic column (Chromolith Performance-RP18e 100 × 4.6 mm) and UV detection at 230 nm. Validation parameters of the method fulfilled acceptability criteria. Recovery of all individual compounds was in the range 97.8-100.9%. Precision expressed as relative standard deviation was lower than the theoretical values of the modified Horwitz equation. Correlation coefficients of linearity of response were better than 0.999. The benefits of the proposed method are significant reduction in analysis time and total cost since all analytes were determined with the same extraction procedures and chromatographic system. Analysis of real samples for all active ingredients confirmed fitness for purpose of the suggested method.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Balayiannis
- Laboratory of Chemical Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Karasali
- Laboratory of Chemical Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
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12
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Qasim Ullah, Fatema N, Mohammad A. Detection reagents used for on-plate identification of organic pesticides in biological samples with preliminary separation by TLC/HPTLC. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-020-00057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Bocca B, Barone F, Petrucci F, Benetti F, Picardo V, Prota V, Amendola G. Nanopesticides: Physico-chemical characterization by a combination of advanced analytical techniques. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111816. [PMID: 33080330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent application of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) in plant protection products (PPPs) enhances stability of the active substance (a.s.), minimizes application losses, reduces the quantities of a.s., increases coverage on leaf surface, improves precise application, etc. Besides offering benefits, there is high concern about the potential risk for human and environment associated with the use of nanopesticides. In this study, a panel of complementary methodologies were used to determine size distribution and chemical identification of four different formulations of nanopesticides. Measurements were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), asymmetric field flow fractionation-multi angle light scattering (AF4-FFF-MALS), gas/liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) or diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results indicated average size values in the ranges: 27.4-148.7 nm by DLS; 39.1-82.0 nm by AF4-FFF-MALS; and 42-90 nm by TEM. Linked to these nanosized particles both organic active ingredients and inorganic ones were identified. In addition, the obtained data revealed that all the four PPPs contained more than 50% of particles with number size distribution between 1 and 100 nm and, according to the European Commission definition, they can be defined as nanopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bocca
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Barone
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Petrucci
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Benetti
- European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology - Laboratory of EcamRicert Srl, Padua, Italy
| | - V Picardo
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - V Prota
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Amendola
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Yang N, Zhou X, Yu D, Jiao S, Han X, Zhang S, Yin H, Mao H. Pesticide residues identification by impedance time‐sequence spectrum of enzyme inhibition on multilayer paper‐based microfluidic chip. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Xu Zhou
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Defei Yu
- One‐Lin Tea Professional Cooperative of Dantu District Zhenjiang China
| | - Siying Jiao
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Suliang Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Hanping Mao
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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15
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Berneira LM, dos Santos MAZ, da Silva CC, Passos LF, Ortiz RS, Machado ADM, de Pereira CMP. Evaluation of extraction procedures applied to apprehended formulations of agrochemicals. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Pan M, Xie X, Liu K, Yang J, Hong L, Wang S. Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots-Synthesis,Functionalization and Sensing Application in FoodAnalysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E930. [PMID: 32403325 PMCID: PMC7279393 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with stable physicochemical properties are one of theemerging carbon nanomaterials that have been studied in recent years. In addition to the excellentoptical properties such as photoluminescence, photobleaching resistance and light stability, thismaterial also has favorable advantages of good biocompatibility and easy functionalization, whichmake it an ideal raw material for constructing sensing equipment. In addition, CQDs can combinedwith other kinds of materials to form the nanostructured composites with unique properties, whichprovides new insights and ideas for the research of many fields. In the field of food analysis,emerging CQDs have been deeply studied in food composition analysis, detection and monitoringtrace harmful substances and made remarkable research progress. This article introduces andcompares the various methods for CQDs preparation and reviews its related sensing applicationsas a new material in food components analysis and food safety inspection in recent years. It isexpected to provide a significant guidance for the further study of CQDs in the field of foodanalysis and detection. CQDs; synthesis; fluorescent sensing; food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liping Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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17
