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Qiu S, Cai Y, Yao H, Lin C, Xie Y, Tang S, Zhang A. Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:132. [PMID: 36941259 PMCID: PMC10026263 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities lead to the dysfunction of metabolic pathways and metabolite accumulation or deficiency which is well-recognized hallmarks of diseases. Metabolite signatures that have close proximity to subject's phenotypic informative dimension, are useful for predicting diagnosis and prognosis of diseases as well as monitoring treatments. The lack of early biomarkers could lead to poor diagnosis and serious outcomes. Therefore, noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring methods with high specificity and selectivity are desperately needed. Small molecule metabolites-based metabolomics has become a specialized tool for metabolic biomarker and pathway analysis, for revealing possible mechanisms of human various diseases and deciphering therapeutic potentials. It could help identify functional biomarkers related to phenotypic variation and delineate biochemical pathways changes as early indicators of pathological dysfunction and damage prior to disease development. Recently, scientists have established a large number of metabolic profiles to reveal the underlying mechanisms and metabolic networks for therapeutic target exploration in biomedicine. This review summarized the metabolic analysis on the potential value of small-molecule candidate metabolites as biomarkers with clinical events, which may lead to better diagnosis, prognosis, drug screening and treatment. We also discuss challenges that need to be addressed to fuel the next wave of breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hong Yao
- First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chunsheng Lin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yiqiang Xie
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Songqi Tang
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Aihua Zhang
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Ji Y, Cai G, Liang C, Gao Z, Lin W, Ming Z, Feng S, Zhao H. A microfluidic immunosensor based on magnetic separation for rapid detection of okadaic acid in marine shellfish. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340737. [PMID: 36628732 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a marine biotoxin that accumulates in seafood and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning if consumed. Accordingly, many countries have established regulatory limits for the content of OA in shellfish. At present, methods used for the detection of marine toxins are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In order to realize rapid, simple, and accurate detection of OA, we developed a novel microfluidic immunosensor based on magnetic beads modified with a highly specific and sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) against OA that is used in conjunction with smartphone imaging to realize the rapid detection of OA in shellfish. The method achieves on-site detection results within 1 h with an IC50 value of 3.30 ng/mL for OA and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.49 ng/mL. In addition, the analysis of real samples showed that the recoveries for spiked shellfish samples ranged from 84.91% to 95.18%, and the results were confirmed by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA), indicating that the method has good accuracy and precision. Furthermore, the results are reported in a specially designed smartphone app. The microfluidic immunosensor has the advantages of simple operation, rapid detection, and high sensitivity, providing a reliable technical solution for detecting OA residues in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Gaozhe Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zehang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510150, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Zizhen Ming
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Meng X. An Updated Meta-Analysis Based on the Preclinical Evidence of Mechanism of Aconitine-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900842. [PMID: 35754486 PMCID: PMC9213726 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most Aconitum species in traditional Chinese medicine have the effect of dispelling wind, dehumidifying, warming the meridian, and relieving pain. Aconitine is the characteristic chemical component with the function of anti-inflammation, analgesic, and heart-strengthening effects. However, improper use will produce cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Currently, the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity caused by aconitine are wheels within wheels without being fully disclosed. The systematic review and meta-analysis were therefore conducted to summarize the available evidence of myocardial toxicity caused by aconitine. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, National Knowledge Infrastructure, WANFANG, and VIP information database for relevant preclinical studies. All the data were analyzed by RevMan version 5.3. Results: Thirty-two studies met the final inclusion criteria, including both in vivo and in vitro study types. After aconitine treatment, the heart rate of animals was obviously abnormal, and the morphology and function of myocardial cells were significantly changed. Aconitine can induce changes in the electrophysiological activity of cardiac myocytes by regulating Na+, Ca2+, and K+ currents. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of aconitine may be related to triggering mitochondrial dysfunction by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy. It should not be ignored that the overactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome also exacerbates aconitine’s cardiotoxicity. Conclusion: The altered ion channels and mitochondrial function, as well as the signaling pathways interacting with NLRP3, may deserve further study for aconitine-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Li Z, Gao Y, Du L, Yuan Y, Huang W, Fu X, Huang Y, Zhang X, You F, Li S. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of Shaoyao decoction on X-ray radiation-induced enteritis of C57BL/6 mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115158. [PMID: 35245630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a typical heat-clearing prescription, Shaoyao decoction (SYD) has a robust function of clearing viscera heat for the treatment of several intestinal discomfort symptoms. Clinical evidence indicated that it had the potential to cure radiation enteritis. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to probe the protective effects and the involved mechanisms of SYD on X-ray radiation-induced enteritis of C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS X-ray irradiation were used to establish the radiation enteritis model. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice (20 ± 2 g) were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, model group, dexamethasone group (DEX, 0.12 mg/kg) and SYD groups (0.12, 0.24 and 0.36 g/mL), respectively. All mice (except the control group) were intragastrically administrated for a continuous 7 days. H&E and Masson staining were employed to evaluate the morphological and collagen fibers changes of the colon. ELISA was performed to assess the levels of MDA, SOD, COX, LPS, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum. Moreover, TUNEL fluorescence, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the levels of apoptosis-related proteins and genes of Dclk-1, ATM, MRE-11, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, and Cyto-c. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining was applied to detect the protein levels of p53 and Claudin-1 in colon. RESULTS Treatment with SYD decreased the exfoliated and necrotic epithelial cells and prevent the proliferate from damaged fibrous tissue in the crypt layer of mucos. The levels of serum peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (MDA, COX, LPS, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) were obviously inhibited, while SOD sharply increased in serum after administration. Moreover, SYD can significantly ameliorate the apoptosis of colon cells, evidenced by the reduced positive expression of TUNEL staining. Meanwhile, the results of qRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated that SYD can dramatically stimulate the expression of genes and proteins Dclk-1, ATM and MRE-11, thus promoting the expression of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3 and Cyto-c, while increasing the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed that SYD can notably decreased the protein level of p53 while reverse the reduction of Claudin-1. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that radiation enteritis in C57BL/6 mice can be ameliorated by treatment with SYD. The potential protection mechanisms may be involved in ameliorating tissue fibrosis by decreasing inflammatory and apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Li
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lei Du
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Wenbo Huang
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yongliang Huang
- Pharmacy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xufan Zhang
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Fengming You
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Shijie Li
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Yang L, Tao Y, Luo L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Meng X. Dengzhan Xixin injection derived from a traditional Chinese herb Erigeron breviscapus ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via modulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114988. [PMID: 35032588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dengzhan Xixin injection (DX), a preparation of extracts from traditional Chinese medicine Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz., has been widely used in clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia sequelae in China for a long history. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of DX on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model. Meanwhile, its underlying molecular mechanisms on mitochondrial protection were further interpreted. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major components of DX were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The model of cerebral I/R injury was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in SD rats. We firstly performed neurobehavioral score, the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) assay, and TTC, HE and Nissl staining for evaluating the effects of DX on I/R injury. And then, the cortical levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were determined by commercial kits. Whereafter, real time-PCR and transmission electron microscopy were employed to investigate the relative copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and neuronal ultrastructure changes, respectively. Further, the potential interactions of major components in DX with mitophagy/apoptosis-related proteins were predicted by Schrodinger molecular docking. The expression of mitophagy-related proteins LC3, p62, TOM20, PINK1 and Parkin was estimated by western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Furthermore, TUNEL staining and western blot were used to detect the apoptotic phenomenon and the protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Cytochrome c (Cyto-c) and cleaved Caspase-3. RESULTS DX mainly contains scutellarin, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid. Compared with the model group, DX could remarkably relieve ischemia-provoked neurological deficit, rCBF deficiency and cerebral infarction. Pathological changes and neuronal loss in a MCAO model of rats were memorably ameliorated by DX administration. Meanwhile, DX reduced the surged ROS and MDA, while increased the level of SOD. Notably, DX treatment conversed the collapse of ATP and MMP, along with decreased in the relative copy number of mtDNA, contributing to the maintaining of mitochondrial ultrastructure via the increased number of autophagy lysosomes. The representative ingredients in DX had a potential bind with the active sites of mitophagy/apoptosis-related proteins. DX stimulated the protein expression of LC3, PINK1 and Parkin, while reduced the levels of p62 and TOM20. In addition, DX confined TUNEL-positive cell rate with the decreased expressions of Bax, Cyto-c and cleaved Caspase-3 as well as the increased Bcl-2 level. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the protection of DX against brain ischemia could attribute to alleviating mitochondrial damage by upregulating mitophagy and inhibiting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Liuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Hong R, Sun H, Li D, Yang W, Fan K, Liu C, Dong L, Wang G. A Review of Biosensors for Detecting Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:342. [PMID: 35330093 PMCID: PMC8955405 DOI: 10.3390/life12030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has the highest cancer incidence rate in women. Early screening of breast cancer can effectively improve the treatment effect of patients. However, the main diagnostic techniques available for the detection of breast cancer require the corresponding equipment, professional practitioners, and expert analysis, and the detection cost is high. Tumor markers are a kind of active substance that can indicate the existence and growth of the tumor. The detection of tumor markers can effectively assist the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The conventional detection methods of tumor markers have some shortcomings, such as insufficient sensitivity, expensive equipment, and complicated operations. Compared with these methods, biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, simple operation, low equipment cost, and can quantitatively detect all kinds of tumor markers. This review summarizes the biosensors (2013-2021) for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers. Firstly, the various reported tumor markers of breast cancer are introduced. Then, the development of biosensors designed for the sensitive, stable, and selective recognition of breast cancer biomarkers was systematically discussed, with special attention to the main clinical biomarkers, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and estrogen receptor (ER). Finally, the opportunities and challenges of developing efficient biosensors in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hong
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dujuan Li
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Weihuang Yang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Linxi Dong
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Guo Y, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Guo P, Wang X, Zhang S, Yang P. Anticonstriction Effect of MCA in Rats by Danggui Buxue Decoction. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:749915. [PMID: 34867357 PMCID: PMC8634798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.749915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Danggui Buxue decoction (DBD), consisting of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) and Astragali Radix (AR), is a famous prescription with the function of antivasoconstriction. This study intends to probe its mechanisms on the relaxation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Methods: Vascular tension of rat MCA was measured using a DMT620 M system. First, the identical series of concentrations of DBD, ASR, and AR were added into resting KCl and U46619 preconstricted MCA. According to the compatibility ratio, their dilatation effects were further investigated on KCl and U46619 preconstricted vessels. Third, four K+ channel blockers were employed to probe the vasodilator mechanism on KCl-contracted MCA. We finally examined the effects of DBD, ASR, and AR on the vascular tone of U46619-contracted MCA in the presence or absence of Ca2+. Results: Data suggested that DBD, ASR, and AR can relax on KCl and U46619 precontracted MCA with no effects on resting vessels. The vasodilator effect of ASR was greater than those of DBD and AR on KCl-contracted MCA. For U46619-contracted MCA, ASR showed a stronger vasodilator effect than DBD and AR at low concentrations, but DBD was stronger than ASR at high concentrations. Amazingly, the vasodilator effect of DBD was stronger than that of AR at all concentrations on two vasoconstrictors which evoked MCA. The vasodilator effect of ASR was superior to that of DBD at a compatibility ratio on KCl-contracted MCA at low concentrations, while being inferior to DBD at high concentrations. However, DBD exceeded AR in vasodilating MCA at all concentrations. For U46619-constricted MCA, DBD, ASR, and AR had almost identical vasodilation. The dilation of DBD and AR on KCl-contracted MCA was independent of K+ channel blockers. However, ASR may inhibit the K+ channel opening partially through synergistic interactions with Gli and BaCl2. DBD, ASR, and AR may be responsible for inhibiting [Ca2+]out, while ASR and AR can also inhibit [Ca2+]in. Conclusion: DBD can relax MCA with no effects on resting vessels. The mechanism may be related to ASR’s inhibition of KATP and Kir channels. Meanwhile, the inhibition of [Ca2+]out by DBD, ASR, and AR as well as the inhibition of [Ca2+]in by ASR and AR may contribute to dilate MCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- School of Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengmei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Meng J, Ma H, Zhu Y, Zhao Q. Dehydrocostuslactone attenuated oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced PC12 cell injury through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174554. [PMID: 34627804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of dehydrocostuslactone (DHL) on PC12 cells injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and its possible mechanism on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The maestro 11.1 software was used to predict the binding sites of DHL with LC3, Beclin-1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Caspase-7. We used a cellular model of 2 h of OGD and 24 h of reperfusion to mimic cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cells were treated with DHL during the reperfusion phase. The docking results showed that DHL had binding sites with LC3, Beclin-1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Caspase-7. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin-1 increased while P-PI3K, P-AKT, and P-mTOR decreased. Apoptosis-related proteins, namely, Bax, Cyto-c, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-9 increased, but the anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 protein decreased. However, DHL effectively inhibited these undesirable changes induced by OGD/R in PC12 cells. Our results suggested that DHL attenuated OGD/R-induced neuronal injury by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. This inhibition can improve cell survival and offer evidence for the beneficial effects of DHL on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China
| | - Huixia Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China
| | - Yafei Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China.
