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Mo W, Hu H, Yu J, Zhang T, Liu Q, Li M, Zhang X, Li T, Guo Y. Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Drinking and Environmental Waters by Headspace Gas Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae047. [PMID: 39119868 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHHs) are annually produced and released into the environment, posing a threat to public health. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive and automated method based on headspace and gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection was described for the determination of VHHs in different concentration levels in water samples. The proposed headspace GC method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 10-mL water sample containing 20% w/v sodium chloride placed in a 20-mL vial and stirred at 60°C for 35 min, and then 14 VHHs were well separated on DB-35 MS capillary column with a split ratio of 12.5: 1. The limits of detection were in the low μg/L level, ranging between 0.01 and 0.6 μg/L. Finally optimized method was applied for determination 14 VHHs in drinking and environmental waters. The total mean concentrations of VHHs were 34.962, 26.183, 3.228 and 647.344 μg/L in tap water, purified water with 1-year-old filter element, seawater and effluents, respectively. However, no VHHs was detected in purified water with a new filter element. The main composition is different among different water matrix, which may be attributed to their different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Jiangmei Yu
- Department of Environmental Impact Assessment and Emissions Management, Zhoushan Ecological Environment Protection Technology Center, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Department of Marine and Fishery Environment, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
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Oviedo MN, Luján CE, Lemos AA, Botella MB, Llaver M, Wuilloud RG. An overview of preconcentration techniques combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for trace element determination in biological studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2641-2656. [PMID: 38243115 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In the last decades, the determination of trace elements in biological materials has emerged as an important area of study because of its relevance to human health and the environment. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has proven to be a powerful tool for trace element analysis, owing to its high sensitivity and ability to determine several elements in a single measurement. However, given the complex nature of biological matrices and the presence of elements, most of them at ultratrace levels, it becomes crucial to complement ICP-MS with preconcentration techniques to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of analytical methods. This article presents an exhaustive overview of liquid- and solid-phase preconcentration techniques used in combination with ICP-MS for trace element determination in different biological samples from 2000 to the present. An in-depth discussion of the advances on the application of state-of-the-art solvents and materials in trace element extraction and preconcentration is presented. Special attention is given to different strategies for elemental speciation analysis, employing both chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques. The role of automation in these methodologies is also described. Finally, future trends and challenges related to this topic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Oviedo
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), CONICET UNCUYO, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cecilia E Luján
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), CONICET UNCUYO, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Aldana A Lemos
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), CONICET UNCUYO, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María B Botella
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), CONICET UNCUYO, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Llaver
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), CONICET UNCUYO, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo G Wuilloud
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica para Investigación y Desarrollo (QUIANID), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), CONICET UNCUYO, Padre J. Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Gupta M, Soni S, Jain A, Verma KK. A rapid and green GC-MS method for the sampling of volatile organic compounds in spices and flowers by concurrent headspace single-drop microextraction and solid-phase microextraction. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1536-1545. [PMID: 36880701 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium rather than the exhaustive nature of headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) allowed the concurrent sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the same sample in the same vial in a dual extraction configuration. This has avoided the necessity of conducting a separate set of experiments and was found to produce results in the time duration of a single sample preparation experiment. The results obtained by HS-SDME were validated against those found by the standard method of HS-SPME. Rectilinear calibration was made for certain VOCs tested as analytes over the range of 0.01-8 μg g-1, and the average values of R2, LOD and LOQ were found to be, respectively, 0.9992, 1.9 ng g-1 and 5.7 ng g-1 in HS-SDME, and 0.9991, 3.1 ng g-1 and 9.1 ng g-1 in HS-SPME. The spiked recoveries and RSD were, respectively, 100.5% and 3.3% in HS-SDME and 98.1% and 3.6% in HS-SPME. HS-SDME is convenient to perform and produce results in a much cheaper way than HS-SPME and free from the inconveniences of memory effects. With GC-MS, this method has also been implemented as a rapid, reliable and green procedure (by GAPI and AGREE tools) for the sampling of VOCs in real samples of spices, flowers, and a beetle nut