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Ul Haq H, Elik A, Isci G, Ekici M, Gürsoy N, Boczkaj G, Altunay N. Development of a vortex-assisted switchable-hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid phase microextraction for fast and reliable extraction of Zn (II), Fe (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) from various baby food products. Food Chem 2024; 447:139024. [PMID: 38493687 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the development of a novel liquid phase microextraction (LPME) method for the extraction and determination of Zn (II), Fe (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) in various infant/baby food and supplements products. The method is based on vortex-assisted extraction combined with a switchable-hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) sample preparation. The SHS, which undergoes reversible phase changes triggered by pH change, enables selective extraction and easy phase separation. A flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was used in the final determination step. Optimization studies revealed, that the optimal pH of the sample solution (after digestion) during analytes extraction is 5.5. A l-proline is added to the sample (375 mM) to ensure the complexation of the target metal cations. After the complexation step, 750 µL of SHS - a N, N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine along with 0.9 mL of 2 M of acetic acid solution is added (hydrophilicity switch-on stage) and mixed manually to obtain a homogeneous solution. In the last stage, 0.45 mL of 10 M NaOH solution (hydrophilicity switch-off stage) is added to the sample solution and a vortex for 100 s is applied to ensure the effective extraction and separation of the complex containing the analytes. At this stage, a cloudy solution is immediately obtained. Finally, the effective phase separation is obtained at the centrifugation step (4000 rpm for 2 mins). The method limit of detection was as 0.03, 0.009, 0.6, and 0.2 ng/L for Zn (II), Fe (II), Cd (II), and Pb (II) respectively with RSD% below 2.0 %. The analysis of certified reference materials and real samples proved the full applicability of the method for routine analysis, contributing to the field of heavy metal analysis and ensuring the safety of baby products. According to the AGREE methodology, this method can be named as green analytical chemistry method with a score of 0.77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Ul Haq
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland
| | - Adil Elik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gursel Isci
- Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Agri, Turkey
| | - Merve Ekici
- Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Agri, Turkey; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevcihan Gürsoy
- Nanotechnology Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland
| | - Nail Altunay
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
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Huang Y, Pang J, Zhang S, Huang W. Pretreatment methods in ion chromatography: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465162. [PMID: 39018738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
As an advanced analytical technology, Ion Chromatography (IC) has been widely used in various fields. At present, it is faced with the challenges of sample complexity and instrument precision. It is necessary to select appropriate pretreatment methods to achieve sample preparation and protect the instruments. Therefore, this paper reviews several commonly used sample pretreatment technologies in IC, focusing on sample digestion and purification techniques. Additionally, we introduce some advanced IC technologies and automatic sample processing devices. We provide a comprehensive summary of the basic principles, primary applications and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Pretreatment methods should be carefully selected and optimized on the specific characteristics of the sample and the ions to be measured, in order to achieve better analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, China
| | - Jiafeng Pang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- College of Water Hydraulic and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, China; College of Water Hydraulic and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer, China.
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3
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Ismail S, Abdullahi AB, Alshana U. Edible oil-based switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid-liquid microextraction prior to smartphone digital image colorimetry for the determination of total curcuminoids in food samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3983-3992. [PMID: 38853673 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00250d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Edible oil-based switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid-liquid microextraction was coupled with smartphone digital image colorimetry for the determination of total curcuminoids. Images of the colored extracts were captured in a laboratory-made colorimetric box, which were then split into their red-green-blue channels. Optimum extraction conditions were achieved using 550 μL of almond oil as the extraction solvent and 0.40 M sodium hydroxide for hydrolysis of the oil to the salt of its fatty acid. Phosphoric acid (2.0 mL, 4.0 M) was used as the hydrophilicity-switching trigger, while pH of the sample solution adjusted to 5.50 and extraction time of 1.0 min, were found to be optimum. Optimum detection conditions were achieved at a distance of 7.0 cm from the detection camera, a region of interest of 175 px2, a detection wavelength of 420 nm and 50.0% brightness of the light source. The limit of detection was found to be 0.020 μg mL-1. A good linearity was achieved as indicated by coefficients of determination above 0.9965. The proposed method was used for the determination of total curcuminoids in tea and turmeric samples with percentage relative recoveries of 95.0-105.0% and percentage relative standard deviations below 8.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu Ismail
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, PMB 3220, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Aliyu B Abdullahi
- Department of Chemistry, Kano State College of Education and Preliminary Studies, PMB 3145, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Usama Alshana
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al Khod, Muscat, Oman.
