1
|
Laperche S, Maugard C, Lhomme S, Lecam S, Ricard C, Dupont I, Richard P, Tiberghien P, Abravanel F, Morel P, Izopet J, Gallian P. Seven years (2015-2021) of blood donor screening for HEV-RNA in France: lessons and perspectives. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2023; 21:110-118. [PMID: 35969132 PMCID: PMC10072995 DOI: 10.2450/2022.0052-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The French health authorities are considering expanding the current selective hepatitis E virus (HEV)-RNA testing procedure to include all donations in order to further reduce transfusion-transmitted HEV infection. Data obtained from blood donors (BDs) tested for HEV-RNA between 2015 and 2021 were used to assess the most efficient nucleic acid testing (NAT) strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Viral loads (VLs) and the plasma volume of blood components, as well as an HEV-RNA dose of 3.85 log IU as the infectious threshold and an assay with a 95% limit of detection (LOD) at 17 IU/mL, were used to assess the proportion of: (i) HEV-RNA-positive BDs that would remain undetected; and (ii) blood components associated with these undetected BDs with an HEV-RNA dose >3.85 log IU, considering 4 NAT options (Individual testing [ID], MP-6, MP-12, and MP-24). RESULTS Of the 510,118 BDs collected during the study period, 510 (0.10%) were HEV-RNA-positive. Based on measurable VLs available in 388 cases, 1%, 15.2%, 21.8%, and 32.6% of BDs would theoretically pass undetected due to a VL below the LOD of ID, MP-6, MP-12, and MP-24 testing, respectively. All BDs associated with a potentially infectious blood component would be detected with ID-NAT while 13% of them would be undetected with MP-6, 19.6% with MP-12, and 30.4% with MP-24 depending on the plasma volume. No red blood cell (RBC) components with an HEV-RNA dose >3.85 log IU would enter the blood supply, regardless of the NAT strategy used. DISCUSSION A highly sensitive ID-NAT would ensure maximum safety. However, an MP-based strategy can be considered given that: (i) the risk of transmission is closely related to the plasma volume of blood components; (ii) RBC are the most commonly transfused components and have a low plasma content; and (iii) HEV-RNA doses transmitting infection exceed 4 log IU. To minimise the potential risk associated with apheresis platelet components and fresh frozen plasma, less than 12 donations should be pooled using an NAT assay with a LOD of approximately 20 IU/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syria Laperche
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE) Aix-Marseille-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-Marseille, France
| | - Claude Maugard
- Etablissement Français du Sang Occitanie, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Infinity, Université Toulouse III, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Lecam
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Pays de la Loire, Angers, France
| | - Céline Ricard
- Etablissement Français du Sang Hauts de France Normandie, Loos, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Tiberghien
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France
- UMR 1098 RIGHT INSERM Université de Franche-Comté Etablissement Français du Sang, Besançon, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Infinity, Université Toulouse III, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Morel
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France
- UMR 1098 RIGHT INSERM Université de Franche-Comté Etablissement Français du Sang, Besançon, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Infinity, Université Toulouse III, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gallian
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE) Aix-Marseille-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pillonel J, Maugard C, Sommen C, Figoni J, Pierre C, LeCam S, Richard P, Morel P, Gallian P, Laperche S. Risk of a blood donation contaminated with hepatitis E virus entering the blood supply before the implementation of universal RNA screening in France. Vox Sang 2022; 117:1411-1414. [PMID: 36394899 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The risk of a blood donation contaminated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) entering the blood supply before introducing universal HEV-RNA screening in France was estimated to assess the benefit of such a measure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The results of selective HEV nucleic acid testing (HEV-NAT) performed in mini pool of six plasma donations between 2018 and 2020 were extrapolated to the whole blood donor (BD) population after adjustment on three variables: regional establishment, sex and age group. RESULTS Among the 246,285 plasma donations collected from 172,635 BDs tested for HEV-RNA, 248 (10.1/10,000) were positive. The extrapolation to all BDs led to an estimated rate of 5.9/10,000 donations (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5-7.4) which would be positive to HEV-RNA and a prevalence of 9.9/10,000 BDs (95% CI: 7.5-12.3). This prevalence was 4.4 times higher in males than females (16.8/10,000 vs. 3.8/10,000, p < 10-4 ). The highest prevalence was observed in males in the 30-39 age group (20.5/10,000) and the lowest in females in the 50-70 age group (2.8/10,000). CONCLUSION The risk of an HEV-RNA-positive donation entering the blood supply was estimated at 1 in 1682 donations. This risk does not translate directly to the risk of HEV transfusion transmission, which mainly depends on the total number of viral particles in the transfused blood component and the sensitivity of NAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claude Maugard
- Etablissement Français du Sang Occitanie, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Chloé Pierre
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France
