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Clinical Perspective on Proteomic and Glycomic Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prediction of Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052655. [PMID: 33800786 PMCID: PMC7961509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is known as a highly aggressive malignant disease. Prognosis for patients is notoriously poor, despite improvements in surgical techniques and new (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. Early detection of PDAC may increase the overall survival. It is furthermore foreseen that precision medicine will provide improved prognostic stratification and prediction of therapeutic response. In this review, omics-based discovery efforts are presented that aim for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of PDAC. For this purpose, we systematically evaluated the literature published between 1999 and 2020 with a focus on protein- and protein-glycosylation biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients. Besides genomic and transcriptomic approaches, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and glycomics of blood- and tissue-derived samples from PDAC patients have yielded new candidates with biomarker potential. However, for reasons discussed in this review, the validation and clinical translation of these candidate markers has not been successful. Consequently, there has been a change of mindset from initial efforts to identify new unimarkers into the current hypothesis that a combination of biomarkers better suits a diagnostic or prognostic panel. With continuing development of current research methods and available techniques combined with careful study designs, new biomarkers could contribute to improved detection, prognosis, and prediction of pancreatic cancer.
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Zhang X, Shi X, Lu X, Li Y, Zhan C, Akhtar ML, Yang L, Bai Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Yao Y, Li Y, Nie H. Novel Metabolomics Serum Biomarkers for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by the Comparison of Pre-, Postoperative and Normal Samples. J Cancer 2020; 11:4641-4651. [PMID: 32626510 PMCID: PMC7330680 DOI: 10.7150/jca.41250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. The metabolomic approaches are developed to discover the novel biomarkers of PDAC. Methods: 550 preoperative, postoperative PDAC and normal controls (NCs) serums were employed to characterize metabolic alterations in training and validation sets by LC-MS. Results: The results of PLS-DA analysis indicated that three groups could be distinguished clearly and the post-PDAC group is adjacent to a normal group as compared with pre-PDAC group. Further results showed that histidinyl-lysine significantly increased whereas docosahexaenoic acid and LysoPC (14:0) decreased in pre-PDAC patients as compared with NCs. And these three markers had a significant tendency to recover after tumor resection. The validation set results revealed that for CA19-9 negative patients, 92.3% (12/13) of them can be screened using these three metabolites. The combination of these markers could significantly improve the diagnostic performance for PDAC, with higher sensitivity (0.93), specificity (0.92) and AUC (0.97). Moreover, network and pathways analyses explored the latent relationship among differential metabolites. The glycerolipid metabolism and primary bile acid synthesis showed variation in network and pathway analysis. Conclusions: These three markers combined with CA199 displayed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting PDAC patients from NCs. The results indicated that these three metabolites could be regarded as potential biomarkers to distinguish PDAC from NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuyun Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Zhan
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Lijun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfan Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanfei Yao
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Zhou Q, Andersson R, Hu D, Bauden M, Kristl T, Sasor A, Pawłowski K, Pla I, Hilmersson KS, Zhou M, Lu F, Marko-Varga G, Ansari D. Quantitative proteomics identifies brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1) as a prognostic biomarker candidate in pancreatic cancer tissue. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:282-294. [PMID: 30982764 PMCID: PMC6557784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a heterogenous disease with a poor prognosis. This study aimed to discover and validate prognostic tissue biomarkers in pancreatic cancer using a mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics approach. METHODS Global protein sequencing of fresh frozen pancreatic cancer and healthy pancreas tissue samples was conducted by MS to discover potential protein biomarkers. Selected candidate proteins were further verified by targeted proteomics using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The expression of biomarker candidates was validated by immunohistochemistry in a large tissue microarray (TMA) cohort of 141 patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard modelling was used to investigate the prognostic utility of candidate protein markers. FINDINGS In the initial MS-discovery phase, 165 proteins were identified as potential biomarkers. In the subsequent MS-verification phase, a panel of 45 candidate proteins was verified by the development of a PRM assay. Brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1) was identified as a new biomarker candidate for pancreatic cancer possessing largely unknown biological and clinical functions and was selected for further analysis. Importantly, bioinformatic analysis indicated that BASP1 