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Costa RF, de Oliveira CA, Gomes ÁNDM, Lourenço SV, Coutinho-Camillo CM. Molecular Aspects of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:34. [PMID: 38658430 PMCID: PMC11043314 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are rare and highly heterogeneous lesions, making diagnosis a challenging activity. In addition, the small number of studies and samples evaluated difficults the determination of prognosis and diagnosis. Despite the solid advances achieved by research, there is still an intense need to investigate biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and that explain the evolution and progression of SGTs. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature review of the molecular alterations focusing on the most frequent malignant SGTs: mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. RESULTS Due to the importance of biomarkers in the tumorigenenic process, this review aimed to address the mechanisms involved and to describe molecular and biomarker pathways to better understand some aspects of the pathophysiology of salivary gland tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Molecular analysis is essential not only to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of the tumors but also to identify novel driver pathways in the precision medicine scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Ferreira Costa
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440 - Primeiro andar, São Paulo, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Carolinne Alves de Oliveira
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440 - Primeiro andar, São Paulo, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Nagli de Mello Gomes
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440 - Primeiro andar, São Paulo, 01508-010, Brazil
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2
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da Silva FJ, Carvalho de Azevedo J, Ralph ACL, Pinheiro JDJV, Freitas VM, Calcagno DQ. Salivary glands adenoid cystic carcinoma: a molecular profile update and potential implications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1191218. [PMID: 37476370 PMCID: PMC10354556 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1191218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive tumor with a high propensity for distant metastasis and perineural invasion. This tumor is more commonly found in regions of the head and neck, mainly the salivary glands. In general, the primary treatment modality for ACC is surgical resection and, in some cases, postoperative radiotherapy. However, no effective systemic treatment is available for patients with advanced disease. Furthermore, this tumor type is characterized by recurrent molecular alterations, especially rearrangements involving the MYB, MYBL1, and NFIB genes. In addition, they also reported copy number alterations (CNAs) that impact genes. One of them is C-KIT, mutations that affect signaling pathways such as NOTCH, PI3KCA, and PTEN, as well as alterations in chromatin remodeling genes. The identification of new molecular targets enables the development of specific therapies. Despite ongoing investigations into immunotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and anti-angiogenics, no systemic therapy is approved by the FDA for ACC. In this review, we report the genetic and cytogenetic findings on head and neck ACC, highlighting possible targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Jardim da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Juscelino Carvalho de Azevedo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (Oncologia), Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Lima Ralph
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Faculdade Estácio, Carapicuíba, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João de Jesus Viana Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Microambiente Tumoral, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (Oncologia), Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microambiente Tumoral, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Haghshenas MR, Ghaderi H, Daneste H, Ghaderi A. Immunological and biological dissection of normal and tumoral salivary glands. Int Rev Immunol 2023; 42:139-155. [PMID: 34378486 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1958806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands naturally play central roles in oral immunity. The salivary glands microenvironment inevitable may be exposed to exogenous factors consequently triggering the initiation and formation of various malignant and benign tumors. Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited into salivary gland microenvironment, interact with tumor cells, and induce inhibitory cytokines as well as cells with immunosuppressive phenotypes such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The immune components and tumor immune responses in malignant and benign SGTs are still under investigation. Immune responses may directly play a limiting role in tumor growth and expansion, or may participate in formation of a rich milieu for tumor growth in cooperation with other cellular and regulatory molecules. Immune checkpoint molecules (e.g. PDLs, HLA-G and LAG3) are frequently expressed on tumor cells and/or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in salivary gland microenvironment, and an increase in their expression is associated with T cell exhaustion, immune tolerance and tumor immune escape. Chemokines and chemokine receptors have influential roles on aggressive behaviors of SGTs, and thereby they could be candidate targets for cancer immunotherapy. To present a broad knowledge on salivary glands, this review first provides a brief description on immunological functions of normal salivary glands, and then describe the SGT's tumor microenvironment, by focusing on mesenchymal stem cells, immune cell subsets, immune checkpoint molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors, and finally introduces immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Daneste
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Bhuin S, Sharma P, Chakraborty P, Kulkarni OP, Chakravarty M. Solid-state emitting twisted π-conjugate as AIE-active DSE-gen: in vitro anticancer properties against FaDu and 4T1 with biocompatibility and bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2022; 11:188-203. [PMID: 36477106 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dual-state emissive fluorogens (DSE-gens) are currently defining their importance as a transpiring tool in biological and biomedical applications. This work focuses on designing and synthesizing indole-anthracene-based solid-state emitting twisted π-conjugates using a metal-free protocol to achieve AIE-active DSE-gens, expanding their scope in biological applications. Special effort has been made to introduce proficient and photo/thermostable DSE-gens that inhibit cancer but not normal cells. Here, the lead DSE-gen initially detects cancer and normal cells by bioimaging; however, it could also confirm and distinguish cancer cells from normal cells by its abated fluorescence signal after killing cancer cells. In contrast, the fluorescence signals for a normal cell remain unscathed. Surprisingly, these molecules displayed decent anticancer properties against FaDu and 4T1 but not MCF-7 cell lines. From a series of newly designed indole-based molecules, we report one single 2,3,4-trimethoxybenzene-linked DSE-gen (the lead), exhibiting high ROS generation, less haemolysis, and less cytotoxicity than doxorubicin (DOX) for normal cells, crucial parameters for a biocompatible in vitro anticancer probe. Thus, we present a potentially applicable anticancer drug, offering a bioactive material with bioimaging efficacy and a way to detect dead cancer cells selectively. The primary mechanism behind the identified outcomes is deciphered with the support of experimental (steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, biological assays, cellular uptake) and molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouvik Bhuin
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India.