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China.
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Rolling Circle Amplification as an Efficient Analytical Tool for Rapid Detection of Contaminants in Aqueous Environments. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100352. [PMID: 34677308 PMCID: PMC8533700 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants are a global concern, and an effective strategy for remediation is to develop a rapid, on-site, and affordable monitoring method. However, this remains challenging, especially with regard to the detection of various contaminants in complex water environments. The application of molecular methods has recently attracted increasing attention; for example, rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an isothermal enzymatic process in which a short nucleic acid primer is amplified to form a long single-stranded nucleic acid using a circular template and special nucleic acid polymerases. Furthermore, this approach can be further engineered into a device for point-of-need monitoring of environmental pollutants. In this paper, we describe the fundamental principles of RCA and the advantages and disadvantages of RCA assays. Then, we discuss the recently developed RCA-based tools for environmental analysis to determine various targets, including heavy metals, organic small molecules, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, and even microorganisms in aqueous environments. Finally, we summarize the challenges and outline strategies for the advancement of this technique for application in contaminant monitoring.
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Hou Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Meng X. Highland mate: Edible and functional foods in traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of hypoxia-related symptoms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:306-314. [PMID: 34508939 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The highlands evoke both fascination and awe. Regardless of the reason to live in the highlands, symptoms related to altitude sickness are unbearable because of low atmospheric pressure, low oxygen concentration, strong ultraviolet radiation, cold, and psychological factors. Food and herbal medicines and/or health-care foods have protected highland dwellers owing to their multisystem regulation. These versatile products combine health-care properties with medical values by enhancing immunity, relieving physical fatigue, improving sleep, and augmenting hypoxia tolerance, with rare side effects. We therefore aimed to provide a more comprehensive analysis of these nutraceuticals, which can be used to prevent and treat symptoms of altitude hypoxia in the Chinese market. Finally, we dissect a new perspective for their promotion and development from molecular aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Li R, Ai X, Hou Y, Lai X, Meng X, Wang X. Amelioration of diabetic retinopathy in db/db mice by treatment with different proportional three active ingredients from Tibetan medicine Berberis dictyophylla F. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114190. [PMID: 33964362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Berberis dictyophylla F., a famous Tibetan medicine, has been used to prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy (DR) for thousands of years in clinic. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to probe the synergistic protection and involved mechanisms of berberine, magnoflorine and berbamine from Berberis dictyophylla F. on the spontaneous retinal damage of db/db mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 14-week spontaneous model of DR in db/db mice were randomly divided into eight groups: model group, calcium dobesilate (CaDob, 0.23 g/kg) group and groups 1-6 (different proportional three active ingredients from Berberis dictyophylla F.). All mice were intragastrically administrated for a continuous 12 weeks. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were recorded and measured. Hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stainings were employed to evaluate the pathological changes and abnormal angiogenesis of the retina. ELISA was performed to assess the levels of IL-6, HIF-1α and VEGF in the serum. Immunofluorescent staining was applied to detect the protein levels of CD31, VEGF, p-p38, p-JNK, p-ERK and NF-κB in retina. In addition, mRNA expression levels of VEGF, Bax and Bcl-2 in the retina were monitored by qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS Treatment with different proportional three active ingredients exerted no significant effect on the weight, but decreased the FBG, increased the number of retinal ganglionic cells and restored internal limiting membrane. The results of PAS staining demonstrated that the drug treatment decreased the ratio of endothelial cells to pericytes while thinned the basal membrane of retinal vessels. Moreover, these different proportional active ingredients can markedly downregulate the protein levels of retinal CD31 and VEGF, and serum HIF-1α and VEGF. The gene expression of retinal VEGF was also suppressed. The levels of retinal p-p38, p-JNK and p-ERK proteins were decreased by drug treatment. Finally, drug treatment reversed the proinflammatory factors of retinal NF-κB and serum IL-6, and proapoptotic Bax gene expression, while increased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that DR in db/db mice can be ameliorated by treatment with different proportional three active ingredients from Berberis dictyophylla F. The potential vascular protection mechanisms may be involved in inhibiting the phosphorylation of the MAPK signaling pathway, thus decreasing inflammatory and apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xianrong Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Ai X, Dong X, Guo Y, Yang P, Hou Y, Bai J, Zhang S, Wang X. Targeting P2 receptors in purinergic signaling: a new strategy of active ingredients in traditional Chinese herbals for diseases treatment. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:229-240. [PMID: 33751327 PMCID: PMC8155138 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolites adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and adenosine in purinergic signaling pathway play important roles in many diseases. Activation of P2 receptors (P2R) channels and subsequent membrane depolarization can induce accumulation of extracellular ATP, and furtherly cause kinds of diseases, such as pain- and immune-related diseases, cardiac dysfunction, and tumorigenesis. Active ingredients of traditional Chinese herbals which exhibit superior pharmacological activities on diversified P2R channels have been considered as an alternative strategy of disease treatment. Experimental evidence of potential ingredients in Chinese herbs targeting P2R and their pharmacological activities were outlined in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Ai
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Dong
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Li N, Chen K, Bai J, Geng Z, Tang Y, Hou Y, Fan F, Ai X, Hu Y, Meng X, Wang X, Zhang Y. Tibetan medicine Duoxuekang ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury in mice by restoration of cerebrovascular function. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113629. [PMID: 33246120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Duoxuekang (DXK, ཁྲག་འཕེལ་བདེ་བྱེད།) is a clinical experience prescription of CuoRu-Cailang, a famous Tibetan medicine master, which has effective advantages in the treatment of hypobaric hypoxia (HH)-induced brain injury. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the effects of DXK on cerebrovascular function of HH-induced brain injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS DSC-MR imaging was used to evaluate the effect of DXK on the brain blood perfusion of patients with hypoxic brain injury. HPLC analysis was used to detect the content of salidroside, gallic acid, tyrosol, corilagin, ellagic acid, isorhamnetin, quercetin and gingerol in DXK. The model of HH-induced brain injury in mice was established by an animal hypobaric and hypoxic chamber. The BABL/c mice were randomly divided into six groups: control group, model group, Hongjingtian oral liquid group (HOL, 3.3 ml/kg) and DXK groups (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6 g/kg). All mice (except the control group) were intragastrically administrated for a continuous 7 days and put into the animal hypobaric and hypoxic chamber after the last intragastric administration. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to evaluate the pathological changes of brain tissue. Masson and Weigert stainings were used to detect the content of collagen fibers and elastic fibers of brain, respectively. Routine blood test and biochemical kits were used to analyze hematological parameters and oxidative stress indices. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect the protein levels of VEGF, CD31/vWF and α-SMA. RESULTS The results of DSC-MR imaging confirmed that DXK can increased CBV in the left temporal lobe while decreased MTT in the right frontal lobe, right temporal lobe and right occipital lobe of the brain. DXK contains salidroside, gallic acid, tyrosol, corilagin, ellagic acid, isorhamnetin, quercetin and gingerol. Compared with the model group, DXK can ameliorate the atrophy and deformation, and increase the number of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA3 area and cortical neurocytes. Masson and Weigert stainings results revealed that DXK can significantly increase the content of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in brain. Routine blood test results demonstrated that DXK can dramatically decrease the levels of WBC, MCH and MCHC, while increase RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV and PLT in the blood samples. Biochemical results revealed that DXK can markedly increase SOD, CAT and GSH activities, while decrease MDA activity. Immunofluorescence revealed that DXK can notably increase the protein levels of VEGF, CD31/vWF and α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study proved that DXK can ameliorate HH-induced brain injury by improving brain blood perfusion, increasing the number of collagen and elastic fibers and inhibiting oxidative stress injury. The underlying mechanisms may be involved in maintaining the integrity of cerebrovascular endothelial cells and vascular function. However, further in vivo and in vitro investigations are still needed to elucidate the mechanisms of DXK on regulating cerebral blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zangjia Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Fangfang Fan
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Exercise and Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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15