| | - Sophie LeCam
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France
| | | | - Pascal Morel
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France.,UMR 1098 RIGHT INSERM, Université de Franche-Comté Etablissement Français du Sang, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Gallian
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France.,Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE), Aix-Marseille, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Syria Laperche
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France.,Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE), Aix-Marseille, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Westhölter D, Hiller J, Denzer U, Polywka S, Ayuk F, Rybczynski M, Horvatits T, Gundlach S, Blöcker J, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Fischer N, Addo MM, Peine S, Göke B, Lohse AW, Lütgehetmann M, Pischke S. HEV-positive blood donations represent a relevant infection risk for immunosuppressed recipients. J Hepatol 2018; 69:36-42. [PMID: 29551705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Routine HEV testing of blood products has recently been implemented in Great Britain and the Netherlands. The relevance of transfusion-transmitted HEV infections is still controversially discussed in Europe. METHODS All blood donations at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf were prospectively tested for HEV RNA by pooled PCR from October 2016 to May 2017. Reactive samples were individually retested. Additionally, stored samples from previous donations of positive donors were tested to determine the duration of HEV viraemia. HEV RNA-positive donors and a control cohort were asked to answer a questionnaire. RESULTS Twenty-three out of 18,737 HEV RNA-positive donors were identified (0.12%). Only two of the positive donors (8.7%) presented with elevated aminotransferases at time of donation (alanine aminotransferase: 192 and 101 U/L). The retrospective analysis of all positive donors revealed that four asymptomatic donors had been HEV viraemic for up to three months with the longest duration of HEV viraemia exceeding four months. Despite the HEV-testing efforts, 14 HEV RNA-positive blood products were transfused into 12 immunocompromised and two immunocompetent patients. One recipient of these products developed fatal acute-on-chronic liver failure complicated by Pseudomonas septicemia. The questionnaire revealed that HEV RNA-positive donors significantly more often consumed raw pork meat (12 out of 18; 67%) than controls (89 out of 256; 35%; p = 0.01). In two donors, undercooked pork liver dishes were identified as the source of infection. HEV genotyping was possible in 7 out of 23 of HEV viraemic donors and six out of seven isolates belonged to HEV Genotype 3, Group 2. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged HEV viraemia can be detected at a relatively high rate in Northern German blood donors, leading to transfusion-transmitted HEV infections in several patients with the risk of severe and fatal complications. Eating raw pork tartare represented a relevant risk for the acquisition of HEV infection. LAY SUMMARY The relevance of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E virus infections has been discussed controversially. Herein, we present the first report on routine hepatitis E virus screening of blood donations at a tertiary care centre in Germany. Hepatitis E viraemia was found at a relatively high rate of 0.12% among blood donors, which represents a relevant transfusion-related risk for vulnerable patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Westhölter
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. MAILTO:
| | - Jens Hiller
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Denzer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Polywka
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francis Ayuk
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Rybczynski
- University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Horvatits
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svantje Gundlach
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Blöcker
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Göke
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Pischke
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garraud O, Filho LA, Laperche S, Tayou-Tagny C, Pozzetto B. The infectious risks in blood transfusion as of today - A no black and white situation. Presse Med 2016; 45:e303-11. [PMID: 27476017 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion has been tainted with the risk of contracting an infection - often severe - and fears about this risk are still prevailing, in sharp contrast with the actual risk in Western countries. Those actual risks are rather immunological, technical (overload) or metabolic. Meanwhile, in developing countries and particularly in Africa, transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) are still frequent, because of both the scarcity of volunteer blood donors and resources and the high incidence and prevalence of infections. Global safety of blood components has been declared as a goal to be attained everywhere by the World Heath Organization (WHO). However, this challenge is difficult to meet because of several intricate factors, of which the emergence of infectious agents, low income and breaches in sanitation and hygiene. This review aims at encompassing the situation of TTIs in different settings and means that can be deployed to improve the situation where this can possibly be.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Garraud
- Université de Lyon, faculté de médecine de Saint-Étienne, GIMAP 3064, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France; Institut national de la transfusion sanguine, 6, rue Alexandre-Cabanel, 75015 Paris, France.
