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Domingues Galli B, Trossolo E, Carafa I, Squara S, Caratti A, Filannino P, Cordero C, Gobbetti M, Di Cagno R. Effectiveness of modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging in preserving the volatilome of Stelvio PDO cheese over time. Food Chem 2024; 444:138544. [PMID: 38310777 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to assay the effectiveness of vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging in preserving the organoleptic characteristics of already ripened slices of Stelvio Protected Designation of Origin cheese during 3 months of storage. A multi-omics panel, including metagenomic and metabolomic analyses, was implemented together with physicochemical and sensory analyses. Among the 177 volatiles identified, 30 out of the 50 potent odorants were found to be prevalent, regardless of packaging. Isovaleric acid showed the highest relative intensity in all samples. Caproic and caprylic acids always increased during storage, while metabolites such as dodecane and 2,3-butanediol always decreased. Slow proteolysis occurred during storage, but did not differentiate cheese samples. The type of packaging differentiated the microbiota and volatile profile, with modified atmosphere packaging keeping the volatilome more stable. Out of the 50 potent odorants, 9 were relevant to sample discrimination, with 8-nonen-2-one, 2-nonanone, and caproic acid being more abundant in stored samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Domingues Galli
- Libera Università di Bolzano, Faculty of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, Bolzano, BZ, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Trossolo
- Libera Università di Bolzano, Faculty of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, Bolzano, BZ, Italy
| | - Ilaria Carafa
- Libera Università di Bolzano, Faculty of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, Bolzano, BZ, Italy
| | - Simone Squara
- Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Andrea Caratti
- Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Pasquale Filannino
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Libera Università di Bolzano, Faculty of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, Bolzano, BZ, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Libera Università di Bolzano, Faculty of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, Bolzano, BZ, Italy.
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2
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Caratti A, Fina A, Trapani F, Bicchi C, Liberto E, Cordero C, Magagna F. Artificial Intelligence Sensing: Effective Flavor Blueprinting of Tea Infusions for a Quality Control Perspective. Molecules 2024; 29:565. [PMID: 38338309 PMCID: PMC10856620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tea infusions are the most consumed beverages in the world after water; their pleasant yet peculiar flavor profile drives consumer choice and acceptance and becomes a fundamental benchmark for the industry. Any qualification method capable of objectifying the product's sensory features effectively supports industrial quality control laboratories in guaranteeing high sample throughputs even without human panel intervention. The current study presents an integrated analytical strategy acting as an Artificial Intelligence decision tool for black tea infusion aroma and taste blueprinting. Key markers validated by sensomics are accurately quantified in a wide dynamic range of concentrations. Thirteen key aromas are quantitatively assessed by standard addition with in-solution solid-phase microextraction sampling followed by GC-MS. On the other hand, nineteen key taste and quality markers are quantified by external standard calibration and LC-UV/DAD. The large dynamic range of concentration for sensory markers is reflected in the selection of seven high-quality teas from different geographical areas (Ceylon, Darjeeling Testa Valley and Castleton, Assam, Yunnan, Azores, and Kenya). The strategy as a sensomics-based expert system predicts teas' sensory features and acts as an AI smelling and taste machine suitable for quality controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza a Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.C.); (A.F.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.L.); (F.M.)
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3
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Ochoa GS, Synovec RE. Investigating analyte breakthrough under non-linear isotherm conditions during solid phase extraction facilitated by non-targeted analysis with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023; 259:124525. [PMID: 37031541 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase extraction (SPE) sample preparation for the analysis of complex organic mixtures is often applied assuming all analytes of interest will preconcentrate on the stationary phase. This assumption ignores the reality that extraction is a dynamic interactive process and a diverse range of affinities for the stationary phase will result in equally diverse breakthrough volumes due to competitive sorption processes. To study this dynamic interactive process, and further to take advantage of it, we extracted a JP-8 jet fuel spiked with 40 ppm of a polar compound mix with silica and alumina SPE cartridges and analyzed sequential extracted fractions of the fuel to both assess the shifting chemical landscape present in the extraction and the impact of both SPE stationary phases on this process. Tile-based 1v1 comparative analysis (a recently reported extension of tile-based Fisher ratio analysis) was used to discover the (polar) compounds whose concentrations change between extracted fractions, discovering 21 compounds extracted with silica and 27 compounds extracted with alumina with at least a 2-fold change in concentration from the neat sample relative to the first 1 mL pass fraction sample. These compounds were quantified in each fraction to construct concentration ratio profiles, defined as the concentration ratio for a given SPE fraction per analyte compound relative to the analyte concentration in the neat fuel, for which the extraction behavior for each analyte could be assessed. These analyte compounds were found to breakthrough at different rates, with some analytes remaining on the column indefinitely (until extracted with a subsequent polar solvent) and other analytes eluting before the extraction is complete. Furthermore, in a comparison of the effect of selected stationary phase, alumina was found to retain oxygen-containing phenolic compounds to a greater extent than silica. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the concentration ratio profiles of the various trace analytes in the JP8 fuel (phenols, indoles, etc.) in the context of their stationary phase affinity (silica or alumina) and competitive sorption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Box 351700, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Box 351700, WA, 98195, USA.