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Albarri R, Vardara HF, Al S, Önal A. Chromatographic Methods and Sample Pretreatment Techniques for Aldehydes, Biogenic Amine, and Carboxylic Acids in Food Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38900595 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2367232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
This review paper critically examines the current state of research concerning the analysis and derivatization of aldehyde, aromatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids components in foods and drinks samples, with a specific focus on the application of Chromatographic techniques. These diverse components, as vital contributors to the sensory attributes of food, necessitate accurate and sensitive analytical methods for their identification and quantification, which is crucial for ensuring food safety and compliance with regulatory standards. In this paper, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatographic (GC) methods for the separation, identification, and quantification of aldehydes in complex food matrices were reviewed. In addition, the review explores derivatization strategies employed to enhance the detectability and stability of aldehydes during chromatographic analysis. Derivatization methods, when applied judiciously, improve separation efficiency and increase detection sensitivity, thereby ensuring a more accurate and reliable quantification of aldehyde aromatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids species in food samples. Furthermore, methodological aspects encompassing sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and derivatization techniques are discussed. Validation was carried out in term of limit of detections are highlighted as crucial elements in achieving accurate quantification of compounds content. The discussion presented by emphasizing the significance of the combined HPLC and GC chromatography methods, along with derivatization strategies, in advancing the analytical capabilities within the realm of food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raneen Albarri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Health Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hümeyra Funda Vardara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selen Al
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Armağan Önal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Semysim FA, Ridha RK, Azooz EA, Snigur D. Switchable hydrophilicity solvent-assisted solidified floating organic drop microextraction for separation and determination of arsenic in water and fish samples. Talanta 2024; 272:125782. [PMID: 38364568 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to separate and determine arsenic in water and fish samples using a novel and green solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME), which is based on switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS)-assisted procedure followed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). The 4-((2-hydroxyquinoline-7-yl)diazenyl)-N-(4-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzene sulfonamide (HDNMBA) and tertiary amine (4-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (AADMBA) were used as ligand and SHS, respectively. The use of SHS promotes quantitative extraction of arsenic complexes into an extraction solvent (1-undecanol). Some factors that impact extraction recovery were studied. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.005 μg L-1 and 0.015 μg L-1, respectively. The calibration graph was linear up to 900.0 μg L-1 arsenic, with the enrichment factor is 267. The proposed SHS-SFODME methodology for arsenic quantification in water and fish samples was successfully implemented. The environmental friendliness and safety of proposed method were approved by the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) and the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Abdulraouf Semysim
- Department of Chemistry, The Gifted Students' School in Najaf, Ministry of Education, 54001, Iraq
| | - Rana Kadhim Ridha
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, College of Food Sciences, Al-Qasim Green University, 51013, Iraq
| | - Ebaa Adnan Azooz
- Department of Chemistry, The Gifted Students' School in Najaf, Ministry of Education, 54001, Iraq; Radoilogical Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
| | - Denys Snigur
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University, Odesa, 65082, Ukraine.
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Kartoğlu B, Bodur S, Zeydanlı D, Göver T, Özaydın E, Gülhan Bakırdere E, Bakırdere S. Determination of copper in rose tea samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry after emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction. Food Chem 2024; 439:138140. [PMID: 38061298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Rose tea infusion has gained popularity worldwide due to its health benefits. However, it is known that tea plants can be contaminated with heavy metals including copper. Hence, an accurate and applicable analytical method namely emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction based deep eutectic solvent - flame atomic absorption spectrometry (ELLME-DES-FAAS) was proposed to determine copper at trace levels in rose tea samples. Under the optimum experimental conditions, analytical figures of merit for the developed method were examined, and dynamic range, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 5.07-246.61 µg/kg (mass-based) with 0.9992 coefficient of determination, 2.50 µg/kg and 8.32 µg/kg, respectively. A matrix matching calibration strategy was employed to boost recovery results, and the acceptable recovery results were recorded between 95.9 % and 118.4 %. According to recovery results, the developed analytical method can be safely employed to determine the concentration of copper in rose tea samples accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedrihan Kartoğlu
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye; İstinye University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 34010 İstanbul, Türkiye; İstinye University, Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, 34010 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Damla Zeydanlı
- Gelişim University, Vocational School of Health Care Services, Department of Laboratory Technology, 34310, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Tuğçe Göver
- Selçuk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 42130, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Ecem Özaydın
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emine Gülhan Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Education, Department of Mathematics and Science Education, 34349 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, Çankaya, 06670 Ankara, Türkiye.