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Identification of adjuvants in plant protection products applying a suspect screening workflow based on orthogonal techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4301-4311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Marczewska P, Płonka M, Rolnik J, Sajewicz M. Determination of azoxystrobin and its impurity in pesticide formulations by liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:599-603. [PMID: 32253976 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1746572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of azoxystrobin and its relevant impurity (Z)-azoxystrobin using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) in suspension concentrate (SC) pesticide formulations, with the aim of the product quality control. Method validation was realized according to SANCO/3030/99 rev. 5. The proposed method was characterized by acceptable accuracy and precision. The repeatability expressed as ratio standard deviation (%RSD) to relative standard deviation (%RSDr) was lower than 1, whereas individual recoveries were in the range of 97-103% and 90-110% for azoxystrobin and (Z)-azoxystrobin, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the impurity ((Z)-azoxystrobin) amounted to 0.3 µg mL-1 and was acceptable because it was lower than the maximum permitted level according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 703/2011 of 20 July 2011 for the active substance (azoxystrobin) being 25 g kg-1 of the azoxystrobin content found. The method described in this paper is simple, precise, accurate and selective as well as represents a new and reliable way of simultaneous determination of azoxystrobin and its relevant impurity in formulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Marczewska
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice, Poland
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marlena Płonka
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Rolnik
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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19
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Ren X, Luo Q, Zhou D, Zhang K, Gao D, Fu Q, Liu J, Xia Z, Wang L. Thermoresponsive chiral stationary phase functionalized with the copolymer of β-cyclodextrin and N-isopropylacrylamide for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460904. [PMID: 31992472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel chiral stationary phase (CSP) was prepared through the reaction of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by the copolymerization of thermoresponsive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the silica beads for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to characterize the surface property of modified silica. Thermoresponsive modulation for the effect on enantioselectivity were investigated with chiral reagents including 1-phenyl-1-propanol, styrene oxide, 2-phenylpropionic acid and commercial chiral drugs comprising ibuprofen and labetalol hydrochloride. The column efficiency was evaluated by chromatographic parameters including retention factor (k), selective factor (α), resolution (Rs), plate number (N) and peak tailing factor (Tf). The results showed that five chiral solutes could be separated on the prepared smart column. And the selectivity of these compounds could be modulated by regulating the column temperature. It was contributed to the thermoresponsive NIPAM assisting β-CD to separate these chiral compounds. These results indicated that the thermoresponsive CSP would be a potential tool for separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chiral drugs and this paper provided a novel method for chiral separation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Qiurong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Kailian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Die Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Qifeng Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Lujun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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20
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Wang X, Jia R, Song Y, Wang M, Zhao Q, Sun S. Determination of pesticides and their degradation products in water samples by solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Kakio T, Nagase H, Takaoka T, Yoshida N, Hirakawa J, Macha S, Hiroshima T, Ikeda Y, Tsuboi H, Kimura K. Survey to Identify Substandard and Falsified Tablets in Several Asian Countries with Pharmacopeial Quality Control Tests and Principal Component Analysis of Handheld Raman Spectroscopy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1643-1652. [PMID: 29611498 PMCID: PMC6086158 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has warned that substandard and falsified medical products (SFs) can harm patients and fail to treat the diseases for which they were intended, and they affect every region of the world, leading to loss of confidence in medicines, health-care providers, and health systems. Therefore, development of analytical procedures to detect SFs is extremely important. In this study, we investigated the quality of pharmaceutical tablets containing the antihypertensive candesartan cilexetil, collected in China, Indonesia, Japan, and Myanmar, using the Japanese pharmacopeial analytical procedures for quality control, together with principal component analysis (PCA) of Raman spectrum obtained with handheld Raman spectrometer. Some samples showed delayed dissolution and failed to meet the pharmacopeial specification, whereas others failed the assay test. These products appeared to be substandard. Principal component analysis showed that all Raman spectra could be explained in terms of two components: the amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the kinds of excipients. Principal component analysis score plot indicated one substandard, and the falsified tablets have similar principal components in Raman spectra, in contrast to authentic products. The locations of samples within the PCA score plot varied according to the source country, suggesting that manufacturers in different countries use different excipients. Our results indicate that the handheld Raman device will be useful for detection of SFs in the field. Principal component analysis of that Raman data clarify the difference in chemical properties between good quality products and SFs that circulate in the Asian market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kakio
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nagase
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Takaoka
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Hirakawa
- Chemical Analysis Business, Thermo Fisher Scientific K.K., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Susan Macha