chewing sample illicitly containing tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Department of Chemistry, St. Aloysius College (Autonomous), Jabalpur 482001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Soumitra Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Archana Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Krishna K Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Mohebbi A, Farajzadeh MA, Sorouraddin SM, Abbaspour M. Improved magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic sorbent obtained from sand for the extraction of pesticides from fruit juice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4266-4275. [PMID: 35040126 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A combination of magnetic solid-phase extraction using an efficient and cheap magnetic sorbent obtained from sand and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been developed for the extraction of nine multiclass pesticides (clodinafop-propargyl, haloxyfop-R-methyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, oxadiazon, penconazole, diniconazole, chlorpyrifos, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin) from commercial fruit juices (sour cherry, pomegranate, grape, watermelon, orange, apricot, and peach juices). The enriched pesticides were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The sorbent was natural iron oxide entrapped in silica along with some impurities. In this method, to extract the analytes from the samples, an appropriate amount of the magnetic sorbent (at mg level) is added. Then the sorbent particles are isolated from the solution using an external magnetic field and the adsorbed analytes are desorbed from the sorbent by acetone. In the following, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure is carried out to concentrate the analytes more and to reach low limits of detection. RESULTS Under optimized extraction conditions, the method revealed satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation ≤8% for intra-day and inter-day precision), reasonable extraction recovery (43.3-55.9%), high enrichment factors (433-559), and low limits of detection (0.45-0.89 μg L-1 ). CONCLUSION The method was applied in the analysis of pesticides in various fruit juices. Chlorpyrifos was found in peach juice at a concentration of 27 ± 2 μg L-1 (n = 3) using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. To verify the results, the peach juice was also injected into gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after applying the proposed extraction method. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohebbi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Abbaspour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Simultaneous production and sustainable eutectic mixture based purification of narringinase with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by valorization of tofu wastewater. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10509. [PMID: 35732803 PMCID: PMC9217967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current investigation is being executed for sustainable one-pot production and purification of naringinase using natural deep eutectic solvent-based extractive fermentation. Five natural deep eutectic solvents were prepared and their physicochemical properties were determined as a function of temperature. Tofu wastewater was used as a low-cost substrate for naringinase production and simultaneous in-situ purification of the enzyme was accomplished by employing NADES. Optimal conditions of influential factors like concentrations of NADES (74.5% w/w), Na2SO4 (15% w/v) and tofu wastewater (1.5% w/w) resulted in an effective yield of naringinase (249.6 U/ml). Scale-up of naringinase production with a 3 l custom made desktop bioreactor was accomplished and effective regeneration of NADES was established. NADES exhibits selectivity during extraction even after the fifth cycle proving it to be tailor-made. The resulting active enzyme was quantified by size exclusion chromatography (736.85 U/mg). Ultrapure enzyme fraction was obtained with anion exchange chromatography yielding maximum purity of (63.2 U/ml) and specific naringinase activity of (3516 U/mg). The in-vitro debittering activity of the resulting ultrapure enzyme fraction was determined with grape juice resulting in naringin and limonin removal of [23.4% (w/w)] and [64.3% (w/w)] respectively.
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Vrabelj T, Finšgar M. Recent Progress in Non-Enzymatic Electroanalytical Detection of Pesticides Based on the Use of Functional Nanomaterials as Electrode Modifiers. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:263. [PMID: 35624564 PMCID: PMC9139166 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review presents recent advances in the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection and quantification of pesticides, focusing on the use of nanomaterial-based electrode modifiers and their corresponding analytical response. The use of bare glassy carbon electrodes, carbon paste electrodes, screen-printed electrodes, and other electrodes in this research area is presented. The sensors were modified with single nanomaterials, a binary composite, or triple and multiple nanocomposites applied to the electrodes' surfaces using various application techniques. Regardless of the type of electrode used and the class of pesticides analysed, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles are investigated mainly for electrochemical analysis because they have a high surface-to-volume ratio and, thus, a large effective area, high conductivity, and (electro)-chemical stability. This work demonstrates the progress made in recent years in the non-enzymatic electrochemical analysis of pesticides. The need for simultaneous detection of multiple pesticides with high sensitivity, low limit of detection, high precision, and high accuracy remains a challenge in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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Yasien S, Muntazir Iqbal M, Javed M, Iqbal S, Ahmad Z, Tamam N, Nadeem S, Elkaeed EB, Alzhrani RM, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA, Alsaab HO. Quantification of Multi-class Pesticides in Stomach Contents and Milk by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Liquid Extraction Method. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Qin B, Wang X, Tang L, Wang S, Shi Y, Zhao L, Jiang H. Comparative study of headspace and headspace single drop microextraction combined with GC for the determination of methanol in wine. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Comparison of Two Extraction Techniques (SDE vs. SPME) for the Determination of Garlic and Elephant Garlic Volatile Compounds. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as trace level drug extractants and drug solubility enhancers: State-of-the-art, prospects and challenges. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Deep eutectic solvents in liquid-phase microextraction: Contribution to green chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Li G, Row KH. Single-drop microextraction technique for the determination of antibiotics in environmental water. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:883-895. [PMID: 34919334 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing concerns related to antibiotic residues in environmental water have encouraged the development of rapid, sensitive, and accurate analytical methods. Single-drop microextraction has been recognized as an efficient approach for the isolation and preconcentration of several analytes from a complex sample matrix. Thus, single-drop microextraction techniques are cost-effective and less harmful to the environment, subscribing to green analytical chemistry principles. Herein, an overview and the current advances in single-drop microextraction for the determination of antibiotics in environmental water are presented were included. In particular, two main approaches used to perform single-drop microextraction (direct immersion-single-drop microextraction and headspace-single-drop microextraction) are reviewed. Furthermore, the impressive analytical features and future perspectives of single-drop microextraction are discussed in this review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276005, P. R. China
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402751, Korea
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Ji X, Ji W. Determination of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Mature and Immature Foliage of Five Species of Pinaceae by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2006682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Ji
- Advanced Analysis & Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wensu Ji
- Ordnance Non-commissioned Officers School, Army Engineering University of PLA, Wuhan, China
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Martins FCOL, Batista AD, Melchert WR. Current overview and perspectives in environmentally friendly microextractions of carbamates and dithiocarbamates. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:6116-6145. [PMID: 34564942 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbamates and dithiocarbamates are two classes of pesticides widely employed in the agriculture practice to control and avoid pests and weeds, hence, the monitoring of the residue of those pesticides in different foodstuff samples is important. Thus, this review presents the classification, chemical structure, use, and toxicology of them. Moreover, it was shown the evolution of liquid- and solid-phase microextractions employed in the extraction of carbamates and dithiocarbamates in water and foodstuff samples. The classification, operation mode, and application of the microextractions of liquid-phase and solid-phase used in their extraction were discussed and related to the analytical parameters and guidelines of green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex D Batista
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Wanessa R Melchert
- College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Tamen AE, Vishnikin A. In-vessel headspace liquid-phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1172:338670. [PMID: 34119018 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new mode of headspace liquid-phase microextraction termed in-vessel headspace liquid-phase microextraction (IV-HS-LPME) has been developed. A plastic vessel was used as a holder for an extraction phase. Problems with drop stability, limitations in the stirring speed, and too little volume of the acceptor phase have been completely eliminated. The proposed approach is fully compatible with ordinary instruments and microcuvettes used in spectrophotometry. The potential of the method was evaluated by determining the iodide concentration in various samples. Iodide in the donor phase was converted to volatile I2 by oxidation with 1 mmol L-1 K2Cr2O7. The reaction mixture was agitated on a magnetic stirrer for 30 min at a stirring speed of 1200 rpm. A 1% (w/v) aqueous solution of KI was used as the acceptor phase. The absorbance of the I3- ion formed in the acceptor phase was measured in a 50 μL microcuvette at 350 nm. For the case of extraction from 10 mL donor solution into 50 μL of acceptor phase, the calibration graph is linear in the range of 20-400 μg L-1 (as I-) with a detection limit of 6 μg L-1. The developed method has a high precision comparable to conventional spectrophotometric methods (0.6-1.5%). The extraction efficiency obtained in the optimal conditions was 10.5%. The distribution constants for equilibria between the donor solution and the headspace and between the headspace and the acceptor solution are 0.8 ± 0.1 and 16 ± 2, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the iodine content in natural waters, medicines and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimad-Eddine Tamen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, 72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro, 49010, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Vishnikin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, 72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro, 49010, Ukraine.