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Cai K, Liu Q, Lin Y, Yang X, Liu Q, Pan W, Gao W. Amine Switchable Hydrophilic Solvent Vortex-Assisted Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and GC-MS for the Enrichment and Determination of 2, 6-DIPA Additive in Biodegradable Film. Molecules 2024; 29:2068. [PMID: 38731560 PMCID: PMC11085926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
2, 6-diisopropylaniline (2, 6-DIPA) is a crucial non-intentionally organic additive that allows the assessment of the production processes, formulation qualities, and performance variations in biodegradable mulching film. Moreover, its release into the environment may have certain effects on human health. Hence, this study developed simultaneous heating hydrolysis-extraction and amine switchable hydrophilic solvent vortex-assisted homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the 2, 6-DIPA additive and its corresponding isocyanates in poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) biodegradable agricultural mulching films. The heating hydrolysis-extraction conditions and factors influencing the efficiency of homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction, such as the type and volume of amine, homogeneous-phase and phase separation transition pH, and extraction time were investigated and optimized. The optimum heating hydrolysis-extraction conditions were found to be a H2SO4 concentration of 2.5 M, heating temperature of 87.8 °C, and hydrolysis-extraction time of 3.0 h. As a switchable hydrophilic solvent, dipropylamine does not require a dispersant. Vortex assistance is helpful to speed up the extraction. Under the optimum experimental conditions, this method exhibits a better linearity (0.0144~7.200 μg mL-1 with R = 0.9986), low limit of detection and quantification (0.0033 μg g-1 and 0.0103 μg g-1), high extraction recovery (92.5~105.4%), desirable intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation less than 4.1% and 4.7%), and high enrichment factor (90.9). Finally, this method was successfully applied to detect the content of the additive 2, 6-DIPA in PBAT biodegradable agricultural mulching films, thus facilitating production process monitoring or safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Qiandongnan Company of Guizhou Province of CNTC, Kaili 556000, China;
| | - Yechun Lin
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xingyou Yang
- Sichuan Province Company of CNTC, Chengdu 610096, China;
| | - Qi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Efficient Water Use and Disaster Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Residual Pollution in Agricultural Film, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weichang Gao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
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Baglietto M, Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Magi E. Polar licit and illicit ingredients in dietary supplements: chemometric optimization of extraction and HILIC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1679-1695. [PMID: 38334794 PMCID: PMC10899327 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Many dietary supplements claim the ability to enhance sports performance and to improve the fitness of the consumers. Occasionally, along with legal ingredients, illicit compounds may be added without being labelled, leading to unintended doping. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop an analytical method to determine a set of 12 polar (logDpH=7 from -2.0 to +0.3) compounds including diuretics, stimulants, β2-agonists, methylxanthines, and sweeteners. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was chosen as separation strategy, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The instrumental method was optimized using a two-step design of experiments (DoE). Firstly, a Plackett-Burman (PB) DoE was performed to identify the more influencing variables affecting peak areas and chromatographic resolution among temperature, water percentage in the mobile phase, and flow rate, as well as type and concentration of buffers. Secondly, a D-optimal DoE was set, considering only the most significant variables from the PB-DoE results, achieving a deeper understanding of the retention mechanism. Sample processing by salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction was studied through DoE as well, and the whole method showed recoveries in the range 40-107% and procedural precision ≤11% for all analytes. Finally, it was applied to real samples, in which the four methylxanthines and two artificial sweeteners were detected and quantified in the range of 0.02-192 mg g-1. These values were compared to the quantities declared on the DS labels, when possible. Furthermore, a sequence of MS/MS scans allowed detection of a signal in one of the samples, structurally similar to the β2-agonist clenbuterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Baglietto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
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Terzi M, Manousi N, Tzanavaras PD, Zacharis CK. Utilization of a pH-switchable hydrophilicity solvent for the microextraction of clomipramine from human urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1235:124060. [PMID: 38417274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Clomipramine (CLP) is a tricyclic antidepressant drug, and its determination in biological samples is of high importance in clinical and forensic evaluations to assure appropriate drug concentrations. In the present study, benzoic acid was employed as a pH-switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) for the microextraction of CLP from authentic human urine samples prior to its determination by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The microextraction protocol was based on the phase transition of the SHS through pH alteration that resulted in its rapid dispersion and simultaneous phase separation. The obtained solid was collected in a syringe filter, dissolved in methanol, and analyzed. The main parameters that affected the efficiency of the microextraction procedure were studied and optimized to ensure high extraction efficiency for CLP and the analytical method was validated. Under optimum conditions, good linearity was observed between 0.05 and 5.0 μg mL-1. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.015 and 0.05 μg mL-1, respectively. The RSD values for intra-day repeatability and inter-day precision were 2.4-8.9 % and 1.7-9.1 %, respectively. The relative recovery values were within 90.0 and 110.0 % in all cases, demonstrating good method accuracy. The proposed SHS microextraction showed cost-efficiency, handling simplicity, and rapidity resulting in enhanced sample throughput. Moreover, the proposed method exhibited a green character and good applicability based on its evaluation by Green Analytical Procedure Index and Blue Applicability Grade Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Terzi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Paraskevas D Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Bodur S, Tutar BK, Tutar ÖF, Bakırdere S. An accurate and sensitive determination of selected pesticides in mixed fruit juice samples using the combination of a simple and efficient microextraction method and GC-MS with a matrix matching calibration strategy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1363-1370. [PMID: 38345087 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02327c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides have been used on several fruits, vegetables and cereals to control harmful organisms in order to increase the quality of products; however, these substances cause serious health effects. Therefore, an accurate and sensitive analytical method should be developed for the determination of pesticides to evaluate their toxicity. In this study, an efficient microextraction strategy was applied to preconcentrate eight different selected pesticides from mixed fruit juice samples prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. All significant parameters such as spraying number, extraction solvent type, sample volume and mixing type/period belonging to the developed extraction method were elaborately optimized to get low detection limits. After the optimization studies, system analytical performance studies were carried out and limit of detection (LOD) values varied from 0.04 μg /kg-1 to 1.99 μg kg-1 (mass based) for the selected analytes. Under the optimum experimental conditions, spiking recovery experiments were performed in the mixed fruit juice samples to evaluate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method. The recovery results were recorded in the range of 81.4-123.5% with acceptable standard deviations by applying a matrix matching calibration strategy. The proposed analytical method can be used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of selected pesticides in the mixed fruit juice samples and can also be applied to other fruit juice samples using a matrix matching calibration strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul 34220, Turkey.
- İstinye University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, İstanbul 34010, Turkey
- İstinye University, Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, İstanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Bahar Karademir Tutar
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul 34220, Turkey.
| | - Ömer Faruk Tutar
- İstinye University, Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, İstanbul 34010, Turkey
- İstinye University, Vocational School of Health Care Services, Department of Pharmacy Services, İstanbul 34010, Turkey
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya 54050, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul 34220, Turkey.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, Çankaya, Ankara 06670, Turkey
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Yao L, Qian M, Li Z, Han Y, Bai S, Lee M. pH-responsive switchable deep eutectic solvents to mediate pretreatment method for trace analysis of triazole fungicides in peel wastes. Food Chem 2023; 411:135486. [PMID: 36682163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The existing QuEChERS-combined analytical pretreatment methods are limited by large reagent consumption, high environmental burden, and mediocre effects. To provide an efficient and green pretreatment method, this study developed pH-responsive switchable deep eutectic solvents (SDESs) to extract triazole fungicides (TFs) from fruit peel wastes, which could enhance the preconcentration effect of target compounds in food waste samples with complex matrices. The mechanisms of pH-induced phase transition and hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity conversion of pH-responsive SDESs were investigated by pH phase diagrams and chemical characterization techniques, respectively. We validated the established method by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and lower LOD (0.089-0.351 ng mL-1), LOQ (0.297-1.172 ng mL-1), RSD (≤8.8 %) and satisfactory recoveries (90.6 %-110.9 %) and preconcentration factors (389-512) were obtained in rotting grape peel, watermelon peel, and orange peel samples. Our findings highlight the potential of pH-responsive SDESs in the extraction and analysis of various natural food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liping Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yulin Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Shanshan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Mawrong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 40227, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Fu R, Lu Q, Ren T, Guo X, Di X. Switchable hydrophilicity solvent for extraction of pollutants in food and environmental samples: A review. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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13