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4
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Trinklein TJ, Cain CN, Ochoa GS, Schöneich S, Mikaliunaite L, Synovec RE. Recent Advances in GC×GC and Chemometrics to Address Emerging Challenges in Nontargeted Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:264-286. [PMID: 36625122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trinklein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Caitlin N Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Grant S Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sonia Schöneich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Lina Mikaliunaite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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5
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Stilo F, Alladio E, Squara S, Bicchi C, Vincenti M, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C, Bizzo HR. Delineating unique and discriminant chemical traits in Brazilian and Italian extra-virgin olive oils by quantitative 2D-fingerprinting and pattern recognition algorithms. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Liao S, Han J, Jiang C, Zhou B, Jiang Z, Tang J, Ding W, Che Z, Lin H. HS-SPME-GC × GC/MS combined with multivariate statistics analysis to investigate the flavor formation mechanism of tank-fermented broad bean paste. Food Chem X 2022; 17:100556. [PMID: 36845488 PMCID: PMC9943836 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement of industrialization, tank fermentation technology is promising for Pixian broad bean paste. This study identified and analyzed the general physicochemical factors and volatile metabolites of fermented broad beans in a thermostatic fermenter. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS) was applied to detect the volatile compounds in fermented broad beans, while metabolomics was used to explore their physicochemical characteristics and analyze the possible metabolic mechanism. A total of 184 different metabolites were detected, including 36 alcohols, 29 aldehydes, 26 esters, 21 ketones, 14 acids, 14 aromatic compounds, ten heterocycles, nine phenols, nine organonitrogen compounds, seven hydrocarbons, two ethers, and seven other types, which were annotated to various branch metabolic pathways of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. This study provides references for subsequent functional microorganism mining to improve the quality of the tank-fermented broad beans and upgrade the Pixian broad bean paste industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liao
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jinlin Han
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zhenju Jiang
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Wenwu Ding
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zhenming Che
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Hongbin Lin
- School of Food and Bio-engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China,Corresponding author at: Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
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7
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Squara S, Ferrero F, Tabacco E, Cordero C, Borreani G. Effect of Inoculation with Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on the Maize Silage Volatilome: The Advantages of Advanced 2D-Chromatographic Fingerprinting Approaches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12232-12248. [PMID: 36103255 PMCID: PMC9523707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the complex volatilome of maize silage samples conserved for 229 d, inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri (Lbuc) and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (Lpar), is explored by means of advanced fingerprinting methodologies based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The combined untargeted and targeted (UT) fingerprinting strategy covers 452 features, 269 of which were putatively identified and assigned within their characteristic classes. The high amounts of short-chain free fatty acids and alcohols were produced by fermentation and led to a large number of esters. The impact of Lbuc fermentation was not clearly distinguishable from the control samples; however, Lpar had a strong and distinctive signature that was dominated by propionic acid and 1-propanol characteristic volatiles. The approach provides a better understanding of silage stabilization mechanisms against the degradative action of yeasts and molds during the exposure of silage to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Squara
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University
of Turin, Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrero
- Department
of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10124, TO, Italy
| | - Ernesto Tabacco
- Department
of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10124, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University
of Turin, Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Giorgio Borreani
- Department
of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10124, TO, Italy
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8
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Trinklein TJ, Synovec RE. Simulating comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry data with realistic run-to-run shifting to evaluate the robustness of tile-based Fisher ratio analysis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463321. [PMID: 35853427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) data has the potential to be hindered by run-to-run retention time shifting. To address this challenge, tile-based Fisher ratio (F-ratio) analysis (FRA) has been developed, which utilizes a supervised, untargeted approach involving a chromatographic segmentation routine termed "tiling" combined with the ANOVA F-ratio statistic to discover class-distinguishing analytes while minimizing false positives arising from shifting. The tiling algorithm is designed to account for retention shifting in both separation dimensions. Although applications of FRA have been reported, there remains a need to thoroughly evaluate the robustness of FRA for different levels of run-to-run retention shifting in order to broaden the scope of its application. To this end, a novel method of simulating GC×GC-TOFMS chromatograms with realistic run-to-run shifting is presented by random generation of low-frequency "shift functions". The dimensionless retention-time precision, <δr>, which is four times the standard deviation in retention time normalized to the peak width-at-base is used as a key modeling variable along with the 2D chromatographic saturation, αe,2D, and within-class relative standard deviation in peak area, RSDwc. We demonstrate that all three of these variables operate together to impact true positive discovery. To quantify the "success" of true positive discovery, GC×GC-TOFMS datasets for various combinations of <δr>, αe,2D, and RSDwc were simulated and then analyzed by FRA using a wide range of relative tile areas (RTA), which is a dimensionless measure of tile size. Since each hit in the FRA hit list was known a priori as either a true or false positive based on the simulation inputs, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were readily constructed. Then, the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was used as a metric for discovery "success" for various combinations of the modeling variables. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for tile size selection and experimental design are provided, and further supported by comparison to previous tile-based FRA applications. For instance, values for <δr>, αe,2D, and RSDwc obtained from a GC×GC-TOFMS dataset of yeast metabolites suggested an optimum RTA of 6.25, corresponding closely to the RTA of 4.00 employed in the study, implying the simulation results obtained here can be generalized to real datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trinklein
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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9