interacts with Wilms tumour protein (WT1) in pancreatic cancer. TMA-based immunohistochemistry analysis showed that BASP1 was an independent predictor of prolonged survival (HR 0.468, 95% CI 0.257-0.852, p = .013) and predicted favourable response to adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas WT1 indicated a worsened survival (HR 1.636, 95% CI 1.083-2.473, p = .019) and resistance to chemotherapy. Interaction analysis showed that patients with negative BASP1 and high WT1 expression had the poorest outcome (HR 3.536, 95% CI 1.336-9.362, p = .011). INTERPRETATION We here describe an MS-based proteomics platform for developing biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. Bioinformatic analysis and clinical data from our study suggest that BASP1 and its putative interaction partner WT1 can be used as biomarkers for predicting outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dingyuan Hu
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monika Bauden
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Theresa Kristl
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agata Sasor
- Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Indira Pla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Said Hilmersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mengtao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Fania C, Pezzilli R, Melzi d'Eril G, Gelfi C, Barassi A. Identification of Small Proteins and Peptides in the Differentiation of Patients with Intraductal Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas, Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:920-933. [PMID: 29417328 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a limited number of studies investigating the type of serum proteins capable of differentiating intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from benign or malignant diseases of the pancreas. AIMS To select proteins able to differentiate intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from benign and malignant pancreatic disease using semiquantitative proteomics. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 74 patients (19 with type II intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, 8 with type I/III intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, 24 with chronic pancreatitis, 23 with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas) and 21 healthy subjects. Small proteins and peptides were assayed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for the detection of differentially abundant species possibly related to tumor onset. Serum pancreatic amylase, lipase, carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) were also assayed. RESULTS Twenty-six of 84 peaks detected were dysregulated (7 more abundant and 19 less abundant in the type II intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, p < 0.05). Of the differentially abundant peaks, 17 were commonly dysregulated (3 peaks more abundant and 13 less abundant in type II intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, and one at m/z = 9961 at variance), indicating a protein fingerprint shared by types I/III and type II intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that our approach can be used to differentiate type II intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from type I/III neoplasms, and type II intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fania
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, MI, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzilli
- Pancreas Unit, Department of Digestive System, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gianvico Melzi d'Eril
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barassi
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Approximately 75% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are diagnosed with advanced cancer, which cannot be safely resected. The most commonly used biomarker CA19-9 has inadequate sensitivity and specificity for early detection, which we define as Stage I/II cancers. Therefore, progress in next-generation biomarkers is greatly needed. Recent reports have validated a number of biomarkers, including combination assays of proteins and DNA mutations; however, the history of translating promising biomarkers to clinical utility suggests that several major hurdles require careful consideration by the medical community. The first set of challenges involves nominating and verifying biomarkers. Candidate biomarkers need to discriminate disease from benign controls with high sensitivity and specificity for an intended use, which we describe as a two-tiered strategy of identifying and screening high-risk patients. Community-wide efforts to share samples, data, and analysis methods have been beneficial and progress meeting this challenge has been achieved. The second set of challenges is assay optimization and validating biomarkers. After initial candidate validation, assays need to be refined into accurate, cost-effective, highly reproducible, and multiplexed targeted panels and then validated in large cohorts. To move the most promising candidates forward, ideally, biomarker panels, head-to-head comparisons, meta-analysis, and assessment in independent data sets might mitigate risk of failure. Much more investment is needed to overcome these challenges. The third challenge is achieving clinical translation. To moonshot an early detection test to the clinic requires a large clinical trial and organizational, regulatory, and entrepreneurial know-how. Additional factors, such as imaging technologies, will likely need to improve concomitant with molecular biomarker development. The magnitude of the clinical translational challenge is uncertain, but interdisciplinary cooperation within the PDAC community is poised to confront it.
