1
|
Chen L, Chao Y, Li W, Wu Z, Wang Q. Soluble immune checkpoint molecules in cancer risk, outcomes prediction, and therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 39218939 PMCID: PMC11368031 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal modality in cancer treatment, with immune checkpoint inhibitors effectively combating malignancies by impeding crucial pathways within the immune system and stimulating patients' immune responses. Soluble forms of immune checkpoints exhibit a remarkable diversity and can be readily tracked in circulation, holding immense potential as biomarkers for cancer treatment. An increasing number of studies focused on soluble immune checkpoints in cancer have emerged thanks to technological advancements. In this systematic review, we comprehensively summarized the recent studies on soluble immune checkpoints in human cancer risk prediction, outcome prediction, therapeutic applications, and potential molecular mechanisms, which demonstrated the promising future of soluble immune checkpoints in clinical applications. The clinical relevance of soluble immune checkpoints has been recognized in multiple cancers, yet the therapeutic applications and mechanisms remain obscure. Interpreting the impacts and mechanisms of soluble immune checkpoints could shed a light on the novel strategies of cancer screening, treatments, and outcome prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing Chao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhixia Wu
- Department of Service and Purchase, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Zhejiang, PR China.
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nunes-Xavier CE. Editorial: Co-inhibitory immune checkpoint proteins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:102005. [PMID: 39034056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; CIBERER, ISCIII, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva LM, Martins MR, Dos Santos RL, Da Silva JPA, Lima CAC, Forones NM, Torres LC. Evaluation of soluble co-inhibitors and co-stimulators levels of the immune response in gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38946193 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-inhibitor and co-stimulator mediators trigger actions that result in immunological homeostasis and are being evaluated as potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer (GC). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the soluble levels of sPD-1, sPD-L1, sPD-L2, sTIM-3, sGal9, sGITR, and sGITRL in GC patients. METHODS The cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospital de Cancer de Pernambuco, Brazil between 2017 and 2018. A total of 74 GC patients and 30 healthy controls were included. RESULTS Low levels of sPD1 (p = 0.0179), sPDL2 (p = 0.0003), and sGal9 (p < 0.0001), and higher levels of sPDL1 (p = 0.004), sTIM-3 (p = 0.0072), sGITR (p = 0.0179), and sGITRL (p = 0.0055) compared to the control group. High sPD-1, sTIM-3, and sGal9 levels in stage IV compared I/II and III (p < 0.05). High sPDL1, sGal9, and sGITRL levels in esophagogastric junction compared to body and Pylorus/Antrum groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in sPD1, sPDL1, sPDL2, sTIM3, sGal9, sGITR, and sGITRL levels between the intestinal, diffuse, and mixed GC groups. Low sGITR levels in GC patients who died within the first 24 months compared to the who survived (p = 0.0332). CONCLUSIONS There is an association of sPD1, sTIM-3, and sGal9 with disease progression and sGITR with death, these mediators may be potential prognostic biomarkers in GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mata da Silva
- Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil
- Research Department, Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Rino Martins
- Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil
- Research Department, Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Luiz Dos Santos
- Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil
- Research Department, Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Paulo Assis Da Silva
- Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil
- Research Department, Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Araujo Carneiro Lima
- Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil
- Research Department, Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nora Manoukian Forones
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leuridan Cavalcante Torres
- Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil
- Research Department, Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pitts SC, Schlom J, Donahue RN. Soluble immune checkpoints: implications for cancer prognosis and response to immune checkpoint therapy and conventional therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:155. [PMID: 38822401 PMCID: PMC11141022 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal sampling of tumor tissue from patients with solid cancers, aside from melanoma and a few other cases, is often unfeasible, and thus may not capture the plasticity of interactions between the tumor and immune system under selective pressure of a given therapy. Peripheral blood analyses provide salient information about the human peripheral immunome while offering technical and practical advantages over traditional tumor biopsies, and should be utilized where possible alongside interrogation of the tumor. Some common blood-based biomarkers used to study the immune response include immune cell subsets, circulating tumor DNA, and protein analytes such as cytokines. With the recent explosion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) as a modality of treatment in multiple cancer types, soluble immune checkpoints have become a relevant area of investigation for peripheral immune-based biomarkers. However, the exact functions of soluble immune checkpoints and their roles in cancer for the most part remain unclear. This review discusses current literature on the production, function, and expression of nine soluble immune checkpoints - sPD-L1, sPD-1, sCTLA4, sCD80, sTIM3, sLAG3, sB7-H3, sBTLA, and sHVEM - in patients with solid tumors, and explores their role as biomarkers of response to ICI as well as to conventional therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery) in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Pitts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martinez-Ortega JI, Martinez-Jaramillo E, Morris MF. Soluble Isoform of CD155 Is Elevated in Basal Cell Carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:333-335. [PMID: 38457686 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Ivan Martinez-Ortega
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Institute of Jalisco, "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elvis Martinez-Jaramillo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and
| | - Mary Fafutis Morris