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Purbali Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Manab Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India.
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5
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Picon H, Guddati AK. Cancer stem cells in head and neck cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2021; 10:28-35. [PMID: 34552815 PMCID: PMC8449141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population of cells found within tumors that are able to self-renew, restore the original heterogeneity of a tumor following treatment, and show increased tumorigenic potential when compared to other cancer cells. It is thought that they are responsible for the recurrence of tumors as well as the resistance to treatment that is seen clinically. CSCs are known to be involved in head and neck cancer (HNCs) specifically, as evidence for their existence can be found in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), among others. Here, findings from various approaches to identifying and targeting CSCs and their downstream effectors in HNC are summarized, with an emphasis on recent advancements. Prognostic and therapeutic markers are discussed for each specific type of HNC, and novel treatment strategies and current clinical trials involving CSCs are detailed as well. The information provided here is intended to further the research on this important topic and lead to clinical impact in the battle against HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Picon
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta 30909, GA, USA
| | - Achuta Kumar Guddati
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta UniversityAugusta 30912, GA, USA
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6
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Nuclear immunoreactivity of BLM-s, a proapoptotic BCL-2 family member, is specifically detected in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 84:81-91. [PMID: 30261190 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells frequently evade apoptosis triggered by cellular stress via aberrant regulation of the BCL-2 family members, which are key players in regulating cell death under physiological and pathological situations. Previously, we have identified a novel BH3-only protein of the BCL-2 family, BLM-s (BCL-2-like molecule, short form), that modulates apoptosis of postmitotic immature neurons during corticohistogenesis. Whether BLM-s expression correlates with any subtype of human tumors has not been investigated. Here, via BLM-s immunohistochemistry performed in various kinds of human tumors, we demonstrate that BLM-s is specifically expressed in tumors derived from salivary gland (specificity, 0.76 [95% confidence interval, or CI], 0.65-0.85]; sensitivity, 1 [95% CI, 0.99-1]). Stratification of BLM-s immunointensity and its subcellular localization in correlation with salivary gland tumor subtype shows a statistically significant increase in proportion and in intensity of nuclear staining for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC; specificity, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.88-0.95]; sensitivity, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.66-0.92]), a locally aggressive head and neck malignancy. Comparison among salivary ACC in correlation with MYB/MYBL fluorescence in situ hybridization, c-KIT immunohistochemistry, and BLM-s immunohistochemistry shows that BLM-s' nuclear immunoreactivity has lower false-negative detection rate (18.5% compared with 26.3% [MYB/MYBL fluorescence in situ hybridization] and 34.2% [c-KIT], respectively). Intriguingly, ACC derived from other cell origins such as breast shows negative BLM-s immunoreactivity. We thus propose that nuclear localization of BLM-s detected by immunohistochemistry could be potentially used as an ancillary diagnostic marker for ACC originating from the salivary gland, especially when the biopsy specimen is small with an unknown tumor origin.