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Stilo F, Cialiè Rosso M, Squara S, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Cagliero C. Corylus avellana L. Natural Signature: Chiral Recognition of Selected Informative Components in the Volatilome of High-Quality Hazelnuts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844711. [PMID: 35548269 PMCID: PMC9085359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of plant-based foods provides useful functional information concerning sample-related variables such as plant genotype and phenotype expression, pedoclimatic and harvest conditions, transformation/processing technologies, and can be informative about the sensory quality. In this respect, the enantiomeric recognition of the chiral compounds increases the level of information in profiling studies, being the biosynthesis of native compounds often stereo-guided. Chiral native volatiles mostly show an enantiomeric excess that enables origin authentication or support correlation studies between chemical patterns and sensory profiles. This study focuses, for the first time, on the enantiomeric composition of a large set of chiral compounds within the complex volatilome of Corylus avellana L. belonging to different cultivars (Tonda Gentile Romana, Tonda Gentile Trilobata, Anakliuri) and harvested in different geographical areas (Italian and Georgian). Besides native components profiled in raw kernels, volatiles formed after technological treatment (i.e., roasting) are also considered. Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with enantioselective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enables the accurate tracking and annotation of about 150 compounds across many samples. The results show that chiral compounds have diagnostic distribution patterns within hazelnut volatilome with cultivar and harvest region playing the major role. Moreover, being some of these chiral molecules also key-aromas, their distribution has a decisive impact on the sensory properties of the product. In particular, the enantiomeric composition of (E)-5-methyl-2-hepten-4-one (filbertone) resulted to be discriminant for origin authentication. The enantiomeric distribution showed, according to literature, an excess of the (S)-enantiomer in both raw and roasted samples volatilome with larger differences in raw samples. The amount of both (R) and (S)-filbertone increases during roasting; the most marked increase for (R)-enantiomer is observed in Italian samples, thus supporting evidence of better hedonic properties and more pleasant odor and aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Laemmegroup S.r.l - A Tentamus Company, Moncalieri, Italy
| | - Marta Cialiè Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Squara
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Yu H, Zheng D, Xie T, Xie J, Tian H, Ai L, Chen C. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics to clarify the dynamic variations in the volatile composition of Huangjiu of different ages. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1563-1574. [PMID: 35262917 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging plays an important role in the formation of aroma characteristics of Huangjiu, a traditional Chinese alcoholic beverage. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC-qMS)-based untargeted metabolomics combined with a multivariate analysis was used to investigate the dynamic variations in the aroma profile of Huangjiu during aging process and to establish the relationship between the changing volatile metabolite profiles and the age-dependent sensory attributes. A total of 144 volatile metabolites were identified by GC×GC-qMS and 63 were selected as critical metabolites based on variable importance in projection values and p-values. Based on the results of principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, and hierarchical clustering analysis, the samples of six different ages were divided into three groups: 1Y and 3Y samples, 5Y and 8Y samples, and 10Y and 15Y samples. The partial least-squares analysis results further revealed the relationship between the aromas attributes and variations of these volatile compounds. The high esters, aldehydes, and lactones contents contributed to the high intensities of the sweet and ester aroma attributes of the aged Huangjiu, while the high alcohols and ethyl esters contents contributed to the alcoholic and fruity aroma attributes of the newly brewed Huangjiu. These results improve our understanding of the chemical nature of the aroma characteristics of aged Huangjiu. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Huangjiu is often labeled with its age as a measure of quality, which influences consumers' choice. Dynamic variations in volatile compounds of Huangjiu during aging and its contribution to the aroma characteristics of Huangjiu were figured out, which will assist the industry to produce better quality aged Huangjiu for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Danwei Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingru Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaixiang Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
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11
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Squara S, Stilo F, Cialiè Rosso M, Liberto E, Spigolon N, Genova G, Castello G, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Corylus avellana L. Aroma Blueprint: Potent Odorants Signatures in the Volatilome of High Quality Hazelnuts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840028. [PMID: 35310662 PMCID: PMC8929135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The volatilome of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) encrypts information about phenotype expression as a function of cultivar/origin, post-harvest practices, and their impact on primary metabolome, storage conditions and shelf-life, spoilage, and quality deterioration. Moreover, within the bulk of detectable volatiles, just a few of them play a key role in defining distinctive aroma (i.e., aroma blueprint) and conferring characteristic hedonic profile. In particular, in raw hazelnuts, key-odorants as defined by sensomics are: 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (musty and nutty); 2-acetyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (caramel); 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn-like); 2-acetyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (roasted, caramel); 3-(methylthio)-propanal (cooked potato); 3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde (musty, earthy); 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol/linalool (citrus, floral); 3-methyl-4-heptanone (fruity, nutty); and 5-methyl-(E)-2-hepten-4-one (nutty, fruity). Dry-roasting on hazelnut kernels triggers the formation of additional potent odorants, likely contributing to the pleasant aroma of roasted nuts. Whiting the newly formed aromas, 2,3-pentanedione (buttery); 2-propionyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn-like); 3-methylbutanal; (malty); 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (caramel); dimethyl trisulfide (sulfurous, cabbage) are worthy to be mentioned. The review focuses on high-quality hazelnuts adopted as premium primary material by the confectionery industry. Information on primary and secondary/specialized metabolites distribution introduces more specialized sections focused on volatilome chemical dimensions and their correlation to cultivar/origin, post-harvest practices and storage, and spoilage phenomena. Sensory-driven studies, based on sensomic principles, provide insights on the aroma blueprint of raw and roasted hazelnuts while robust correlations between non-volatile precursors and key-aroma compounds pose solid foundations to the conceptualization of aroma potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Squara
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Laemmegroup - A Tentamus Company, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Cialiè Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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12
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Rocha SM, Costa CP, Martins C. Aroma Clouds of Foods: A Step Forward to Unveil Food Aroma Complexity Using GC × GC. Front Chem 2022; 10:820749. [PMID: 35300387 PMCID: PMC8921485 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.820749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human senses shape the life in several aspects, namely well-being, socialization, health status, and diet, among others. However, only recently, the understanding of this highly sophisticated sensory neuronal pathway has gained new advances. Also, it is known that each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Odorant substances are typically volatile or semi-volatile in nature, exhibit low relative molecular weight, and represent a wide variety of chemical families. These molecules may be released from foods, constituting clouds surrounding them, and are responsible for their aroma properties. A single natural aroma may contain a huge number of volatile components, and some of them are present in trace amounts, which make their study especially difficult. Understanding the components of food aromas has become more important than ever with the transformation of food systems and the increased innovation in the food industry. Two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ToFMS) seems to be a powerful technique for the analytical coverage of the food aromas. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to critically discuss the potential of the GC × GC–based methodologies, combined with a headspace solvent-free microextraction technique, in tandem with data processing and data analysis, as a useful tool to the analysis of the chemical aroma clouds of foods. Due to the broad and complex nature of the aroma chemistry subject, some concepts and challenges related to the characterization of volatile molecules and the perception of aromas will be presented in advance. All topics covered in this review will be elucidated, as much as possible, with examples reported in recent publications, to make the interpretation of the fascinating world of food aroma chemistry more attractive and perceptive.