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Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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He X, Duan X, Liu J, Sha X, Gong Y, Lu W, Li Z, Chen X, Li Y, Shen Z. The antiinflammatory effects of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:153423. [PMID: 33310308 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a traditional and typical prescription of prominently activating blood circulation to remove blood stasis, Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XZD) consists of 15 kinds of herbal medicine. Clinical investigations have showed that XZD could significantly promote the new hair generation of alopecia areata (AA) patients characterized by Qi stagnation and blood stasis. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was executed to determine whether the mechanisms by which XZD stimulated newborn hair were related to its anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS Clinical AA individuals were recruited to confirm the efficies of XZD. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the contents of 15 compounds in XZD. Schrodinger molecular docking and in vivo surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques were used to evaluate the potential binding properties of compounds to target proteins. C3H/HeJ mice were randomly assigned to groups control, AA, and the XZD administration (6.5, 13.0 and 26.0 g/kg/d). Except for mice in control group, all the mice in the other groups were treated with a 21-day chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced AA. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was performed to determine the degree of pathological damage to the skin. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and in serum and skin tissues. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to examine the expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and osteopontin proteins and genes in skin tissues. RESULTS XZD could visibly promote hair regeneration of AA patients. The potential active ingredients in XZD prescription included at least amygdalin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, kaempferide, ferulic acid, catalpol, verbascoside, β-ecdysone, platycodin D, paeoniflorin, naringin, neohesperidin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, saikosaponin A and saikosaponin D. The results of molecular docking and SPR analysis showed that verbascoside, liquiritin, kaempferide and amygdalin showed the best potential binding properties with IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and osteopontin, respectively. Pathological evaluation showed that compared with the CUMS group, the administration of XZD significantly promoted hair regeneration, evidenced by increased number of skin hair follicles in C3H/HeJ AA mice. Compared with control group, ELISA data showed that the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and skin tissues of CUMS induced AA mice were significantly increased, while XZD administration dramatically restrained the contents of the three pro-inflammatory factors. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR results further demonstrated that XZD administration notably down-regulated the protein and gene expression levels of osteopontin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in comparation with CUMS group. CONCLUSION XZD could dramatically ameliorate CUMS-induced AA damage in the skin of C3H/HeJ mice, possibly by suppressing the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and osteopontin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun He
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China.
| | - Xiling Duan
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Jingsong Liu
- Neurosurgery, Institute of Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaowei Sha
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Yugang Gong
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China.
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A Novel Cryptococcal Meningitis Therapy: The Combination of Amphotericin B and Posaconazole Promotes the Distribution of Amphotericin B in the Brain Tissue. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8878158. [PMID: 33313322 PMCID: PMC7719495 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8878158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The deficient brain tissue distribution of amphotericin B (AMPB) seriously restricts its treatment for the clinical efficacy of cryptococcus neoformans meningitis (CNM). We strive to develop a tactic to increase its concentration in brain tissue. We aimed to investigate whether the combination of AMPB and posaconazole (POS) could be more effective in the treatment of CNM and to elucidate its potential mechanisms. HPLC analysis was used to analyze the concentration of AMPB in mouse serum, brain tissue, and BCECs cells. Schrodinger molecular docking, in vitro plasma balance dialysis, and ultrafiltration analysis were performed to evaluate the combinative effect of AMPB and POS with serum albumin and POS on AMPB plasma protein binding. H&E staining and colonization culture experiment of CN were employed to assess the effect of POS on the efficacy of AMPB. POS + AMPB significantly reduced the concentration of plasma total AMPB and increased its concentration in the brain tissue. However, the P-gp inhibitor zosuquidar, BCRP inhibitor Ko143, and a common inhibitor of both, elacridar, had no significant effect on its concentration. Molecular docking, balance dialysis, and ultrafiltration analysis showed that AMPB and POS had potential binding properties to serum albumin. Meanwhile, 4 and 8 μg/mL POS could significantly increase the concentration of free AMPB in plasma. POS and three inhibitors all had no significant effect on the uptake of AMPB by BCECs, but serum albumin had. The therapeutic effect of CNM in mice was confirmed that AMPB and AMPB+POS could restrain the infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes in cortical neurons and improve the bleeding and markedly inhibit the proliferation of CN. Collectively, we propose that POS competitively binds to the plasma protein sites of AMPB, thereby increasing its level in the brain tissue. Meanwhile, POS could enhance the efficacy of AMPB in the treatment of CNM, which may be independent of P-gp and BCRP proteins.