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7
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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8
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Frerich CA, Brayer KJ, Painter BM, Kang H, Mitani Y, El-Naggar AK, Ness SA. Transcriptomes define distinct subgroups of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma with different driver mutations and outcomes. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7341-7358. [PMID: 29484115 PMCID: PMC5800907 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative rarity of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and its slow growing yet aggressive nature has complicated the development of molecular markers for patient stratification. To analyze molecular differences linked to the protracted disease course of ACC and metastases that form 5 or more years after diagnosis, detailed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed on 68 ACC tumor samples, starting with archived, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples up to 25 years old, so that clinical outcomes were available. A statistical peak-finding approach was used to classify the tumors that expressed MYB or MYBL1, which had overlapping gene expression signatures, from a group that expressed neither oncogene and displayed a unique phenotype. Expression of MYB or MYBL1 was closely correlated to the expression of the SOX4 and EN1 genes, suggesting that they are direct targets of Myb proteins in ACC tumors. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified a subgroup of approximately 20% of patients with exceptionally poor overall survival (median less than 30 months) and a unique gene expression signature resembling embryonic stem cells. The results provide a strategy for stratifying ACC patients and identifying the high-risk, poor-outcome group that are candidates for personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace A Frerich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kathryn J Brayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brandon M Painter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Huining Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yoshitsugu Mitani
- Head and Neck Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Head and Neck Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott A Ness
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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9
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Park CK, Kim WK, Kim H. Clinicopathological characteristics of KIT and protein kinase C-δ expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma: comparison with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Histopathology 2017; 71:529-542. [PMID: 28561935 DOI: 10.1111/his.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS KIT overexpression is frequently observed in adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCCs), chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (ChRCCs), and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). Persistent KIT activation has been reported to be mediated by protein kinase C (PKC)-δ in a subset of colon cancers with wild-type KIT overexpression, and by PKC-θ in GISTs with mutant KIT overexpression. To elucidate the clinical implications of PKC-δ and PKC-θ expression in KIT-expressing tumours, we investigated the expression of KIT, PKC-δ and PKC-θ in AdCCs and ChRCCs in comparison with GISTs. METHODS AND RESULTS KIT expression, PKC-δ expression and PKC-θ expression were analysed in whole sections from 41 AdCCs, 40 ChRCCs and 56 GISTs by immunohistochemistry. Membranous expression of KIT was found in 34 AdCCs and all ChRCCs, whereas cytoplasmic expression of KIT was found in 46 GISTs. In AdCCs, PKC-δ expression was associated with histological grade (P = 0.049), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.004), perineural invasion (P = 0.002), and KIT positivity (P = 0.002). PKC-δ positivity was associated with shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) (P = 0.017) and a tendency for there to be shorter overall survival (OS) (P = 0.090) in patients with AdCCs. No clinicopathological associations were observed between PKC-δ and KIT expression in ChRCCs. In GISTs, PKC-θ expression was associated with higher mitotic count (P = 0.011) and high grade according to the modified National Institutes of Health criteria (P < 0.001). PKC-θ positivity was associated with shorter RFS (P = 0.016) and a tendency for there to be shorter OS (P = 0.051) in patients with GISTs. CONCLUSIONS PKC-δ expression is associated with KIT expression and the prognosis of patients with AdCCs, suggesting that PKC-δ may be a potential therapeutic target for AdCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyu Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Healthcare Review and Assessment Committee, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Establishment and characterization of an oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a never-smoking patient. Oral Oncol 2017; 69:1-10. [PMID: 28559012 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rising incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in patients who have never smoked and the paucity of knowledge of its biological behavior prompted us to develop a new cell line originating from a never-smoker. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh tumor tissue of keratinizing OTSCC was collected from a 44-year-old woman who had never smoked. Serum-free media with a low calcium concentration were used in cell culture, and a multifaceted approach was taken to verify and characterize the cell line, designated UCSF-OT-1109. RESULTS UCSF-OT-1109 was authenticated by STR DNA fingerprint analysis, presence of an epithelial marker EpCAM, absence of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA, and SCC-specific microscopic appearance. Sphere-forming assays supported its tumorigenic potential. Spectral karyotype (SKY) analysis revealed numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified 46 non-synonymous and 13 synonymous somatic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one frameshift deletion in the coding regions. Specifically, mutations of CDKN2A, TP53, SPTBN5, NOTCH2, and FAM136A were found in the databases. Copy number aberration (CNA) analysis revealed that the cell line loses chromosome 3p and 9p, but lacks amplification of 3q and 11q (as does HPV-negative, smoking-unrelated OTSCC). It also exhibits four distinctive focal amplifications in chromosome 19p, containing 131 genes without SNPs. Particularly, 52 genes showed >3- to 4-fold amplification and could be potential oncogenic drivers. CONCLUSION We have successfully established a novel OTSCC cell line from a never-smoking patient. UCSF-OT-1109 is potentially a robust experimental model of OTSCC in never-smokers.