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Dmitrienko SG, Apyari VV, Tolmacheva VV, Gorbunova MV. Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Organic Compounds into a Single Drop of the Extractant: Overview of Reviews. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821080049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chen J, Li X, Huang A, Deng W, Xiao Y. Nonionic surfactants based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for liquid-liquid microextraction of Sudan dyes in tomato chili sauces. Food Chem 2021; 364:130373. [PMID: 34182367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new type of high-density hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized with nonionic surfactants as hydrogen bond acceptors and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as hydrogen bond donor. Brij-35 was selected as the optimal nonionic surfactant for the preparation of Brij-35-HFIP-DES (molar ratio 1:20). A vortex-assisted DES-based liquid-liquid microextraction method was proposed for determination of Sudan dyes in tomato chili sauces. The whole pretreatment process only needs 5 min and 1.1 mL of organic solvent. The method with HPLC-DAD shows high efficiency (enrichment factors 89-176 and extraction rates 61.0-74.6%) and good performance with linearity (R ≥ 0.9997) in 0.04-2 μg g-1 range, detection limits of 0.0045-0.0118 μg g-1, recoveries of 91.6-104.5% and intra-/inter-day precision below 8.0%. A "DES in water in DES" aggregate microstructure was observed in DES-rich phase. The proposed method is simple, quick, eco-friendly, and suits for the efficient extraction and accurate determination of Sudan dyes in tomato chili sauces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Scientific Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, and School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxiu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Ahmadnezhad Z, Vaezihir A, Schüth C, Zarrini G. Combination of zeolite barrier and bio sparging techniques to enhance efficiency of organic hydrocarbon remediation in a model of shallow groundwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128555. [PMID: 33087257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption and bioremediation are effective processes for remediation of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene (BTE) through Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs). A few researches focus on adsorption of natural zeolite because of its hydrophilic property. On the other hand, PRBs need to be replaced by fresh materials after a while when all the possible absorption positions were filled up. We tried to find a way to increase the efficiency of PRB, elongation of its replacement period and of course decreasing the cost of remediation. Equipping of PRB with microbial degradation system was the idea. The present study describes the performances of natural Clinoptilolite-Heulandite Zeolite (CH-Z) and three new strains (safe and low-cost media) utilized in a PRB for removing BTE from contaminated shallow groundwater. First, batch tests were conducted to recognize the optimal removal conditions for utilization of C-HZ and strains to remediate BTE compounds. Then, an aerobic PRB system filled with a natural zeolite was designed and investigated in a continuous flow sand-tank model to assess the efficiency of combined PRBs (zeolite + biosparging), for BTE-contaminated groundwater. Batch experiments showed that the BTE removal of zeolite was 89%, as well as, a consortium of three bacterial strains, Variovorax sp. OT16, Pseudomonas balearica OT17, and Ornithinibacillus sp. OT18 efficiently removed the BTE mixture. The process of BTE removal in the PRB under continuous-flow condition was divided into three phases: Phase I, in which the barrier was made of the only zeolite, and in Phases II and III the reactor was fed by microorganisms. This experiment revealed that in Phases I, the concentrations of BTE decrease (92%) due to zeolite adsorption. In Phase II and III, the degradation process became the principal removal mechanism (68% and 81%, respectively). Consequently, this research showed high ability of C-HZ in the BTE treatment, and a combination of Natural Zeolite, with a biological degradation system (CH-Z -PRB) improves the efficiency of BTE remediation. However, the slow biodegradation rates and the continuous injection of BTE in the model confirmed that longer time was needed for the PRB to function optimally. Finally, the combined method of CH-Z- BIO PRB showed the great potential in the restriction of the BTE migration that can be used at the field-scale after up-scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ahmadnezhad
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Vaezihir
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd., Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Hydrogeology, Geoscience Group, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gholamreza Zarrini
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd., Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile/Ni-MOF electrospun nanofiber as an efficient fiber coating material for headspace solid-phase microextraction of diazinon and chlorpyrifos followed by CD-IMS analysis. Food Chem 2021; 350:129242. [PMID: 33626398 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an electrospun polyacrylonitrile/nickel-based metal-organic framework nanocomposite (PAN/Ni-MOF) coating on a stainless steel wire was synthesized and employed as a novel nanosorbent for headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), diazinon (DIZ), and chlorpyrifos (CPS) from the diverse aqueous media followed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS). Under the optimum experimental conditions, the calibration plots were linear in the range of 1.0-250.0 ng mL-1 for DIZ and 0.5-300.0 ng mL-1 for CPS with r2 > 0.999. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 0.3 and 0.2 ng mL-1 for DIZ and CPS, respectively. The intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs%) (n = 5) at the concentration levels of 20.0, 40.0, and 100.0 ng mL-1 were ≤ 5.2%. To investigate the extraction efficiency, PAN/Ni-MOF was employed to analyze various juice samples, including orange, apple, and grape juices, and in three water samples where it led to good recoveries ranged between 87% and 98%.
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21
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Dispersive solid phase extraction based on simply prepared nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon nanocomposite combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction: application in the extraction of some pesticides from fruit juices. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Mehravar A, Feizbakhsh A, Mohsen Sarafi AH, Konoz E, Faraji H. Validation of chemometric-assisted single-drop microextraction based on sustainable solvents to analyze polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:242-249. [PMID: 33351005 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemometric and statistic approaches were applied to optimize and validate headspace-single drop microextraction-based deep eutectic solvents combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proposed technique was used for the pre-concentration, separation, and detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. The efficacy of the independent variables on the extraction efficiency was studied via chemometric methods in two steps. The method exhibits good linearity for the analytes (R2 ≥ 0.9989). Under optimal conditions, the analytical signal was linear in the range of 0.01-50 μg L-1. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were evaluated in the concentration range of 0.003-0.012 and 0.009-0.049 μg L-1, respectively. The precision consisting of repeatability and reproducibility were assessed by estimating the relative standard deviation (RSD%), and their values were found to be lower than 7.1% and 11.7%, respectively. Consequently, the proposed procedure was used to extract and analyze 19 polyaromatic hydrocarbons in real aqueous samples, which demonstrated satisfactory recoveries (94.40-105.98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mehravar
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Feizbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Elaheh Konoz
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin 338177489, Iran.
