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Georgiev P, Belka M, Kroll D, Bączek T, Opiełka M, Rutkowska A, Ulenberg S. 3D-printed extraction devices fabricated from silica particles suspended in acrylate resin. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464671. [PMID: 38278133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in the use of alternative sample preparation methods. Digital light processing (DLP) is a 3D printing technique based on using UV light to form photo-curable resin layer upon layer, which results in a printed shape. This study explores the application of this technique for the development of novel drug extraction devices in analytical chemistry. A composite material consisting of a photocurable resin and C18-modified silica particles was employed as a sorbent device, demonstrating its effectiveness in pharmaceutical analysis. Apart from estimating optimal printing parameters, microscopic examination of the material surface, and sorbent powder to resin ratio, the extraction procedure was also optimised. Optimisation included the type and amount of sample matrix additives, desorption solvent, sorption and desorption times, and proper number of sorbent devices needed in extraction protocol. To demonstrate this method's applicability for sample analysis, the solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) method was validated for its ability to quantify benzodiazepine-type drugs. This evaluation confirmed good linearity in the concentration range of 50-1000 ng/mL, with R2 values being 0.9932 and 0.9952 for medazepam and diazepam, respectively. Validation parameters proved that the presented method is precise (with values ranging in-between 2.98 %-7.40 %), and accurate (88.81 % to 110.80 %). A negative control was also performed to investigate possible sorption properties of the resin itself, proving that the addition of C18-modified silica particles significantly increases the extraction efficiency and repeatability. The cost-effectiveness of this approach makes it particularly advantageous for single-use scenarios, eliminating the need for time-consuming sorbent-cleaning procedures, common in traditional solid-phase extraction techniques. Future optimisation opportunities include refining sorbent size, shape, and geometry to achieve lower limits of quantification. As a result of these findings, 3D-printed extraction devices can serve as a viable alternative to commercially available SPE or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) protocols for studying new sample preparation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Georgiev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Kroll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Opiełka
- Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y, Liu L, Liang Y, He B, Hu L, Jiang G. Application of three-dimensional printing technology in environmental analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341742. [PMID: 38783729 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of environmental analysis devices with high performance is essential to assess the potential risks of environmental pollutants. However, it is still challenging to develop environmental analysis equipment with miniaturization, portability, and high sensitivity based on traditional processing techniques. In recent years, the popularity of 3D printing technology (3DP) with high precision, low cost, and unlimited design freedom has provided opportunities to solve the existing challenges of environmental analysis. 3D printing has brought solutions to promote the high performance and versatility of environmental analysis equipment by optimizing printing materials, enhancing equipment structure, and integrating multidisciplinary technology. In this paper, we comprehensively review the latest progress in 3D printing in various aspects of environmental analysis procedures, including but not limited to sample collection, pretreatment, separation, and detection. We highlight their advantages and challenges in determining various environmental contaminants through passive sampling, solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometry detection. The manufacturing of 3D-printed environmental analysis devices is also discussed. Finally, we look forward to their development prospects and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Wu CY, Su YT, Su CK. 4D-printed needle panel meters coupled with enzymatic derivatization for reading urea and glucose concentrations in biological samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115500. [PMID: 37390641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
On-site analytical techniques continue being developed with advances in modern technology. To demonstrate the applicability of four-dimensional printing (4DP) technologies in the direct fabrication of stimuli-responsive analytical devices for on-site determination of urea and glucose, we used digital light processing three-dimensional printing (3DP) and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA)-incorporated photocurable resins to fabricate all-in-one needle panel meters. When adding a sample having a value of pH above the pKa of CEA (ca. 4.6-5.0) into the fabricated needle panel meter, the [H+]-responsive layer of the needle, printed using the CEA-incorporated photocurable resins, swelled as a result of electrostatic repulsion among the dissociated carboxyl groups of the copolymer, leading to [H+]-dependent bending of the needle. When coupled with a derivatization reaction (urease-mediated hydrolysis of urea to decrease [H+]; glucose oxidase-mediated oxidization of glucose to increase [H+]), the bending of the needle allowed reliable quantification of urea or glucose when referencing pre-calibrated concentration scales. After method optimization, the method's detection limits for urea and glucose were 4.9 and 7.0 μM, respectively, within a working concentration range from 0.1 to 10 mM. We verified the reliability of this analytical method by determining the concentrations of urea and glucose in samples of human urine, fetal bovine serum, and rat plasma with spike analyses and comparing the results with those obtained using commercial assay kits. Our results confirm that 4DP technologies can allow the direct fabrication of stimuli-responsive devices for quantitative chemical analysis, and that they can advance the development and applicability of 3DP-enabling analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ting Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Szynkiewicz D, Ulenberg S, Georgiev P, Hejna A, Mikolaszek B, Bączek T, Baron GV, Denayer JFM, Desmet G, Belka M. Development of a 3D-Printable, Porous, and Chemically Active Material Filled with Silica Particles and its Application to the Fabrication of a Microextraction Device. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37490645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first successful attempt to produce a silica/polymer composite with retained C18 silica sorptive properties that can be reliably printed using three-dimensional (3D) FDM printing. A 3D printer provides an exceptional tool for producing complex objects in an easy and inexpensive manner and satisfying the current custom demand of research. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most popular 3D-printing technique based on the extrusion of a thermoplastic material. The lack of appropriate materials limits the development of advanced applications involving directly 3D-printed devices with intrinsic chemical activity. Progress in sample preparation, especially for complex sample matrices and when mass spectrometry is favorable, remains a vital research field. Silica particles, for example, which are commonly used for extraction, cannot be directly extruded and are not readily workable in a powder form. The availability of composite materials containing a thermoplastic polymer matrix and dispersed silica particles would accelerate research in this area. This paper describes how to prepare a polypropylene (PP)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/C18-functionalized silica composite that can be processed by FDM 3D printing. We present a method for producing the filament as well as a procedure to remove ABS by acetone rinsing (to activate the material). The result is an activated 3D-printed object with a porous structure that allows access to silica particles while maintaining macroscopic size and shape. The 3D-printed device is intended for use in a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure. The proposed composite's effectiveness is demonstrated for the microextraction of glimepiride, imipramine, and carbamazepine. The complex honeycomb geometry of the sorbent has shown to be superior to the simple tubular sorbent, which proves the benefits of 3D printing. The 3D-printed sorbent's shape and microextraction parameters were fine-tuned to provide satisfactory recoveries (33-47%) and high precision (2-6%), especially for carbamazepine microextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szynkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Georgiev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Mikolaszek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Gino V Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri F M Denayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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García-Moll L, Sixto A, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Miró M. 3D-printed chemiluminescence flow cells with customized cross-section geometry for enhanced analytical performance. Talanta 2023; 255:124211. [PMID: 36634426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low force stereolithography is exploited for the first time for one-step facile fabrication of chemiluminescence (CL) flow-through cells that bear unrivalled features as compared to those available through milling or blowing procedures or alternative 3D printing technologies. A variety of bespoke cross-section geometries with polyhedral features (namely, triangular, square, and five-side polygon) as well as semicircular cross-section are herein critically evaluated in terms of analytical performance against the standardcircular cross-section in a flat spirally-shape format. The idea behind is to maximize capture of elicited light by the new designs while leveraging 3D printing further for fabrication of (i) customized gaskets that enable reliable attaching of the active mixing zone of the CL cell to the detection window, (ii) in-line 3D-printed serpentine reactors, and (iii) flow confluences with tailorable shapes for enhancing mixing of samples with CL reagents. Up to twenty transparent functional cells were simultaneously fabricated without inner supports following post-curing and surface treatment protocols lasting less than 5 h. In fact, previous attempts to print spirally-shaped cells in one-step by resorting to less cost effective photopolymer inkjet printing technologies were unsuccessful because of the requirement of lengthy procedures (>15 days) for quantitative removal of the support material. By exploiting the phthalazinedione-hydrogen peroxide chemistry as a model reaction, the five-side irregular pentagon cell exhibited superior analytical figures of merit in terms of LOD, dynamic range and intermediate precision as compared to alternative designs. Computational fluid dynamic simulations for mapping velocities at the entry region of the spiral cell corroborated the fact that the 5-side polygon cross-section flow-cell with Y-type confluence permitted the most efficient mixing of reagents and sample while enabling larger flow velocities near the inlet that contribute to a more efficient capture of the photons from the flash-type reaction. The applicability of the 3D-printed 5-side polygon CL cell for automatic determination of hydrogen peroxide using a computerized hybrid flow system was demonstrated for the analysis of high matrix samples, viz., seawater and saliva, with relative recoveries ranging from 83 to 103%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llucia García-Moll