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Stilo F, Jiménez-Carvelo AM, Liberto E, Bicchi C, Reichenbach SE, Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Cordero C. Chromatographic Fingerprinting Enables Effective Discrimination and Identitation of High-Quality Italian Extra-Virgin Olive Oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8874-8889. [PMID: 34319731 PMCID: PMC8389832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The challenging process of high-quality food authentication takes advantage of highly informative chromatographic fingerprinting and its identitation potential. In this study, the unique chemical traits of the complex volatile fraction of extra-virgin olive oils from Italian production are captured by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry and explored by pattern recognition algorithms. The consistent realignment of untargeted and targeted features of over 73 samples, including oils obtained by different olive cultivars (n = 24), harvest years (n = 3), and processing technologies, provides a solid foundation for sample identification and discrimination based on production region (n = 6). Through a dedicated multivariate statistics workflow, identitation is achieved by two-level partial least-square (PLS) regression, which highlights region diagnostic patterns accounting between 58 and 82 of untargeted and targeted compounds, while sample classification is performed by sequential application of soft independent modeling for class analogy (SIMCA) models, one for each production region. Samples are correctly classified in five of the six single-class models, and quality parameters [i.e., sensitivity, specificity, precision, efficiency, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)] are equal to 1.00.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Torino I-10125, Italy
| | - Ana M. Jiménez-Carvelo
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada E-18071, Spain
- . Phone: +39 011 6707172
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Torino I-10125, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Torino I-10125, Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- University
of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United
States
- GC
Image LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508, United
States
| | - Luis Cuadros-Rodríguez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Torino I-10125, Italy
- . Phone: +34 958240797
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14
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Exploring the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Volatilome by Adding Extra Dimensions to Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Featuring Tandem Ionization: Validation of Ripening Markers in Headspace Linearity Conditions. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:274-287. [PMID: 34020455 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) combined with time-of-flight (TOF) MS is the most informative analytical approach for chemical characterization of the complex food volatilome. Key analytical features include separation power and resolution enhancement, improved sensitivity, and structured separation patterns from chemically correlated analytes. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explore the complex extra-virgin olive oil volatilome by combining headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), applied under HS linearity conditions to GC×GC-TOF MS and featuring hard and soft ionization in tandem. METHOD Multiple analytical dimensions are combined in a single run and evaluated in terms of chemical dimensionality, method absolute and relative sensitivity, identification reliability provided by spectral signatures acquired at 70 and 12 eV, and dynamic and linear range of response provided by soft ionization. RESULTS Method effectiveness is validated on a sample set of oils from Picual olives at different ripening stages. Ripening markers [3,4-diethyl-1,5-hexadiene (RS/SR), 3,4-diethyl-1,5-hexadiene (meso), (5Z)-3-ethyl-1,5-octadiene, (5E)-3-ethyl-1,5-octadiene, (E, Z)-3,7-decadiene and (E, E)-3,7-decadiene, (Z)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-pentenal, (Z)-2-pentenal, 1-pentanol, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-pentanone, and 1-penten-3-one] and quality indexes [(Z)-3-hexenal/nonanal, (Z)-3-hexenal/octane, (E)-2-pentenal/nonanal, and (E)-2-pentenal/octane] are confirmed for their validity in HS linearity conditions. CONCLUSIONS For the complex olive oil volatilome, the proposed approach offers concrete advantages for the validation of the informative role of existing analytes while suggesting new potential markers to be studied in larger sample sets. HIGHLIGHTS The accurate fingerprinting of volatiles by HS-SPME operating in HS linearity conditions followed by GC×GC-TOF MS featuring tandem ionization gives the opportunity to improve the quality of analytical data and reliability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- GC Image LLC, 201 N 8th Street Unit 420, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.,University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Computer Science and Engineering Department, 256 Avery Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Qingping Tao
- GC Image LLC, 201 N 8th Street Unit 420, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
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15
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Stefanuto PH, Smolinska A, Focant JF. Advanced chemometric and data handling tools for GC×GC-TOF-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Stilo F, Segura Borrego MDP, Bicchi C, Battaglino S, Callejón Fernadez RM, Morales ML, Reichenbach SE, McCurry J, Peroni D, Cordero C. Delineating the extra-virgin olive oil aroma blueprint by multiple headspace solid phase microextraction and differential-flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1650:462232. [PMID: 34051578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with parallel mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection (GC × GC-MS/FID) enables effective chromatographic fingerprinting of complex samples by comprehensively mapping untargeted and targeted components. Moreover, the complementary characteristics of MS and FID open the possibility of performing multi-target quantitative profiling with great accuracy. If this synergy is applied to the complex volatile fraction of food, sample preparation is crucial and requires appropriate methodologies capable of providing true quantitative results. In this study, untargeted/targeted (UT) fingerprinting of extra-virgin olive oil volatile fractions is combined with accurate quantitative profiling by multiple headspace solid phase microextraction (MHS-SPME). External calibration on fifteen pre-selected analytes and FID predicted relative response factors (RRFs) enable the accurate quantification of forty-two analytes in total, including key-aroma compounds, potent odorants, and olive oil geographical markers. Results confirm good performances of comprehensive UT fingerprinting in developing classification models for geographical origin discrimination, while quantification by MHS-SPME provides accurate results and guarantees data referability and results transferability over years. Moreover, by this approach the extent of internal standardization procedure inaccuracy, largely adopted in food volatiles profiling, is measured. Internal standardization yielded an average relative error of 208 % for the fifteen calibrated compounds, with an overestimation of + 538% for (E)-2-hexenal, the most abundant yet informative volatile of olive oil, and a -89% and -80% for (E)-2-octenal and (E)-2-nonenal respectively, analytes with a lower HS distribution constant. Compared to existing methods based on 1D-GC, the current procedure offers better separation power and chromatographic resolution that greatly improve method specificity and selectivity and results in lower LODs and LOQs, high calibration performances (i.e., R2 and residual distribution), and wider linear range of responses. As an artificial intelligence smelling machine, the MHS-SPME-GC × GC-MS/FID method is here adopted to delineate extra-virgin olive oil aroma blueprints; an objective tool with great flexibility and reliability that can improve the quality and information power of each analytical run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Del Pilar Segura Borrego
- Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Dpto. de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Turin, Italy
| | - Sonia Battaglino
- Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Dpto. de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel Maria Callejón Fernadez
- Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Dpto. de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Lourdes Morales
- Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Dpto. de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; GC Image LLC, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - James McCurry
- Agilent Technologies, Gas Phase Separations Division, Wilmington DE, USA
| | | | - Chiara Cordero
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Turin, Italy.
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17
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Bressanello D, Marengo A, Cordero C, Strocchi G, Rubiolo P, Pellegrino G, Ruosi MR, Bicchi C, Liberto E. Chromatographic Fingerprinting Strategy to Delineate Chemical Patterns Correlated to Coffee Odor and Taste Attributes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4550-4560. [PMID: 33823588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coffee cupping includes both aroma and taste, and its evaluation considers several different attributes simultaneously to define flavor quality and therefore requires complementary data from aroma and taste. This study investigates the potential and limits of a data-driven approach to describe the sensory quality of coffee using complementary analytical techniques usually available in routine quality control laboratories. Coffee flavor chemical data from 155 samples were obtained by analyzing volatile (headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS)) and nonvolatile (liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/diode array detector (LC-UV/DAD)) fractions, as well as from sensory data. Chemometric tools were used to explore the data sets, select relevant features, predict sensory scores, and investigate the networks between features. A comparison of the Q model parameter and root-mean-squared error prediction (RMSEP) highlights the variable influence that the nonvolatile fraction has on prediction, showing that it has a higher impact on describing acid, bitter, and woody notes than on flowery and fruity. The data fusion emphasized the aroma contribution to driving sensory perceptions, although the correlative networks highlighted from the volatile and nonvolatile data deserve a thorough investigation to verify the potential of odor-taste integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bressanello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - A Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - C Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - G Strocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - P Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - G Pellegrino
- Lavazza S.p.A., Strada Settimo 410, 10156 Turin, Italy
| | - M R Ruosi
- Lavazza S.p.A., Strada Settimo 410, 10156 Turin, Italy
| | - C Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - E Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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18
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Gabetti E, Sgorbini B, Stilo F, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Chialva F, Reichenbach SE, Bongiovanni V, Cordero C, Cavallero A. Chemical fingerprinting strategies based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with gas chromatography-olfactometry to capture the unique signature of Piemonte peppermint essential oil (Mentha x piperita var Italo-Mitcham). J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462101. [PMID: 33848659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, reliable, and informative mapping of untargeted and targeted components across many samples is here performed by combining off-line GC-Olfactometry (GC-O) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with variable ionization energy (TOF MS featuring Tandem Ionization™). In particular, untargeted and targeted (UT) features patterns are processed by chromatographic fingerprinting, giving differential priority to potent odorants' retention-times regions. Distinguishing peppermint essential oil (EO) from Piedmont (Italy - Mentha × piperita L. var. Italo-Mitcham - Menta di Pancalieri EO), with its unique sensory fingerprint (i.e., freshness and long-lasting sweetness), from high-quality peppermint EOs produced in other areas poses a great challenge. Chromatographic UT fingerprinting provided a great chemical dimensionality by mapping more than 350 peak-regions at 70 eV and 135 at 12 eV. From them, 95 components were identified and responses compared to available literature. Then, potent odorants, detected by GC-O using the aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA), were tracked over the chromatographic space and tentatively identified. With the highest flavor dilution (FD), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus, fresh, camphoraceous); menthone (minty, herbaceous); and menthofuran (minty, musty, petroleum-like) were highlighted. Responsible for creamy and coumarinic notes were the diasteroisomers of (3,6)-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-furan-2(3H)-one (i.e., menthofurolactones), detected in higher relative abundance in Pancalieri EOs. By prioritizing the investigation of volatiles on higher LogFD retention regions, including 131 untargeted/targeted features, Pancalieri EOs were separately clustered from United States samples. Besides pre-targeted analytes, additional untargeted features were post-processed for identification within marker chemicals. Myrtenyl methyl ether, ethyl 3-methyl butanoate, propyl-2-methylbutanoate, and (E)-2-hexenal were putatively identified. Of the "unknown - knowns" with diagnostic roles, all metadata were collected including low energy spectra at 12 eV, which were found to be highly complementary to 70 eV spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Stilo
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | | | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; GC Image, LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Chiara Cordero
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy.