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23
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Zhao W, Jing X, Tian Y, Feng C. Magnetic Fe3O4 @ porous activated carbon effervescent tablet-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental water. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Mehravar A, Feizbakhsh A, Sarafi AHM, Konoz E, Faraji H. Deep eutectic solvent-based headspace single-drop microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461618. [PMID: 33080534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An improved deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based headspace single-drop microextraction procedure has been developed as a green procedure for gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous samples. The stability of the micro-drop was significantly improved using a DES as an extraction phase and a bell-shaped tube as a supporter. These strategies helped to perform the extraction process in higher temperatures and stirring rates. Finally, the back-extraction of the analytes into a proper solvent that is compatible with the chromatography system was applied. The efficacy of the independent variables on the extraction efficiency was evaluated via chemometric methods in two steps. The best result was obtained with choline chloride-oxalic acid at the molar ratio of 1:2, a stirring speed of 2000 rpm for 10 min as well as a sample temperature of 50 °C and with ionic strength prepared by using a 10% (w/v) NaCl. The method indicated a good linearity for the analytes (R2≥0.9989). Under optimal conditions, the analytical signal was linear in the range of 0.01-50 μg L-1. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were evaluated at the concentration levels of 0.003-0.012 and 0.009-0.049 μg L-1, respectively. Intraday and interday precision for all targeted compounds was less than 7.2% and 11.3%, respectively. Consequently, the proposed procedure was efficiently applied to extract and analyze the 16 target compounds in real aqueous samples representing satisfactory recoveries (94.40-105.98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mehravar
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Feizbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Elaheh Konoz
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin 338177489, Iran.
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25
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Shishov A, Gorbunov A, Baranovskii E, Bulatov A. Microextraction of sulfonamides from chicken meat samples in three-component deep eutectic solvent. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Teixeira LS, Silva CF, de Oliveira HL, Dinali LAF, Nascimento CS, Borges KB. Microextraction by packed molecularly imprinted polymer to selectively determine caffeine in soft and energy drinks. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Torabi A, Shirani M, Semnani A, Akbari A. Deep eutectic solvent-based ligandless ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase microextraction for extraction of cobalt ions from food samples prior to spectrophotometric determination. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Dikmen Y, Güleryüz A, Metin B, Bodur S, Öner M, Bakırdere S. A novel and rapid extraction protocol for sensitive and accurate determination of prochloraz in orange juice samples: Vortex-assisted spraying-based fine droplet formation liquid-phase microextraction before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4622. [PMID: 33210452 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel, ecofriendly, and easy extraction and preconcentration method named as vortex-assisted spraying-based fine droplet formation liquid-phase microextraction was proposed for the determination of prochloraz at trace levels in orange juice samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this novel system, extraction solvent is dispersed by the help of spraying apparatus instead of dispersive solvent. Various parameters of the method were carefully optimized to increase signal-to-noise ratio of the analyte. Under the optimum chromatographic and extraction conditions, limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated as 3.2 and 10.8 μg/kg, respectively. Moreover, enhancement in quantification power for the GC-MS system was determined as 372 folds based on LOQ comparison. Relative recovery results for orange juice samples were found to be between 95.0-107.7% by utilizing matrix matching calibration. Furthermore, the developed method may be used to efficiently and simply extract other organic compounds for their determinations in several matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaren Dikmen
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Aybüke Güleryüz
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Berfin Metin
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Miray Öner
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Piyade Street, No: 27, Çankaya, Ankara, 06690, Turkey
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29
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Ogura T, Wakayama M, Ashino Y, Kadowaki R, Sato M, Soga T, Tomita M. Effects of feed crops and boiling on chicken egg yolk and white determined by a metabolome analysis. Food Chem 2020; 327:127077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Afshar Mogaddam MR. Development and Validation of a Simple and Rapid HPLC Method for the Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Plasma Samples of Farmers; Application in Toxicological and Risk Assessment Studies. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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31
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Norouzi F, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Soleymani J, Jouyban A, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR. Determination of morphine and oxymorphone in exhaled breath condensate samples: Application of microwave enhanced three–component deep eutectic solvent-based air–assisted liquid–liquid microextraction and derivatization prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Lu W, Liu S, Wu Z. Recent Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green Solvent in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Trace Level Chemical Contaminants in Food and Water. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:504-518. [PMID: 32845172 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1808947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As growing concerns on green, cost-effective, and time-saving chemistry analysis methods, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered to be promising green alternatives to conventional solvents in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of trace level chemical contaminants in food and water, due to their biodegradability, low cost, and simple preparation. In the past few years, numerous innovative researches have focused on preconcentration of trace level chemical contaminants using DESs as extractant. In this context, this review aims to summarize the updated state-of-the-art effort dedicated to preconcentration of trace level chemical contaminants in food and water sample using DESs as extractants in DLLME. Furthermore, the major impact factors affecting the preconcentration efficiency and process mechanisms are thoroughly analyzed and discussed. Finally, prospects and challenges in application of DESs as solvents in DLLME to enrich trace level chemical contaminants are extensively elucidated and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Lu