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Alexandra Sixto
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Dispersive solid-phase extraction facilitated by newly developed, fully 3D-printed device. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Madhu NR, Erfani H, Jadoun S, Amir M, Thiagarajan Y, Chauhan NPS. Fused deposition modelling approach using 3D printing and recycled industrial materials for a sustainable environment: a review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2022; 122:2125-2138. [PMID: 36091410 PMCID: PMC9443620 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-022-10048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
According to research findings of many peer-reviewed studies, up to 90% of household items may be made of plastic. But nowadays, just a small portion of plastic waste is recycled. Plastic pyrolysis and polymer breakdown are environmentally hazardous. Processing is, therefore, necessary for recycling. Plastics are constantly being manufactured and require minimal processing, necessitating innovation. Plastic recycling is becoming a major issue for environmentalists and waste management professionals. Fused deposition modelling, or FDM, is one of the most popular types of additive manufacturing. It uses the melt extrusion process to deposit filaments of thermal polymers in a predetermined pattern. Using a computer-generated design, 3D printing, sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, is a technique for building three-dimensional objects layer by layer. A 3D item is produced by the additive method of 3D printing, which involves building up layers of material. To make a three-dimensional object, FDM printers eject a thermoplastic filament that has been heated to its melting point layer by layer. 3D printing is a rapidly expanding industry and the market in this field has grown up to 23% by 2021. Several experiments on new 3D printing materials have been carried out to reduce pollution and the supply of plastic. Various additives have been investigated to increase recycled polymers' molecular weight and mechanical properties. The most frequent type of fibre found in that is thermoplastic fibre. In this instance, waste ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic from industrial FDM printers was gathered and examined in a bustling open shop. In this review, we discussed the use of recyclable polymers in 3D printing for waste material management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithar Ranjan Madhu
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, West Bengal India
| | - Hadi Erfani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sapana Jadoun
- Laboratorio de Especiación Y Trazas Elementales, Departamento de Química Analítica E Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mohammad Amir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Delhi, India
| | - Y. Thiagarajan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Christ College of Engineering and Technology, Puducherry, India
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Fabrication of a Stainless-Steel Pump Impeller by Integrated 3D Sand Printing and Casting: Mechanical Characterization and Performance Study in a Chemical Plant. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of additive manufacturing is renovating the landscape of available production technologies. In this paper, we describe the fabrication of a closed vane pump impeller (ϕ 206 mm, height 68 mm, weight 4 kg) by binder jetting 3D printing of a sand mould followed by casting using stainless steel 316 to create an identical copy of a part in service in a chemical plant in Tarragona, Spain. The original part was reverse engineered and used to create a sand mould by binder jetting 3D printing on which new impellers were fabricated by casting. Metallographic studies showed an austenitic matrix with 6.3% of ferritic phase and 40 μm × 8 μm ferrite grains without precipitated carbides. The impeller was put into operation in a centrifugal pump at a polyol/polyglycol plant belonging to Dow Chemical Ibérica SL from October 2020 to April 2021. Process variables related to the pump behaviour were compared with the same variables obtained in previous cycles with the original impeller for three different product viscosities (30, 180, and 500 cSt). At 500 cSt, the average current consumption was 9.34 A as compared with the 9.41 A measured with the original impeller. Similarly, the pump pressure remained essentially constant during process operation with both impellers (3.97 bar with the new impeller vs. 3.99 bar with the old). Other monitored parameters (product flow, tank level) were similar in both cases, validating the fabrication strategy from an operational point of view. This work further demonstrated that the implementation of additive manufacturing technologies in chemical process engineering is a useful solution to fabricate spare parts that are difficult to replicate with other technologies, providing consequent economic benefits.
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3D-Printed Porous Magnetic Carbon Materials Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223881. [PMID: 34833183 PMCID: PMC8626018 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report new porous carbon materials obtained by 3D printing from photopolymer compositions with zinc- and nickel-based metal–organic frameworks, ZIF-8 and Ni-BTC, followed by high-temperature pyrolysis. The pyrolyzed materials that retain the shapes of complex objects contain pores, which were produced by boiling zinc and magnetic nickel particles. The two thus provided functionalities—large specific surface area and ferromagnetism—that pave the way towards creating heterogenous catalysts that can be easily removed from reaction mixtures in industrial catalytic processes.
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