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19
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography as a boosting technology in food‐omic investigations. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1592-1611. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
- GC Image Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
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20
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Jimenez-Carvelo AM, Cuadros-Rodriguez L, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Chromatographic fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography: Fundamentals and tools. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Mustafa AM, Angeloni S, Nzekoue FK, Abouelenein D, Sagratini G, Caprioli G, Torregiani E. An Overview on Truffle Aroma and Main Volatile Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245948. [PMID: 33334053 PMCID: PMC7765491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles are underground edible fungi that grow symbiotically with plant roots. They have been globally considered as one of the most expensive foods because of their rarity, unique aroma, and high nutritional value as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-mutagenic, antituberculoid immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and aphrodisiac. The unique flavor and fragrance of truffles is one of the main reasons to get worldwide attraction as a food product. So, the aim of this review was to summarize the relevant literature with particular attention to the active aroma components as well as the various sample preparation and analytical techniques used to identify them. The major analytical methods used for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in truffles are gas chromatography (GC), proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and electronic nose sensing (EN). In addition, factors influencing truffle aroma are also highlighted. For this reason, this review can be considered a good reference for research concerning aroma profiles of different species of truffles to deepen the knowledge about a complex odor of various truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Mustafa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Simone Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Franks Kamgang Nzekoue
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Doaa Abouelenein
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Torregiani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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A unique data analysis framework and open source benchmark data set for the analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography software. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461721. [PMID: 33246680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is amongst the most powerful separation technologies currently existing. Since its advent in early 1990, it has become an established method which is readily available. However, one of its most challenging aspects, especially in hyphenation with mass spectrometry is the high amount of chemical information it provides for each measurement. The GC × GC community agrees that there, the highest demand for action is found. In response, the number of software packages allowing for in-depth data processing of GC × GC data has risen over the last couple of years. These packages provide sophisticated tools and algorithms allowing for more streamlined data evaluation. However, these tools/algorithms and their respective specific functionalities differ drastically within the available software packages and might result in various levels of findings if not appropriately implemented by the end users. This study focuses on two main objectives. First, to propose a data analysis framework and second to propose an open-source dataset for benchmarking software options and their specificities. Thus, allowing for an unanimous and comprehensive evaluation of GC × GC software. Thereby, the benchmark data includes a set of standard compound measurements and a set of chocolate aroma profiles. On this foundation, eight readily available GC × GC software packages were anonymously investigated for fundamental and advanced functionalities such as retention and detection device derived parameters, revealing differences in the determination of e.g. retention times and mass spectra.
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Cialiè Rosso M, Stilo F, Squara S, Liberto E, Mai S, Mele C, Marzullo P, Aimaretti G, Reichenbach SE, Collino M, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Exploring extra dimensions to capture saliva metabolite fingerprints from metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese patients by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography featuring Tandem Ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:403-418. [PMID: 33140127 PMCID: PMC7806578 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the information potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF MS) and variable ionization energy (i.e., Tandem Ionization™) to study changes in saliva metabolic signatures from a small group of obese individuals. The study presents a proof of concept for an effective exploitation of the complementary nature of tandem ionization data. Samples are taken from two sub-populations of severely obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) patients, named metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Untargeted fingerprinting, based on pattern recognition by template matching, is applied on single data streams and on fused data, obtained by combining raw signals from the two ionization energies (12 and 70 eV). Results indicate that at lower energy (i.e., 12 eV), the total signal intensity is one order of magnitude lower compared to the reference signal at 70 eV, but the ranges of variations for 2D peak responses is larger, extending the dynamic range. Fused data combine benefits from 70 eV and 12 eV resulting in more comprehensive coverage by sample fingerprints. Multivariate statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) show quite good patient clustering, with total explained variance by the first two principal components (PCs) that increases from 54% at 70 eV to 59% at 12 eV and up to 71% for fused data. With PLS-DA, discriminant components are highlighted and putatively identified by comparing retention data and 70 eV spectral signatures. Within the most informative analytes, lactose is present in higher relative amount in saliva from MHO patients, whereas N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, urea, glucuronic acid γ-lactone, 2-deoxyribose, N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester, and 5-aminovaleric acid are more abundant in MUO patients. Visual feature fingerprinting is combined with pattern recognition algorithms to highlight metabolite variations between composite per-class images obtained by combining raw data from individuals belonging to different classes, i.e., MUO vs. MHO. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cialiè Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Squara
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Mai
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano Ospedale S. Giuseppe, 28824, Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Chiara Mele
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano Ospedale S. Giuseppe, 28824, Piancavallo, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano Ospedale S. Giuseppe, 28824, Piancavallo, Italy. .,Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,GC Image, LLC, Lincoln, NE, 68508, USA
| | - Massimo Collino
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Spigolon N, Genova G, Rosso G, Fontana M, Reichenbach SE, Bicchi C, Cordero C. An effective chromatographic fingerprinting workflow based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry to establish volatiles patterns discriminative of spoiled hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). Food Chem 2020; 340:128135. [PMID: 33011466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of hazelnuts encrypts information about: cultivar/geographical origin, post-harvest treatments, oxidative stability and sensory quality. However, sensory features could be buried under other dominant chemical signatures posing challenges to an effective classification based on pleasant/unpleasant notes. Here a novel workflow that combines Untargeted and Targeted (UT) fingerprinting on comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatographic patterns is developed to discriminate spoiled hazelnuts from those of acceptable quality. By flash-profiling, six hazelnut classes are defined: Mould, Mould-rancid-solvent, Rancid, Rancid-stale, Rancid-solvent, and Uncoded KO. Chromatographic fingerprinting on composite 2D chromatograms from samples belonging to the same class (i.e., composite class-images) enabled effective selection of chemical markers: (a) octanoic acid that guides the sensory classification being positively correlated to mould; (b) ƴ-nonalactone, ƴ-hexalactone, acetone, and 1-nonanol that are decisive to classify OK and rancid samples; (c) heptanoic and hexanoic acids and ƴ-octalactone present in high relative abundance in rancid-solvent and rancid-stale samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Nicola Spigolon
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Genova
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Ginevra Rosso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Mauro Fontana
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MS 0115, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0115, USA; GC Image LLC, PO Box 57403, Lincoln, NE 68505-7403, USA.