- School of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Zhilian Wu
- Ningbo Fengcheng Advanced Energy Materials Research Institute, Ningbo, China
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33
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Afshar Mogaddam MR, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Nemati M. Hollow fiber–liquid phase microextraction method based on a new deep eutectic solvent for extraction and derivatization of some phenolic compounds in beverage samples packed in plastics. Talanta 2020; 216:120986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Delove Tegladza I, Qi T, Chen T, Alorku K, Tang S, Shen W, Kong D, Yuan A, Liu J, Lee HK. Direct immersion single-drop microextraction of semi-volatile organic compounds in environmental samples: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122403. [PMID: 32126428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-drop microextraction (SDME) techniques are efficient approaches to pretreatment of aqueous samples. The main advantage of SDME lies in the miniaturization of the solvent extraction process, minimizing the hazards associated with the use of toxic organic solvents. Thus, SDME techniques are cost-effective, and represent less harm to the environment, subscribing to green analytical chemistry principles. In practice, two main approaches can be used to perform SDME - direct immersion (DI)-SDME and headspace (HS)-SDME. Even though the DI-SDME has been shown to be quite effective for extraction and enrichment of various organic compounds, applications of DI-SDME are normally more suitable for moderately polar and non-polar semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) using organic solvents which are immiscible with water. In this review, we present a historical overview and current advances in DI-SDME, including the common analytical tools which are usually coupled with DI-SDME. The review also focuses on applications concerning SVOCs in environmental samples. Currents trends in DI-SDME and possible future direction of the procedure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Delove Tegladza
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tong Qi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kingdom Alorku
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Dezhao Kong
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200137, PR China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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35
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Iqbal S, Iqbal MM, Javed M, Bahadur A, Yasien S, Hurr A, Ahmad N, Raheel M, Liu G. Modified QuEChERS extraction method followed by simultaneous quantitation of nine multi-class pesticides in human blood and urine by using GC-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122227. [PMID: 32603923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid pesticides are the most common insecticides used worldwide. They may cause chronic poisoning in farmers and acute poisoning in homicidal or suicidal cases. The determination of trace levels of these pesticides in human blood and urine is very challenging. This study focuses on a simultaneous quantitation method that was developed and validated for multi-class nine pesticides belonging to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid classes in human blood and urine. Target pesticides were extracted from blood and urine using a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction method. Capillary column DB-35 ms (15 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm) was used for chromatography with a 0.079 ml/min flow rate of carrier gas at constant pressure mode. Quantitation of sulfotep, phorate, carbofuran, chlorpyriphos, profenophos, triazophos, pyriproxyfen, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin was performed by mass spectrometer equipped with electron impact ionization source using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The lower and upper limits of quantitation for all nine pesticides were 0.01 mg/L and 2.0 mg/dL respectively. The proposed method was proved to be simple, fast, sensitive, and robust. It has been applied to the analysis of 9 pesticides samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Iqbal
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
| | - Muhammad Muntazir Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Toxicology, Punjab Forensic Science Agency Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Javed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Bahadur
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, South Korea
| | - Sara Yasien
- University College of Pharmacy, University of The Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amir Hurr
- Department of Toxicology, Punjab Forensic Science Agency Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raheel
- Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Guocong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
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36
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Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Fouladvand H, Mogaddam MRA. A new and facile method for preparation of amorphous carbon nanoparticles and their application as an efficient and cheap sorbent for the extraction of some pesticides from fruit juices. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Abstract
In order to analyze the mycotoxins in corn, the modified QuEChERS high-performance liquid chromatography was applied to extract, clean up, and detect mycotoxins in a nonpolar system. The impurities such as fat and protein were removed from the corn sample, and the impurities in the sample solution have almost no effect on extraction efficiency. The proposed method leads to a greater choice of mycotoxin-extraction solvents in high-fat-solid samples. An appropriate extraction solvent was selected, the pretreatment conditions were optimized, and the extraction and cleanup of mycotoxins in high-fat solids were enhanced. By changing the experiment parameters, this method can be further used for the extraction and analysis of mycotoxins in complex samples (nonfat, low-fat, or high-fat). This method achieves good linearity in the range of 2.5–1000 μg/kg with the correlation coefficients for all analytes in the range of 0.9975 to 0.9989. The acceptable standard deviations for intraday and interday precision were 1.8–4.3% and 3.2–5.2%, respectively, with recoveries from 89.7 to 105.9%.