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Eberle F, Leinberger FH, Saulich MF, Seeger W, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Hänze J, Hattar K, Dikomey E, Subtil FS. In cancer cell lines inhibition of SCF/c-Kit pathway leads to radiosensitization only when SCF is strongly over-expressed. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 2:69-75. [PMID: 29658004 PMCID: PMC5893519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The SCF/c-Kit pathway is often overexpressed in human tumors leading to an enhanced tumorigenesis, proliferation and migration. It was now tested for NSCLC and prostate cancer cells growing in 2D and 3D whether the inhibition of this pathway can be used to achieve a significant radiosensitization and whether a respective biomarker may be identified. Material and methods Experiments were performed with different cancer cell lines (NSCLC: H23, H520, H226, H1975 and PrCa: DU145) growing either under 2D or 3D conditions. Expression of SCF and c-Kit was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, SCF was knocked down by siRNA, c-Kit was inhibited by ISCK03 inhibitor and cell survival was determined by colony formation assay. Results There is a profound variation in the expression of both c-Kit and SCF with no association between each other. Neither levels did correlate with the respective cellular radiosensitivity determined for 2D or 3D with only a trend seen for SCF. Knock-down of SCF was generally found to result in no or only minor reduction of plating efficiency or cellular radioresistance. A significant reduction was only obtained for H520 cells characterized by an extreme over-expression of SCF. The inhibition of c-Kit by a specific inhibitor was also found to result only in minor radiosensitization. Conclusion Generally, the SCF/c-Kit pathway does not have a dominant effect on both, cell survival and radioresponse and, as a consequence, knockdown of this pathway does not result in a strong effect on radioresistance, except when SCF is strongly over-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eberle
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstraße, D-35034 Marburg, Germany. Fax: +49 6421 58 66426.at: Department of Radiotherapy and RadiooncologyPhilipps-UniversityBaldingerstraßeD-35034 MarburgGermany
| | | | - Miriam F. Saulich
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hänze
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Hattar
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, Universities of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Dikomey
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florentine S.B. Subtil
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstraße, D-35034 Marburg, Germany. Fax: +49 6421 58 66426.at: Department of Radiotherapy and RadiooncologyPhilipps-UniversityBaldingerstraßeD-35034 MarburgGermany
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12
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Aisagbonhi OA, Tulecke MA, Wilbur DC, Goldar-Najafi A, Iqbal S, Sadow PM, Faquin WC. Fine-Needle Aspiration of Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland With Prominent Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma-Like Cribriform Features: Avoiding a Diagnostic Pitfall. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:741-746. [PMID: 27614667 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare salivary gland malignancy associated with an overall good prognosis. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) typically shows a dual population of myoepithelial and ductal cells. Rarely, acellular matrix globules are present, raising a differential diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), a more aggressive salivary gland malignancy associated with a poor long-term prognosis. We report an FNA case of EMC containing a predominant pattern of AdCC-like spherical globules. METHODS We compare features of an unusual case of EMC with those of cribriform AdCC to arrive at morphologic clues to the correct diagnosis. RESULTS Distinguishing features of EMC on FNA include (1) a prominent population of myoepithelial cells vs the predominance of basaloid cells in AdCC and (2) cohesive matrix globules with a peripheral rim of pale-staining basement membrane material compared with the dyscohesive matrix globules of AdCC. Immunochemical markers (S100, CD117, and MyB) are also useful. CONCLUSIONS Although EMC and AdCC can both contain spherical matrix globules, close evaluation of the cytomorphology of the globules and their relationship to surrounding cells provides a clue to distinguish the two neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonigho A Aisagbonhi
- From the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mark A Tulecke
- Department of Pathology, North Shore Medical Center, Salem, MA
| | - David C Wilbur
- From the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Shams Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA
| | - Peter M Sadow
- From the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - William C Faquin
- From the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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13