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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Cain CN, Schöneich S, Synovec RE. Development of an Enhanced Total Ion Current Chromatogram Algorithm to Improve Untargeted Peak Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11365-11373. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sonia Schöneich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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Climate and Processing Effects on Tea ( Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102447. [PMID: 32456315 PMCID: PMC7288030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study applied an untargeted–targeted (UT) fingerprinting approach, based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF MS), to assess the effects of rainfall and temperature (both seasonal and elevational) on the tea metabolome. By this strategy, the same compound found in multiple samples need only to be identified once, since chromatograms and mass spectral features are aligned in the data analysis process. Primary and specialized metabolites of leaves from two Chinese provinces, Yunnan (pu′erh) and Fujian (oolong), and a farm in South Carolina (USA, black tea) were studied. UT fingerprinting provided insight into plant metabolism activation/inhibition, taste and trigeminal sensations, and antioxidant properties, not easily attained by other analytical approaches. For example, pu′erh and oolong contained higher relative amounts of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. Conversely, black tea contained less of all targeted compounds except fructose and glucose, which were more similar to oolong tea. Findings revealed compounds statistically different between spring (pre-monsoon) and summer (monsoon) in pu′erh and oolong teas as well as compounds that exhibited the greatest variability due to seasonal and elevational differences. The UT fingerprinting approach offered unique insights into how differences in growing conditions and commercial processing affect the nutritional benefits and sensory characteristics of tea beverages.
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Dielectric Nanoparticles Coated upon Silver Hollow Nanosphere as an Integrated Design to Reinforce SERS Detection of Trace Ampicillin in Milk Solution. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique is competent to trace detection of target species, down to the single molecule level. The detection sensitivity is presumably degraded by the presence of non-specific binding molecules that occupy a SERS-active site (or hot spot) on the substrate surface. In this study, a silver hollow nano-sphere (Ag HNS) with cavity has been particularly designed, followed by depositing dielectric nanoparticles (Di NPs) upon Ag HNS. In the integrated nanostructures, Di NPs/Ag HNS were furthermore confirmed by cutting through the cross sections using the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique, which provides the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy-dispersive Spectroscope (EDS) mode for identifying the distribution of Di NPs upon Ag HNS. The results have indicated that Di NPs/Ag HNS exhibits small diameter of cavity, and among Di NPs in this study, Al2O3 with lower dielectric constant provides a much higher SERS enhancement factor (e.g., ~6.2 × 107). In this study, to detect trace amounts (e.g., 0.01 ppm) of Ampicillin in water or milk solution, Al2O3 NPs/Ag HNS was found to be more efficient and less influenced by non-specific binding molecules in milk. A substrate with integrated plasmonic and dielectric components was designed to increase the adsorption of target species and to repulse non-specific binding molecules from SERS-active sites.
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28
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Snow NH. Applications. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813745-1.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Amaral MSS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Advances in Technology and Applications: Biennial Update. Anal Chem 2019; 92:85-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. S. Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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31
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Rosso MC, Mazzucotelli M, Bicchi C, Charron M, Manini F, Menta R, Fontana M, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Adding extra-dimensions to hazelnuts primary metabolome fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry featuring tandem ionization: Insights on the aroma potential. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1614:460739. [PMID: 31796248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The information potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) featuring tandem hard (70 eV) and soft (12 eV) electron ionization is here applied to accurately delineate high-quality hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) primary metabolome fingerprints. The information provided by tandem signals for untargeted and targeted 2D-peaks is examined and exploited with pattern recognition based on template matching algorithms. EI-MS fragmentation pattern similarity, base-peak m/z values at the two examined energies (i.e., 12 and 70 eV) and response relative sensitivity are adopted to evaluate the complementary nature of signals. As challenging bench test, the hazelnut primary metabolome has a large chemical dimensionality that includes various chemical classes such as mono- and disaccharides, amino acids, low-molecular weight acids, and amines, further complicated by oximation/silylation to obtain volatile derivatives. Tandem ionization provides notable benefits including larger relative ratio of structural informing ions due to limited fragmentation at low energies (12 eV), meaningful spectral dissimilarity between 12 and 70 eV (direct match factor values range 222-783) and, for several analytes, enhanced relative sensitivity at lower energies. The complementary information provided by tandem ionization is exploited by untargeted/targeted (UT) fingerprinting on samples from different cultivars and geographical origins. The responses of 138 UT-peak-regions are explored to delineate informative patterns by univariate and multivariate statistics, providing insights on correlations between known precursors and (key)-aroma compounds and potent odorants. Strong positive correlations between non-volatile precursors and odorants are highlighted with some interesting linear trends for: 3-methylbutanal with isoleucine (R2 0.9284); 2,3-butanedione/2,3-pentanedione with monosaccharides (fructose/glucose derivatives) (R2 0.8543 and 0.8860); 2,5-dimethylpyrazine with alanine (R2 0.8822); and pyrroles (1H-pyrrole, 3-methyl-1H-pyrrole, and 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde) with ornithine and alanine derivatives (R2 0.8604). The analytical work-flow provides a solid foundation for a new strategy for hazelnuts quality assessment because aroma potential could be derived from precursors' chemical fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cialiè Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy
| | - Maria Mazzucotelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Menta
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba (CN), Italy
| | - Mauro Fontana
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba (CN), Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, NE, USA; GC Image LCC, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy.