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Ai X, Yu P, Hou Y, Song X, Luo J, Li N, Lai X, Wang X, Meng X. A review of traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetic retinopathy and involved mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Wang X, Hou Y, Ai X, Sun J, Xu B, Meng X, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Potential applications of microfluidics based blood brain barrier (BBB)-on-chips for in vitro drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110822. [PMID: 33059264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex multi-dimensional reticular barrier system composed of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and a variety of neurons. The conventional in vitro cell culture model fails to truly present the dynamic hemodynamics of BBB and the interaction between neurons. And it is even more impossible to explore brain-related multi-organ diseases, which brings huge obstacles to explore diseases of the central nervous system and the interaction between brain-related multi-organs, and evaluate drug efficacy. Miniaturized microfluidics based BBB chips are being commonly used to co-culture a variety of cells on a small-sized chip to construct a three-dimensional (3D) BBB or BBB-related organ disease models. By combining with other electrophysiological, biochemical sensors or equipment and imaging systems, it can in real time and quickly screen disease-related markers and evaluate drug efficacy. This review systematically summarized the research progress of in vitro BBB and BBB-related organ chips, and analyzed the obstacles of BBB models in depth. Parallelly combined with the current research trends and hot spots, we give the further improvement measures of microfluidic BBB chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Binjie Xu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Fan F, Yang L, Li R, Zou X, Li N, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang X. Salidroside as a potential neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke: a review of sources, pharmacokinetics, mechanism and safety. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110458. [PMID: 32603893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salidroside (Sal) is a bioactive extract principally from traditional herbal medicine such as Rhodiola rosea L., which has been commonly used for hundreds of years in Asia countries. The excellent neuroprotective capacity of Sal has been illuminated in recent studies. This work focused on the source, pharmacokinetics, safety and anti-ischemic stroke (IS) effect of Sal, especially emphasizing its mechanism of action and BBB permeability. Extensive databases, including Pubmed, Web of science (WOS), Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were applied to obtain relevant online literatures. Sal exerts powerful therapeutic effects on IS in experimental models either in vitro or in vivo due to its neuroprotection, with significantly diminishing infarct size, preventing cerebral edema and improving neurological function. Also, the findings suggest the underlying mechanisms involve anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis by regulating multiple signaling pathways and key molecules, such as NF-κB, TNF-α and PI3K/Akt pathway. In pharmacokinetics, although showing a rapid absorption and elimination, bioavailability of Sal is elevated under some non-physiological conditions. The component and its metabolite (tyrosol) are capable of distributing to brain tissue and the later keeps a higher level of concentration. Moreover, Sal scarcely has obvious toxicity or side effects in a variety of animal experiments and clinical trials, but combination of drugs and perinatal use of medicine should be taken more attentions. Finally, as an active ingredient, not only is Sal isolated from diverse plants with limited yield, but also large batches of the products can be harvested by biological and chemical synthesis. With higher efficacy and better safety profiles, Sal could sever as a promising neuroprotectant for preventing and treating IS. Nevertheless, further investigations are still required to explore the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of Sal in the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Fan
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rui Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xuemei Zou
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ning Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Ma HX, Hou F, Chen AL, Li TT, Zhu YF, Zhao QP. Mu-Xiang-You-Fang protects PC12 cells against OGD/R-induced autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112583. [PMID: 31978519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mu-Xiang-You-Fang (MXYF) is a classic prescription of Hui medicine. It is composed of five herbs and has been used to treat ischemic stroke for many years. However, the potential pharmacological mechanisms of MXYF remain unclear. The present research is aimed to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanisms of MXYF treatment in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS An oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) model of PC12 cells was established. The effect of MXYF on the cell viability after OGD/R injury was determined using a cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay. The colorimetric method was used to determine the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage rate. The calcium concentration was determined by the chemical fluorescence method, and mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using flow cytometry. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and electron microscopic analysis were then conducted to detect autophagy after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion in PC12 cells. Immunofluorescence and western blot analyses were used to detect the expression of proteins associated with autophagy. RESULTS It was found that MXYF (1, 2, 4 μg/mL) could significantly increase cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential and decrease the calcium concentration and LDH release rate in PC12 cells. After OGD/R injury in PC12 cells, the number of autophagosomes and autophagolysosome significantly increased. MXYF (4 μg/mL) inhibited the autophagy induced by OGD/R and inhibited the expression of LC3, beclin1, p-AMPK, and ULK1. In contrast, the expression of p-mTOR, p-p70s6k, and p62 was significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MXYF inhibits autophagy after OGD/R-induced PC12 cell injury through the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Thus, MXYF might have therapeutic potential in treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Fan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Ai-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