| | | | - Syria Laperche
- Institut national de la transfusion sanguine, 6, rue Alexandre-Cabanel, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Claude Tayou-Tagny
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences biomédicales, université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Université de Lyon, faculté de médecine de Saint-Étienne, GIMAP 3064, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France; University hospital of de Saint-Étienne, laboratoire des agents infectieux et d'hygiène, 42055 Saint-Étienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Servant-Delmas A, Abravanel F, Lefrère JJ, Lionnet F, Hamon C, Izopet J, Laperche S. New insights into the natural history of hepatitis E virus infection through a longitudinal study of multitransfused immunocompetent patients in France. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:569-75. [PMID: 26990022 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the natural history of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in immunocompetent individuals. The prevalence, the course of infection and the occurrence of transmission by transfusion were investigated in multitransfused immunocompetent patients/blood donor pairs included in a longitudinal sample repository collection and followed up between 1988 and 2010. Ninety-eight subjects aged 6-89 years and suffering from acquired haemoglobinopathies were tested for HEV markers (IgM, IgG and RNA) in serial samples collected every 2 or 3 years. Eighteen patients (18.4%) were positive for HEV-IgG at baseline with a prevalence increasing from 12.5% below 26 years to 32% above 56 years. Nine patients remained IgG positive along the study and nine lost their antibodies after a mean follow-up of 7.4 years (1-22 years). One seropositive patient showed an increase of IgG level and RNA-HEV reappearance 1 year after inclusion, suggesting a reinfection and one seroconversion, probably acquired through blood transfusion was observed. This first longitudinal study including immunocompetent individuals confirms that HEV infection is common in Western Europe and that transfusion transmission occurs probably less frequently than expected. In addition, seroreversion and reinfection seem to be common. This suggests that the anti-HEV may not persist overtime naturally. However, repeat exposure to the virus related to the high prevalence of HEV infection may result in a sustainable specific IgG response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Servant-Delmas
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Département d'études des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre national de référence des hépatites virales B et C et du VIH en Transfusion, Paris, France
| | - F Abravanel
- Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
| | - J-J Lefrère
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Département d'études des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre national de référence des hépatites virales B et C et du VIH en Transfusion, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - F Lionnet
- Hematology Unit, Tenon Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - C Hamon
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Département d'études des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre national de référence des hépatites virales B et C et du VIH en Transfusion, Paris, France
| | - J Izopet
- Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France
| | - S Laperche
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Département d'études des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre national de référence des hépatites virales B et C et du VIH en Transfusion, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Viral safety remains a major concern in transfusion of blood products. Over years, the control measures applied to blood products were made more and more sophisticated; however, the number of infectious agents, and notably of viruses, that can be transmitted by transfusion is increasing continuously. The aim of this review paper is to actualize that published in the same journal by the same authors in 2011 with more details on some of actual vs virtual viral threats that were identified recently in the field of blood transfusion. The main subjects that are covered successively concern the transmission via transfusion of hepatitis E virus, the frequency of transfusion transmitted arboviruses, transfusion at the time of the Ebola epidemics in West Africa, the debated role of Marseillevirus (giant viruses infecting amoebae and suspected to infect human blood latently), and, finally, the recent report of the identification in blood donors of a new member of the Flaviviridae family. The addition of these new viral risks to those already identified-partially controlled or not-pleads for the urgent need to move forward to considering inactivation of infectious agents in blood products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Pozzetto
- EA3064, Groupe immunité des muqueuses et agents pathogènes (GIMAP), faculté de médecine de Saint-Étienne, université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France; Laboratoire des agents infectieux et d'hygiène, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - O Garraud
- EA3064, Groupe immunité des muqueuses et agents pathogènes (GIMAP), faculté de médecine de Saint-Étienne, université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France; Institut national de la transfusion sanguine (INTS), 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coinfection of hepatitis E virus and other hepatitis virus in Colombia and its genotypic characterization. BIOMEDICA 2015; 36:69-78. [PMID: 27622794 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis E virus has emerged as a public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The four genotypes identified in mammals include the G3 found in indigenous hepatitis in countries and regions with high porcine population, and the G1, associated with maternal deaths. OBJECTIVE To determine coinfection by hepatitis E virus and the circulating genotypes in Colombia in 1,097 samples using serological markers for hepatitis A, B and C. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples of 1,097 patients from different regions of Colombia stored at the Laboratorio de Virología of the Instituto Nacional de Salud were selected to detect IgG and IgM anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies. The viral genomes of positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR, and the products were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed by comparing ORF2 sequences deposited in the GenBank. RESULTS IgG anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies were found in 278 samples, IgM in 62, and both markers in 64. Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus coinfection determined by IgG anti-hepatitis E virus was 33.6% and 16.1% by IgM; hepatitis E virus and hepatitis B virus coinfection was 23.4% and 8.1%, and hepatitis E virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection was 35.4% and 5.83%, respectively. Among the 52 positive samples by PCR nine were sequenced and grouped within genotype 3A of the American porcine strain. CONCLUSIONS The highest seropositivity was observed for hepatitis A and E. The incidence of hepatitis E virus coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses indicated that this pathogen is more frequent than expected. The circulation of genotype 3A implies that this disease may occur in outbreaks and as zoonosis in Colombia.
Collapse
|