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Highly Informative Fingerprinting of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Volatiles: The Role of High Concentration-Capacity Sampling in Combination with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study explores the complex volatile fraction of extra-virgin olive oil by combining high concentration-capacity headspace approaches with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, which is coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry. The static headspace techniques in this study are: (a) Solid-phase microextraction, with multi-polymer coating (SPME- Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane), which is taken as the reference technique; (b) headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) with either a single-material coating (polydimethylsiloxane—PDMS) or a dual-phase coating that combines PDMS/Carbopack and PDMS/EG (ethyleneglycol); (c) monolithic material sorptive extraction (MMSE), using octa-decyl silica combined with graphite carbon (ODS/CB); and dynamic headspace (d) with either PDMS foam, operating in partition mode, or Tenax TA™, operating in adsorption mode. The coverage of both targeted and untargeted 2D-peak-region features, which corresponds to detectable analytes, was examined, while concentration factors (CF) for a selection of informative analytes, including key-odorants and off-odors, and homolog-series relative ratios were calculated and the information capacity was discussed. The results highlighted the differences in concentration capacities, which were mainly caused by polymer-accumulation characteristics (sorptive/adsorptive materials) and its amount. The relative concentration capacity for homologues and potent odorants was also discussed, while headspace linearity and the relative distribution of analytes, as a function of different sampling amounts, was examined. This last point is of particular interest in quantitative studies where accurate data is needed to derive consistent conclusions.
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Amaral MSS, Marriott PJ. The Blossoming of Technology for the Analysis of Complex Aroma Bouquets-A Review on Flavour and Odorant Multidimensional and Comprehensive Gas Chromatography Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E2080. [PMID: 31159223 PMCID: PMC6600270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidimensional approaches in gas chromatography have been established as potent tools to (almost) attain fully resolved analyses. Flavours and odours are important application fields for these techniques since they include complex matrices, and are of interest for both scientific study and to consumers. This article is a review of the main research studies in the above theme, discussing the achievements and challenges that demonstrate a maturing of analytical separation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S S Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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34
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Untargeted and Targeted Fingerprinting of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Volatiles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry: Challenges in Long-Term Studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5289-5302. [PMID: 30994349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC × GC-MS) offers an information-rich basis for effective chemical fingerprinting of food. However, GC × GC-MS yields 2D-peak patterns (i.e., sample 2D fingerprints) whose consistency may be affected by variables related to either the analytical platform or to the experimental parameters adopted for the analysis. This study focuses on the complex volatile fraction of extra-virgin olive oil and addresses 2D-peak patterns variations, including MS signal fluctuations, as they may occur in long-term studies where pedo-climatic, harvest year, or shelf life changes are studied. The 2D-pattern misalignments are forced by changing chromatographic settings and MS acquisition. All procedural steps, preceding pattern recognition by template matching, are analyzed and a rational workflow defined to accurately realign patterns and analytes metadata. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detection threshold, reference spectra extraction, and similarity match factor threshold are critical to avoid false-negative matches. Distance thresholds and polynomial transform parameters are key for effective template matching. In targeted analysis (supervised workflow) with optimized parameters, method accuracy reaches 92.5% (i.e., % of true-positive matches) while for combined untargeted and targeted ( UT) fingerprinting (unsupervised workflow), accuracy reaches 97.9%. Response normalization also is examined, evidencing good performance of multiple internal standard normalization that effectively compensates for discriminations occurring during injection of highly volatile compounds. The resulting workflow is simple, effective, and time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
- GC Image, LLC , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Qingping Tao
- GC Image, LLC , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Strategies for Accurate Quantitation of Volatiles from Foods and Plant-Origin Materials: A Challenging Task. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1619-1630. [PMID: 30644749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of foods and of plant-origin materials provides functional information on sample-related variables, and gas-phase extractions are ideal approaches for its accurate chemical characterization. However, for gas-phase sampling, the usual procedures adopted to standardize results from solvent extraction methods are not appropriate: headspace (HS) composition depends on the intrinsic physicochemical analyte properties (volatility, polarity, partition coefficient(s)) and matrix effects. Method development, design, and expression of the results are therefore challenging. This review article focuses on volatile vapor-phase quantitation methods (internal standard normalization, standard addition, stable isotope dilution assay, multiple headspace extraction) and their suitability in different applications. Because of the analyte informative role, the different ways of expressing results (normalized chromatographic area, percent normalized chromatographic areas, and absolute concentrations) are discussed and critically evaluated with examples of quality markers in chamomile, process contaminants (furan and 2-methylfuran) in roasted coffee, and key-aroma compounds from high-quality cocoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
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