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Abdullahi AB, Ismail S, Alshana U. Edible oil-based switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of lead in food samples using flame-atomic absorption spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Billet R, Zeng B, Lockhart J, Gattrell M, Zhao H, Zhang X. Dissolution dynamics of a binary switchable hydrophilicity solvent-polymer drop into an acidic aqueous phase. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:295-305. [PMID: 36520098 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHSs) are solvents defined by their ability to switch from their hydrophobic form to a hydrophilic form when brought into contact with an acidic trigger such as CO2. As a consequence, SHSs qualify as promising alternatives to volatile organic compounds during industrial solvent extraction processes, as greener and inexpensive methods can be applied to separate and recover SHSs. Furthermore, because of their less volatile nature, SHSs are less flammable and so increase the safety of a larger scale extraction process. In this work, we study the dynamics and in-drop phase separation during the dissolution process of a drop composed of a SHS and a polymer, triggered by an acid in the surrounding aqueous environment. From 70 different experimental conditions, we found a scaling relationship between the drop dissolution time and the initial volume with an overall scaling coefficient of ∼0.53. We quantitatively assessed and found a shorter dissolution time related to a decrease in the pH of the aqueous phase or an increase in the initial polymer concentration in the drop. Examining the internal state of the drop during the dissolution revealed an in-drop phase separation behavior, resulting in a porous morphology of the final polymer particle. Our experimental results provide a microscopic view of the SHS dissolution process from droplets, and findings may help design SHS extraction processes for particle formation from emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Billet
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Binglin Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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15
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Zhang H, Zhao W, Liu L, Wen W, Jing X, Wang X. Switchable deep eutectic solvents for sustainable extraction of β-carotene from millet. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Sun Y, Yang X, Zhang R, Xia T, Hu K, Hao F, Liu Y, Deng Q, Yang S, Wen X. One-step effervescence tablet-assisted switchable hydrophilic solvent microextraction combined with micro spectrophotometry for the determination of copper in Salvia yunnanensis and environmental samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Khan M, Soylak M. Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Mercury in Water, Hair and Fish with Spectrophotometric Determination: A Green Protocol. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Khan
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Li S, Qi J, Zhou B, Guo J, Tong Y, Zhou Q, Jiang L, Yang R, Chen C, Zhang Y, Liu H, Niu J, Huang S, Yuan S. Sensitive determination of polychlorinated biphenyls from beverages based on switchable solvent microextraction: A robust methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134185. [PMID: 35257709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a kind of hazardous persistent organic contaminants and widely present in nature due to large consumption in the past. Although PCBs have been banned in many countries of the world, they are still present at trace level in food and water samples. It is of significant value to establish reliable enrichment and detection method. Based on the conversion of the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity from heptanoic acid under alkali and acid, increasing the contact area between heptanoic acid and PCBs, a new switchable solvent micro-extraction method for PCBs from beverages was developed with good extraction efficiency using heptanoic acid as the extractant prior to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The key parameters that had impact on enrichment of PCBs were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, a good linearity can be achieved in a concentration range of 0.01-20 μg L-1 with the correlation coefficients of 0.9978-0.9994. Limits of detection for PCB28, PCB53, PCB206 were 3 ng L-1 and PCB118 was 5 ng L-1 while other target PCBs were 2 ng L-1. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the range of 1.9-4.2% and 2.1-4.2%(relative standard deviation, RSD, n = 6), respectively. The real sample spiked recoveries of the targets were in the range of 93.2-114.3% (n = 3). The enrichment factors were in the range of 16.2-17.9. The results proved that this method was reliable for monitoring trace PCBs in beverage samples and will help for future assessments of impacts on human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jingxiao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Boyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jinghan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yayan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Liusan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Ruochen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jingwen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Shiyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
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19
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Wang XP, Wang RQ, Pan XY, Xing RR, Yang L, Chen X, Hu S. Preconcentration of liposoluble constituents in Salvia Miltiorrhiza using acid-assisted liquid phase microextraction based on a switchable deep eutectic solvent. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Qi J, Li X, Lv X, Ge Y, Wang J, Lu H. Enhanced separation for paraffin wax using CO2-responsive emulsions based on switchable hydrophilicity solvents. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Muniasamy R, Balamurugan BS, Rajamahendran D, Rathnasamy S. Switchable deep eutectic solvent driven micellar extractive fermentation of ultrapure fibrin digesting enzyme from Bacillus subtilis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:903. [PMID: 35042908 PMCID: PMC8766521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic protease (FLP) is a therapeutic enzyme used in the treatment of thrombolytic diseases. The present study proposed the concept of pH-driven swappable micellar two-phase extraction for the concurrent production and purification of FLP from Bacillus subtilis at cloud point extraction. Extractive fermentation was carried out with a pH swap mechanism and FLP was extracted to the top phase by surfactant deep eutectic solvents (SDES). Shrimp waste was chosen as a sustainable low-cost substrate that yielded a maximum protease of 185 U/mg. Six SDESs were synthesized with nonionic surfactants as hydrogen bond donors and quaternary ammonium salts as hydrogen bond acceptors and their association was confirmed by H1 NMR. Thermophysical investigation of the synthetic SDES was accomplished as a function of temperature. Response surface methodology for extractive fermentation was performed with the concentration of SADES (35% w/v), Na2SO4 (15% w/v) and pH (6.3) as variables and the enzyme activity (248 IU/mg) as a response. Furthermore, purification using gel filtration chromatography was used to quantify the amount of enzyme obtained in the extraction phase (849 IU/ml). After final purification with an anion exchange column, the maximum purity fold (22.32) with enzyme activity (1172 IU/ml) was achieved. The in-vitro fibrinolytic activity has been confirmed using a fibrin plate assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Muniasamy