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38
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Gao Y, Xia B, Qin Y, Huang K, Yang C, Yang Q, Zhao L. Online Scavenging of Trace Analytes in Complex Matrices for Fast Analysis by Carbon Dioxide Bubbling Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5732-5740. [PMID: 32357302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) microbubbles can selectively enrich organic solutes from sea spray aerosols. Common bubbling extractions are normally followed by off-line separation/detection through methods such as mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectroscopy. However, it is necessary to establish extractions with online separation and identification systems to improve efficiency and minimize sample loss. In this study, CO2 is used to form microbubbles in the sample solution, and trace analytes in the solution are transported to the gas phase by bubble bursting. Analytes at the liquid-gas interface are directly released into the trapping device, followed by thermal desorption for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the dependence of the extraction efficiency on various parameters has been analyzed. The method reported here provides high efficiency and minimizes the loss of trace volatiles with a better signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio than other gases. These features make the proposed method a rapid method to detect and quantify volatile/semivolatile analytes in complex liquid matrices. In addition to the preconcentration of organics, metal ions, and inorganic anions, a noticeable decrease of metal-organic compounds in the aqueous solution was shown for the first time. We finally propose a simple model of chemical partitioning in CO2 bubbling extraction of liquid samples for guiding online monitoring of trace analytes in real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunan Qin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Congling Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
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Naebi M, Jamshidi MA, Farajzadeh MA, Abolhassni J, Mogaddam MRA. In-process prepared deep eutectic solvent based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of irgaphos 168 and irganox 1010 in polypropylene packed drinks. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2850-2857. [PMID: 32363747 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In situ synthesis of a deep eutectic solvent and homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction performed in a narrow bore tube was developed for efficient extraction of irgaphos 168 and irganox 1010 in doogh and water samples packed in polypropylene packages. First, pH of the aqueous sample solutions containing the analytes is adjusted at 9. Then a hydrogen bond acceptor (choline chloride) and a hydrogen bond donor (oleic acid) are dissolved in the solution and vortexed to obtain a homogeneous solution. The solution is filled into a narrow bore tube, in which its bottom was clogged by a septum. Then hydrochloric acid solution is injected into the solution by a syringe. The tube is placed in an ultrasonic bath. During this step, the droplets of choline chloride:oleic acid deep eutectic solvent are produced. The method indicated high enrichment factor (435 for irgaphos 168 and 488 for irganox 1010), low limits of detection (0.03 and 0.09 ng/mL for irgaphos 168 and irganox 1010, respectively) and quantification (0.13 and 0.29 ng/mL for irgaphos 168 and irganox 1010), good recovery (74 and 83% for irgaphos 168 and irganox 1010, respectively), and satisfactory repeatabilities (relative standard deviations ≤12%) can be obtained using the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Naebi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Arabli Jamshidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Engineering Faculty, Near East University, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Jafar Abolhassni
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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40
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Quantification of light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood samples using on-line dynamic headspace extraction, thermodesorption, gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, based on an isotope dilution approach. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Elevated Temperature Homogeneous Liquid Phase Extraction Coupled to Ionic Liquid–Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Application of Water-Miscible Ionic Liquids as Extraction Solvent in Determination of Carbamate Pesticides. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Mohebbi A, Farajzadeh MA, Mahmoudzadeh A, Etemady A. Combination of poly (ε–caprolactone) grafted graphene quantum dots–based dispersive solid phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction of some pesticides from fruit juices prior to their quantification by gas chromatography. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Peña J, Fernández Laespada ME, García Pinto C, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. Multiple headspace sampling coupled to a programmed temperature vaporizer to improve sensitivity in headspace-gas chromatography. Determination of aldehydes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121824. [PMID: 31731218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of sensitivity in headspace (HS) sampling of not very volatile analytes constitutes a challenge that has usually been approached through coupling with additional techniques. Here we propose a new methodology for increasing sensitivity through a multistep approach. This proof of concept is based on direct coupling of a headspace sampler with a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) and a gas chromatograph (GC), with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Analytes are extracted from the same vial in a stepwise procedure, splitting the headspace generation time of conventional HS into four periods and using the PTV to cryogenically trap the analytes during the successive HS samplings. Solvent vent mode is mandatory in order to retain the analytes, purging the gas solvent at an adequate initial low temperature and flash-heating the PTV liner in a quick ramp (720 °C/min), once the HS samplings are finished. Linear aldehydes, from pentanal to decanal, possible biomarkers of several diseases have been selected as model compounds. This multiple HS method has been compared with conventional HS, and it has been validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.004 to 0.159 µg/L. Enrichment factors (EF) in relation to the conventional HS method ranged from 3.0 to 6.7, except for pentanal (EF: 0.8), which is too volatile and polar to be trapped in the PTV with the multiple HS methodology. Similar enrichment factors were obtained in a urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Peña