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Zhang X, Sun L. Anaphylatoxin C3a: A potential biomarker for esophageal cancer diagnosis. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 8:315-319. [PMID: 29435296 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma is a common malignancy worldwide, with a low 5-year survival rate. As the majority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, there is an urgent need for an effective biomarker for early diagnosis of esophageal cancer patients. Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) was applied to detect the serum protein expression in esophageal cancer patients using ProteinChip software, and the results were analyzed and screened using Biomarker Patterns and SPSS16.0 software. The ELISA method was conducted to determine the concentration of anaphylatoxin C3a, which is one of the complement proteins, in the serum of esophageal cancer patients and non-esophageal cancer participants. A total of 144 effective differential expression protein peaks in the window of 1-10 kDa were obtained (P<0.05). M/Z 8,926.478 (P<10-6) protein peak was employed as the diagnostic biomarker for esophageal carcinoma. This established diagnostic biomarker has a sensitivity of 95% (19/20) and an accuracy of 100% (19/19) for positive prediction. The results suggested that anaphylatoxin C3a may be a promising biomarker in the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma, and may play a key role in promoting esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, P.R. China
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Ibrahim IS, Bonsing BA, Swijnenburg RJ, Welling L, Veenendaal RA, Wasser MNJM, Morreau H, Inderson A, Vasen HFA. Dilemmas in the management of screen-detected lesions in patients at high risk for pancreatic cancer. Fam Cancer 2017; 16:111-115. [PMID: 27406244 PMCID: PMC5243878 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-016-9915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In 3–5 % of all cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), hereditary factors influence etiology. While surveillance of high-risk individuals may improve the prognosis, this study describes two very different outcomes in patients with screen-detected lesions. In 2000, a surveillance program of carriers of a CDKN2A/p16-Leiden-mutation consisting of annual MRI was initiated. Patients with a suspected pancreatic lesion undergo CT-scan and Endoscopic Ultrasound, and surgery is offered when a lesion is confirmed. In 2015, two patients with a screen-detected solid lesion were identified. In both patients, lesions were visible on MRI and CT scan, while the EUS was unremarkable. Surgical resection of the head of the pancreas resulted in nearly fatal complications in the first patient. This patient was shown to have a benign lesion. In contrast, timely identification of an early cancer in the second patient was accompanied by an uneventful postoperative course. These cases underline the risks inherent to a PDAC prevention program. All patients should be fully informed about the possible outcomes before joining a surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura S Ibrahim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lieke Welling
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland A Veenendaal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin N J M Wasser
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Akin Inderson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans F A Vasen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Nuzhat Z, Kinhal V, Sharma S, Rice GE, Joshi V, Salomon C. Tumour-derived exosomes as a signature of pancreatic cancer - liquid biopsies as indicators of tumour progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17279-17291. [PMID: 27999198 PMCID: PMC5370040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of death due to cancer in the world. It is known to have a poor prognosis, mostly because early stages of the disease are generally asymptomatic. Progress in pancreatic cancer research has been slow, leaving several fundamental questions pertaining to diagnosis and treatment unanswered. Recent studies highlight the putative utility of tissue-specific vesicles (i.e. extracellular vesicles) in the diagnosis of disease onset and treatment monitoring in pancreatic cancer. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-limited structures derived from the cell membrane. They contain specific molecules including proteins, mRNA, microRNAs and non-coding RNAs that are secreted in the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicles can be classified according to their size and/or origin into microvesicles (~150-1000 nm) and exosomes (~40-120 nm). Microvesicles are released by budding from the plasmatic membrane, whereas exosomes are released via the endocytic pathway by fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasmatic membrane. This endosomal origin means that exosomes contain an abundance of cell-specific biomolecules which may act as a 'fingerprint' of the cell of origin. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer, particularly the potential role of EVs in these facets of disease management. In particular, we suggest that as exosomes contain cellular protein and RNA molecules in a cell type-specific manner, they may provide extensive information about the signature of the tumour and pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarin Nuzhat
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Vyjayanthi Kinhal
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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