- Global Product Protection, Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Deerfield, Illinois
| | - Takashi Hiroshima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohito Tsuboi
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kimura
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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22
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Ouyang H, Tu X, Fu Z, Wang W, Fu S, Zhu C, Du D, Lin Y. Colorimetric and chemiluminescent dual-readout immunochromatographic assay for detection of pesticide residues utilizing g-C3N4/BiFeO3 nanocomposites. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 106:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Buiarelli F, Di Filippo P, Riccardi C, Pomata D, Marsiglia R, Console C, Puri D. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Fosetyl-Aluminum in Airborne Particulate Matter. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:8792085. [PMID: 29686933 PMCID: PMC5852886 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8792085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fosetyl-aluminum is a synthetic fungicide administered to plants especially to prevent diseases caused by the members of the Peronosporales and several Phytophthora species. Herein, we present a selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to analyze residues of fosetyl-A1 in air particulate matter. This study was performed in perspective of an exposure assessment of this substance of health concern in environments where high levels of fosetly-Al, relatively to airborne particulate matter, can be found after spraying it. The cleanup procedure of the analyte, from sampled filters of atmospheric particulate matter, was optimized using a Strata X solid-phase extraction cartridge, after accelerated extraction by using water. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a polymeric column based on hydrophilic interaction in step elution with water/acetonitrile, whereas the mass spectrometric detection was performed in negative electrospray ionization. The proposed method resulted to be a simple, fast, and suitable method for confirmation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Buiarelli
- Department of Chemistry, University “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-0185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Filippo
- Department of Chemistry, University “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-0185 Rome, Italy
- Inail DIT, Via Roberto Ferruzzi, 38-00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Riccardi
- Department of Chemistry, University “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-0185 Rome, Italy
- Inail DIT, Via Roberto Ferruzzi, 38-00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Pomata
- Department of Chemistry, University “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-0185 Rome, Italy
- Inail DIT, Via Roberto Ferruzzi, 38-00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marsiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-0185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Console
- DIT, INAIL, Via di Fontana Candida, 1-00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Puri
- DIT, INAIL, Via di Fontana Candida, 1-00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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24
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Ouyang H, Wang W, Shu Q, Fu Z. Novel chemiluminescent immunochromatographic assay using a dual-readout signal probe for multiplexed detection of pesticide residues. Analyst 2018; 143:2883-2888. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00661j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel immunochromatographic assay utilizing luminol-reduced Au nanoparticles as a colorimetric/chemiluminescent dual-readout signal probe was developed for multiplexed detection of pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400716
- China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400716
- China
| | - Qi Shu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400716
- China
| | - Zhifeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400716
- China
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Płonka M, Walorczyk S, Miszczyk M, Kronenbach-Dylong D. Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of chlorpyrifos and its impurity sulfotep in liquid pesticide formulations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:736-741. [PMID: 27385655 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1198637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for simultaneous determination of the active substance (chlorpyrifos) and its relevant impurity (sulfotep) in commercial pesticide formulations has been developed and validated. The proposed method entails extraction of the analytes from samples by sonication with acetone and analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The proposed method was characterized by satisfactory accuracy and precision. The repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than the acceptable values calculated from the modified Horwitz equation whereas individual recoveries were in the range of 98-102% and 80-120% for chlorpyrifos and sulfotep, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the impurity (sulfotep) was 0.003 mg mL(-1) corresponding to the maximum permitted level according to Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) specifications for the active substance (chlorpyrifos) being 3 g kg(-1) of the chlorpyrifos content found. The main advantage of the proposed method was a considerable reduction in the analysis time since both analytes were determined based on a single injection into the GC-FID. Analysis of real samples of commercial pesticide formulations confirmed fitness-for-purpose of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Płonka
- a Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Sośnicowice , Poland
| | - Stanisław Walorczyk
- b Department of Pesticide Residue Research , Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute , Poznań , Poland
| | - Marek Miszczyk
- a Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Sośnicowice , Poland
| | - Dorota Kronenbach-Dylong
- a Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Sośnicowice , Poland
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