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Bhavani Sowndharya Balamurugan
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Devi Rajamahendran
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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22
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Bozyiğit GD, Ayyıldız MF, Chormey DS, Engin GO, Bakırdere S. Trace level determination of eleven nervous system-active pharmaceutical ingredients by switchable solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with matrix matching calibration strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:58. [PMID: 34989878 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction (SS-LPME) to enrich eleven nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from aqueous samples for their determination at trace levels by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The analytes selected for the study included APIs utilized in antidepressant, antipsychotic, antiepileptic, and anti-dementia drugs. Parameters of the microextraction method including switchable solvent volume, concentration and volume of the trigger agent (sodium hydroxide), and sample agitation period were optimized univariately to boost extraction efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits calculated for the analytes were in the range of 0.20-8.0 ng/mL, and repeatability for six replicate measurements as indicated by percent relative standard deviation values were below 10%. Matrix matching calibration strategy was used to enhance quantification accuracy for the analytes. The percent recovery results calculated for the eleven analytes ranged between 86 and 117%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Fırat Ayyıldız
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güleda Onkal Engin
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No. 112, 06670, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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23
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Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Hernández-Borges J. Miniaturized green sample preparation approaches for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114405. [PMID: 34653744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of green sample preparation procedures is an extremely important research field in which more and more applications are constantly being proposed in different areas, including pharmaceutical analysis. This review article is aimed at providing a general overview of the development of miniaturized green analytical sample preparation procedures in the pharmaceutical analysis field, with special focus on the works published between January 2017 and July 2021. Particular attention has been paid to the application of environmentally friendly solvents and sorbents as well as nanomaterials or high extraction capacity sorbents in which the solvent volumes and reagents amounts are drastically reduced, with their subsequent advantages from the sustainability point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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24
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Zhu SC, Shi MZ, Yu YL, Jiao YH, Zheng H, Liu FM, Cao J. In-situ formation of ion pair assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of natural alkaloids by response surface methodology. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Al-Nidawi M, Alshana U. Reversed-phase switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid-liquid microextraction of copper prior to its determination by smartphone digital image colorimetry. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Grau J, Azorín C, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Salvador A. Use of green alternative solvents in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:210-222. [PMID: 34490730 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction is one of the most widely used microextraction techniques currently in the analytical chemistry field, mainly due to its simplicity and rapidity. The operational mode of this approach has been constantly changing since its introduction, adapting to new trends and applications. Most of these changes are related to the nature of the solvent employed for the microextraction. From the classical halogenated solvents (e.g., chloroform or dichloromethane), different alternatives have been proposed in order to obtain safer and non-pollutants microextraction applications. In this sense, low-density solvents, such as alkanols, switchable hydrophobicity solvents, and ionic liquids were the first and most popular replacements for halogenated solvents, which provided similar or better results than these classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction solvents. However, despite the good performances obtained with low-density solvents and ionic liquids, researchers have continued investigating in order to obtain even greener solvents for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. For that reason, in this review, the evolution over the last five years of the three types of solvents already mentioned and two of the most promising solvent alternatives (i.e., deep eutectic solvents and supramolecular solvents), have been studied in detail with the purpose of discussing which one provides the greenest alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Grau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Cristian Azorín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan L Benedé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Amparo Salvador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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27
