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Panico SC, van Gestel CAM, Verweij RA, Rault M, Bertrand C, Menacho Barriga CA, Coeurdassier M, Fritsch C, Gimbert F, Pelosi C. Field mixtures of currently used pesticides in agricultural soil pose a risk to soil invertebrates. Environ Pollut 2022; 305:119290. [PMID: 35436506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Massive use of pesticides in conventional agriculture leads to accumulation in soil of complex mixtures, triggering questions about their potential ecotoxicological risk. This study assessed cropland soils containing pesticide mixtures sampled from conventional and organic farming systems at La Cage and Mons, France. The conventional agricultural field soils contained more pesticide residues (11 and 17 versus 3 and 11, respectively) and at higher concentrations than soils from organic fields (mean 6.6 and 10.5 versus 0.2 and 0.6 μg kg-1, respectively), including systemic insecticides belonging to neonicotinoids, carbamate herbicides and broad-spectrum fungicides mostly from the azole family. A risk quotient (RQi) approach evaluated the toxicity of the pesticide mixtures in soil, assuming concentration addition. Based on measured concentrations, both conventional agricultural soils posed high risks to soil invertebrates, especially due to the presence of epoxiconazole and imidacloprid, whereas soils under organic farming showed negligible to medium risk. To confirm the outcome of the risk assessment, toxicity of the soils was determined in bioassays following standardized test guidelines with seven representative non-target invertebrates: earthworms (Eisenia andrei, Lumbricus rubellus, Aporrectodea caliginosa), enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus), Collembola (Folsomia candida), oribatid mites (Oppia nitens), and snails (Cantareus aspersus). Collembola and enchytraeid survival and reproduction and land snail growth were significantly lower in soils from conventional compared to organic agriculture. The earthworms displayed different responses: L. rubellus showed higher mortality on soils from conventional agriculture and large body mass loss in all field soils, E. andrei showed considerable mass loss and strongly reduced reproduction, and A. caliginosa showed significantly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity in soils from conventional agriculture. The oribatid mites did not show consistent differences between organic and conventional farming soils. These results highlight that conventional agricultural practices pose a high risk for soil invertebrates and may threaten soil functionality, likely due to additive or synergistic "cocktail effects".
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Affiliation(s)
- Speranza C Panico
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magali Rault
- Univ Avignon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Pôle Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, 84916, Avignon, France
| | - Colette Bertrand
- UMR 1402 ECOSYS, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Carlos A Menacho Barriga
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté Usc INRAe, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, cedex, France
| | - Michaël Coeurdassier
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté Usc INRAe, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, cedex, France
| | - Clémentine Fritsch
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté Usc INRAe, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gimbert
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté Usc INRAe, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, cedex, France
| | - Céline Pelosi
- UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRAe, Avignon Université, 84914, Avignon, France
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Bocca B, Barone F, Petrucci F, Benetti F, Picardo V, Prota V, Amendola G. Nanopesticides: Physico-chemical characterization by a combination of advanced analytical techniques. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111816. [PMID: 33080330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent application of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) in plant protection products (PPPs) enhances stability of the active substance (a.s.), minimizes application losses, reduces the quantities of a.s., increases coverage on leaf surface, improves precise application, etc. Besides offering benefits, there is high concern about the potential risk for human and environment associated with the use of nanopesticides. In this study, a panel of complementary methodologies were used to determine size distribution and chemical identification of four different formulations of nanopesticides. Measurements were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), asymmetric field flow fractionation-multi angle light scattering (AF4-FFF-MALS), gas/liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) or diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results indicated average size values in the ranges: 27.4-148.7 nm by DLS; 39.1-82.0 nm by AF4-FFF-MALS; and 42-90 nm by TEM. Linked to these nanosized particles both organic active ingredients and inorganic ones were identified. In addition, the obtained data revealed that all the four PPPs contained more than 50% of particles with number size distribution between 1 and 100 nm and, according to the European Commission definition, they can be defined as nanopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bocca
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Barone
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Petrucci
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Benetti
- European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology - Laboratory of EcamRicert Srl, Padua, Italy
| | - V Picardo
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - V Prota
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Amendola
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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