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mª Esther Fernández Laespada
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Carmelo García Pinto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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44
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Araujo FM, Azevedo GC, Nogueira FDS, Matos RC, Matos MAC. Eco-friendly Method for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments by HS-SPME-GC/MS. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Magnetic graphene oxide–based solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the simultaneous preconcentration of four typical pesticide residues in fruit juice and pulp. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous hybrid materials composed of metal ions and organic linkers, characterized by their crystallinity and by the highest known surface areas. MOFs structures present accessible cages, tunnels and modifiable pores, together with adequate mechanical and thermal stability. Their outstanding properties have led to their recognition as revolutionary materials in recent years. Analytical chemistry has also benefited from the potential of MOF applications. MOFs succeed as sorbent materials in extraction and microextraction procedures, as sensors, and as stationary or pseudo-stationary phases in chromatographic systems. To date, around 100 different MOFs form part of those analytical applications. This review intends to give an overview on the use of MOFs in analytical chemistry in recent years (2017–2019) within the framework of green analytical chemistry requirements, with a particular emphasis on possible toxicity issues of neat MOFs and trends to ensure green approaches in their preparation.
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Chen X, Li ZY, Ge X, Hu S, Wang RQ, Yang L, Yu ZH, Bai XH. Ballpoint connector-protected salt-oil-salt liquid phase microextraction for concentration and enrichment of trace anthraquinone compounds in rhubarb. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2231-2238. [PMID: 31021051 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a new ballpoint connector-protected salt-oil-salt liquid phase microextraction for extraction and enrichment of trace rhein and chrysophanol in rhubarb prior to determination of the analytes by high performance liquid chromatography. In this study, a handy ballpoint connector (between ballpoint tip and ink chamber) was used as extraction device, in which its cavity was filled with n-octanol, and the bare n-octanol in its two opening ends was covered with a thin layer of sodium chloride film. The design subtly assembled salt film onto ballpoint connector for extraction and enrichment, which greatly improved the enrichment factors of the target analytes. Moreover, the novel procedure and its extraction mechanism were described and analyzed, and several crucial parameters reflecting the extraction effect were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, high enrichment factors (247 and 127), good linearities with r ≥ 0.9998, limits of detection (0.6-1.1 ng/mL), relative standard deviations of intra- and interday (2.2-8.8% and 4.3-8.9%), and average recoveries (97.6-98.1%), were obtained, respectively. The proposed method can not only eliminate the negative effects from viscosity and ion strength at high salt concentration of sample phase, but also make salting-out effect be focused on small area so as to maximize the extraction effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo-Yi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Run-Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
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48
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Garcia-Alonso S, Perez-Pastor RM. Organic Analysis of Environmental Samples Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array and Fluorescence Detectors: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:29-49. [PMID: 30925844 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1570461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This overview is focused to provide an useful guide of the families of organic pollutants that can be determined by liquid chromatography operating in reverse phase and ultraviolet/fluorescence detection. Eight families have been classified as the main groups to be considered: carbonyls, carboxyls, aromatics, phenols, phthalates, isocyanates, pesticides and emerging. The references have been selected based on analytical methods used in the environmental field, including both the well-established procedures and those more recently developed.
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49
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Jamrógiewicz M, Pieńkowska K. Recent breakthroughs in the stability testing of pharmaceutical compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Tofigh Gharamaleki V, Abbaspour M, Sorouraddin SM. Low temperature-induced homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction and ternary deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography in the assessment of multiclass pesticide residues in cucumbers. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01375j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new DES and liquid nitrogen are used as a preconcentration solvent in DLLME and a phase separation agent in HLLE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | | | - Maryam Abbaspour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
- Iran
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