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Sehitoglu I, Bedir R, Cure E, Cure MC, Yuce S, Dilek N. Evaluation of the relationship between c-Kit expression and mean platelet volume in classic Kaposi's sarcoma. An Bras Dermatol 2016. [PMID: 27579736 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164331.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Kit is a proto-oncogene that encodes tyrosine kinase receptor (CD117). Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a useful marker, providing information on platelet function and diameter. OBJECTIVE To investigate c-Kit expression and intensity in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and to investigate the relation between Ki-67 proliferation and MPV. METHODS A total of 32 patients, diagnosed with classic cutaneous KS, were included in this study. We reevaluated the histopathological reports with the preparations, confirmed the diagnosis and then determined the patients' histopathological stages. c-Kit expression and Ki-67 proliferation were investigated immunohistochemically in KS cases, while MPV in all cases was checked. RESULTS Although c-Kit expression was detected in 22 cases (68.8%), it was not expressed in 10 cases (31.2%). We detected 8 cases with + (25%), 6 with ++ (18.8%) and 8 with +++ (25%). Ki-67 expression was 5.0% (min-max 1.0-20.0). Relapse was observed in 5 cases (15.6%) out of 32. There was positive correlation between c-Kit expression and MPV (rs=0.598, p<0.001), and between c-Kit intensity and MPV (rs=0.588, p<0.001). CONCLUSION c-Kit is highly positive in KS. c-Kit positivity indicates a high risk of tumor growth, invasion and relapse. Furthermore, c-Kit expression stimulates megakaryocytes to release young and large thrombocytes into the periphery. Thus, high MPV, c-Kit expression and immunostaining intensity indicate high invasion and relapse in KS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Recep Bedir
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University - Rize, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University - Rize, Turkey
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14
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Sehitoglu I, Bedir R, Cure E, Cure MC, Yuce S, Dilek N. Evaluation of the relationship between c-Kit expression and mean platelet volume in classic Kaposi's sarcoma. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91:430-5. [PMID: 27579736 PMCID: PMC4999099 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Kit is a proto-oncogene that encodes tyrosine kinase receptor (CD117). Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a useful marker, providing information on platelet function and diameter. OBJECTIVE To investigate c-Kit expression and intensity in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and to investigate the relation between Ki-67 proliferation and MPV. METHODS A total of 32 patients, diagnosed with classic cutaneous KS, were included in this study. We reevaluated the histopathological reports with the preparations, confirmed the diagnosis and then determined the patients' histopathological stages. c-Kit expression and Ki-67 proliferation were investigated immunohistochemically in KS cases, while MPV in all cases was checked. RESULTS Although c-Kit expression was detected in 22 cases (68.8%), it was not expressed in 10 cases (31.2%). We detected 8 cases with + (25%), 6 with ++ (18.8%) and 8 with +++ (25%). Ki-67 expression was 5.0% (min-max 1.0-20.0). Relapse was observed in 5 cases (15.6%) out of 32. There was positive correlation between c-Kit expression and MPV (rs=0.598, p<0.001), and between c-Kit intensity and MPV (rs=0.588, p<0.001). CONCLUSION c-Kit is highly positive in KS. c-Kit positivity indicates a high risk of tumor growth, invasion and relapse. Furthermore, c-Kit expression stimulates megakaryocytes to release young and large thrombocytes into the periphery. Thus, high MPV, c-Kit expression and immunostaining intensity indicate high invasion and relapse in KS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Recep Bedir
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University - Rize, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University - Rize, Turkey
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15
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Chae YK, Chung SY, Davis AA, Carneiro BA, Chandra S, Kaplan J, Kalyan A, Giles FJ. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: current therapy and potential therapeutic advances based on genomic profiling. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37117-34. [PMID: 26359351 PMCID: PMC4741919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with high potential for recurrence and metastasis. Efficacy of current treatment options, particularly for advanced disease, is very limited. Recent whole genome and exome sequencing has dramatically improved our understanding of ACC pathogenesis. A balanced translocation resulting in the MYB-NFIB fusion gene appears to be a fundamental signature of ACC. In addition, sequencing has identified a number of other driver genes mutated in downstream pathways common to other well-studied cancers. Overexpression of oncogenic proteins involved in cell growth, adhesion, cell cycle regulation, and angiogenesis are also present in ACC. Collectively, studies have identified genes and proteins for targeted, mechanism-based, therapies based on tumor phenotypes, as opposed to nonspecific cytotoxic agents. In addition, although few studies in ACC currently exist, immunotherapy may also hold promise. Better genetic understanding will enable treatment with novel targeted agents and initial exploration of immune-based therapies with the goal of improving outcomes for patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Chae
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Su Yun Chung
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew A. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benedito A. Carneiro
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Kaplan
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aparna Kalyan
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J. Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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