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Switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based preconcentration for ICP-OES determination of trace lead in environmental samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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28
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Dmitrienko SG, Apyari VV, Tolmacheva VV, Gorbunova MV. Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Organic Compounds into a Single Drop of the Extractant: Overview of Reviews. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821080049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidants Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) by Matrix Acidity-Induced Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent-Based Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (MAI-SHS-HLLME) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1941072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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31
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Erarpat S, Bodur S, Bakırdere S. Nanoparticles Based Extraction Strategies for Accurate and Sensitive Determination of Different Pesticides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1370-1385. [PMID: 33576246 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1876552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation methods have become indispensable steps in analytical measurements not only to lower the detection limit but also to eliminate the matrix effect although more sophisticated instruments are being commonly used in routine analyses. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is one of the main extraction/preconcentration methods used to extract and purify target analytes along with simple and rapid procedures but some limitations have led to seek for an easy, sensitive and fast extraction methods with analyte-selective sorbents. Nanoparticles with different modifications have been used as spotlight to enhance extraction efficiency of target pesticides from complicated matrices. Carbon-based, metal and metal oxides, silica and polymer-based nanoparticles have been explored as promising sorbents for pesticide extraction. In this review, different types of nanoparticles used in the preconcentration of pesticides in various samples are outlined and examined. Latest studies in the literature are discussed in terms of their instrumental detection, sample matrix and limit of detection values. Novel strategies and future directions of nanoparticles used in the extraction and preconcentration of pesticides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Erarpat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Ankara, Turkey
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32
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Sustainable green solvents for microextraction techniques: Recent developments and applications. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461944. [PMID: 33556679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development and application of alternative green solvents in analytical techniques consist of trends in sample preparation, since this subject represents an important step toward sustainability in experimental procedures. This review is focused on the main theoretical aspects related to deep eutectic solvents (DES), switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS) and supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS). Recent applications are highlighted, particularly for the extraction of different analytes from environmental, biological and food matrices. Moreover, novel configurations are emphasized, aiming for efficient, automated and high-throughput procedures. This review also provides some critical points regarding the use of these solvents and their green aspects.
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33
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Bodur S, Erarpat S, Günkara ÖT, Bakırdere S. Development of an easy and rapid analytical method for the extraction and preconcentration of chloroquine phosphate from human biofluids prior to GC-MS analysis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 108:106949. [PMID: 33503487 PMCID: PMC7830268 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.106949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A vortex assisted spraying based fine droplet formation liquid phase microextraction (VA-SFDF-LPME) method was developed to determine chloroquine phosphate at trace levels in human serum, urine and saliva samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with single quadrupole mass analyzer. In the first part, several liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) methods were compared to each other in order to observe their extraction ability for the analyte. VA-SFDF-LPME method was selected as an efficient and easy extraction method due to its higher extraction efficiency. Optimization studies were carried out for the parameters such as extraction solvent type, sodium hydroxide volume/concentration, sample volume, spraying number and mixing type/period. Tukey's method based on post hoc test was applied to all experimental data for the selection of optimum values. Optimum extraction parameters were found to be 12 mL initial sample volume, two sprays of dichloromethane, 0.75 mL of 60 g/kg sodium hydroxide and 15 s vortex. Under the optimum conditions, limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were calculated as 2.8 and 9.2 μg/kg, respectively. Detection power of the GC–MS system was increased by approximately 317 folds with the developed extraction/preconcentration method. The applicability and accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by spiking experiments and percent recovery results for human urine, serum and saliva samples were found in the range of 90.9% and 114.0% with low standard deviation values (1.9–9.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Bodur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Piyade Street No: 27, Çankaya, Ankara 06690, Turkey.
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