| | - Qi-Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
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22
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Li Y, Sun J, Wu R, Bai J, Hou Y, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Meng X. Mitochondrial MPTP: A Novel Target of Ethnomedicine for Stroke Treatment by Apoptosis Inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:352. [PMID: 32269527 PMCID: PMC7109312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), across the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria, is a nonspecific channel for signal transduction or material transfer between mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm such as maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis, regulation of oxidative stress signals, and protein translocation evoked by some of stimuli. Continuous MPTP opening has been proved to stimulate neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced apoptosis has shown excellent efficacy in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Among of which, the potential molecular mechanisms of drug therapy for stroke has also been gradually revealed by researchers. The characteristics of multi-components or multi-targets for ethnic drugs also provide the possibility to treat stroke from the perspective of mitochondrial MPTP. The advantages mentioned above make it necessary for us to explore and clarify the new perspective of ethnic medicine in treating stroke and to determine the specific molecular mechanisms through advanced technologies as much as possible. In this review, we attempt to uncover the relationship between abnormal MPTP opening and neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. We further summarized currently authorized drugs, ethnic medicine prescriptions, herbs, and identified monomer compounds for inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced ischemic neuron apoptosis. Finally, we strive to provide a new perspective and enlightenment for ethnic medicine in the prevention and treatment of stroke by inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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23
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Hou Y, Qieni X, Li N, Bai J, Li R, Gongbao D, Liang Y, Fan F, Wencheng D, Wang Z, Nima C, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang X. Longzhibu disease and its therapeutic effects by traditional Tibetan medicine: Ershi-wei Chenxiang pills. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112426. [PMID: 31775011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ershi-wei Chenxiang pills (ECP) or Aga Nixiu wan (ཨ་གར་ཉི་ཤུ།), composed of 20 Tibetan medicines, has the effect of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis. As a common and frequent prescription used by traditional Tibetan medicine in clinical treatment of Longzhibu disease (cerebral ischemia sequelae), it has a significant effect. However, its anti-cerebral ischemia mechanism is still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical components of ECP were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. SD rats were randomly divided into Sham, MCAO, Nim (20.00 mg/kg), and ECP (1.33 and 2.00 g/kg) groups, with 13 animals in each group. After 14 days of oral administration, we established a model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by blocking the middle cerebral artery of rats. After 24 h of reperfusion injury, we evaluated the protective effect of ECP on ischemic brain by neural function score, TTC, H&E and Nissl staining. TUNEL fluorescence, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the phenomenon of apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, Cyto-c and activated Caspase-3. Furthermore, western blot, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect CaMKⅡ, ATF4 and c-Jun gene and protein expression. RESULTS ECP contains agarotetrol, eugenol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, dehydrodiisoeugenol, hydroxysafflor yellow A, kaempferide, gallic acid, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, brucine, strychnine, echinacoside, bilirubin and cholic acid. Compared with MCAO group, ECP can significantly ameliorate the neurological deficit of cerebral ischemia in rats and reduce the volume of cerebral infarction. Pathological and Nissl staining results showed that ECP sharply inhibited the inflammatory infiltration injury of neurons and increased the activity of neurons in comparation with the MCAO group. TUNEL fluorescence apoptosis results confirmed that ECP obviously inhibited the apoptosis of neurons. Meanwhile, the results of immunohistochemistry and western blot demonstrated that EPC can dramatically inhibit the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Cyto-c and activated Caspase-3, while increase the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In addition, compared with MCAO group, CaMK Ⅱ gene and protein expression were improved significantly by ECP administration. while, the expression of ATF4 and c-Jun genes and proteins were decreased. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study preliminarily demonstrated that the protective effect of ECP on ischemic brain is related to the improvement of neurological deficit, reducing the size of cerebral infarction, improving the activity of neurons, inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by regulating the protein expression of CaMKⅡ, ATF4 and c-Jun. However, further in vivo and in vitro investigations are still needed to clarify the underlying mechanism of ECP in treating cerebral ischemia sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hou
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiangmao Qieni
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ning Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rui Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Dongzhi Gongbao
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Fangfang Fan
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Dangzhi Wencheng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ciren Nima
- Tibetan Traditional Medical College, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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