- Immunology Department, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kgokolo MCM, Malinga NZ, Steel HC, Meyer PWA, Smit T, Anderson R, Rapoport BL. Transforming growth factor-β1 and soluble co-inhibitory immune checkpoints as putative drivers of immune suppression in patients with basal cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2024; 42:101867. [PMID: 38308919 PMCID: PMC10847768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study compared the levels and possible associations between systemic soluble immune checkpoints (sICPs, n = 17) and a group of humoral modulators of immune suppressor cells (n = 7) in a cohort of patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC, n = 40) and a group of healthy control subjects (n = 20). The seven humoral modulators of immunosuppressor cells were represented by the enzymes, arginase 1 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP), the chemokine, RANTES (CCL5) and the cytokines, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), as well as the M2-type macrophage markers, soluble CD163 (sCD163) and sCD206. The plasma levels of six co-inhibitory sICPs, sCTLA-4, sLAG-3, sPD-1, sPD-L1, sTIM-3 and sPD-L2 were significantly elevated in the cohort of BCC patients (p<0.001-p<0.00001), while that of sBTLA was significantly decreased (p<0.006). Of the co-stimulatory sICPs, sCD27 and sGITR were significantly increased (p<0.0002 and p<0.0538) in the cohort of BCC patients, while the others were essentially comparable with those of the control participants; of the dual active sICPs, sHVEM was significantly elevated (p<0.00001) and TLR2 comparable with the control group. A correlation heat map revealed selective, strong associations of TGF-β1 with seven co-stimulatory (z = 0.618468-0.768131) and four co-inhibitory (z = 0.674040-0.808365) sICPs, as well as with sTLR2 (z = 0.696431). Notwithstanding the association of BCC with selective elevations in the levels of a large group of co-inhibitory sICPs, our novel findings also imply the probable involvement of TGF-β1 in driving immunosuppression in this malignancy, possibly via activation of regulatory T cells. Notably, these abnormalities were present in patients with either newly diagnosed or recurrent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahlatse C M Kgokolo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Nonkululeko Z Malinga
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen C Steel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pieter W A Meyer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Teresa Smit
- The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Saxonwold, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernardo L Rapoport
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Saxonwold, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Park EJ, Lee CW. Soluble receptors in cancer: mechanisms, clinical significance, and therapeutic strategies. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:100-109. [PMID: 38182653 PMCID: PMC10834419 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble receptors are soluble forms of receptors found in the extracellular space. They have emerged as pivotal regulators of cellular signaling and disease pathogenesis. This review emphasizes their significance in cancer as diagnostic/prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. We provide an overview of the mechanisms by which soluble receptors are generated along with their functions. By exploring their involvement in cancer progression, metastasis, and immune evasion, we highlight the importance of soluble receptors, particularly soluble cytokine receptors and immune checkpoints, in the tumor microenvironment. Although current research has illustrated the emerging clinical relevance of soluble receptors, their therapeutic applications remain underexplored. As the landscape of cancer treatment evolves, understanding and targeting soluble receptors might pave the way for novel strategies for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaya Akca U, Sag E, Aydın B, Tasdemir NK, Kasap Cuceoglu M, Basaran O, Batu ED, Bilginer Y, Ozen S. Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis and immune checkpoint molecules. Clin Rheumatol 2024; 43:553-560. [PMID: 37676588 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the plasma levels and cell surface expression of two checkpoint molecules, TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3) and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), in pediatric patients with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO). METHODS Plasma samples of CNO patients were collected at diagnosis or during biologic agent treatment. Plasma levels of TIM-3 and PD-1 were measured using the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and the expression of the two immune checkpoint molecules on the cell surface was analyzed by isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells by density gradient centrifugation technique. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients with CNO (14 boys, 51.9%) and six healthy controls (3 boys, 50%) were enrolled in the study. There were no age differences between CNO patients and healthy controls (median age 14.5 vs. 13.5 years, respectively, p=0.762). Of the CNO patients, 18 were included at the time of diagnosis while 9 were receiving biologic treatment at enrollment. The median plasma PD-1 levels were significantly lower in the CNO group than in the healthy controls (p=0.011). However, no significant difference was found in the cellular expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 on CD3+CD4+ T cells in patients and healthy controls (p=0.083 and p=0.245, respectively). There was also no statistically significant difference in plasma TIM-3 levels of the patient and control groups (p=0.981). CONCLUSION CNO is an autoinflammatory disease, and overall, our results suggest that T cell exhaustion may not be significant in CNO. Further research is needed to find out whether the immune checkpoints are mainly associated with autoimmunity but not autoinflammation. Key Points • The median plasma PD-1 levels were significantly lower in the CNO group than in the healthy controls. • No significant difference was found in the cellular expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 on CD3+CD4+ T cells in patients and healthy controls. • Our results suggest that T cell exhaustion may not be significant in CNO pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ummusen Kaya Akca
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdal Sag
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
- Translational Medicine Laboratories, Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Busra Aydın
- Translational Medicine Laboratories, Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nur Kubra Tasdemir
- Translational Medicine Laboratories, Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muserref Kasap Cuceoglu
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozge Basaran
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Deniz Batu
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yelda Bilginer
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seza Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
- Translational Medicine Laboratories, Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsuji A, Yoshikawa S, Morikawa S, Ikeda Y, Taniguchi K, Sawamura H, Asai T, Matsuda S. Potential tactics with vitamin D and certain phytochemicals for enhancing the effectiveness of immune-checkpoint blockade therapies. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:460-473. [PMID: 37455830 PMCID: PMC10344894 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy strategies targeting immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) are revolutionizing oncology. However, its effectiveness is limited in part due to the loss of effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Interestingly, supplementation of vitamin D could abolish the repressive effect of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on CD8+ T cells, which might prevent the lymphocytopenia. In addition, vitamin D signaling could contribute to the differentiation of T-regulatory (Treg) cells associated with the expression of Treg markers such as forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and CTLA-4. Furthermore, vitamin D may be associated with the stimulation of innate immunity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and estrogen receptor (ESR) signaling, and even the signaling from phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway could have inhibitory roles in carcinogenesis possibly via the modulation of immune checkpoint molecules. In some cases, certain small molecules including vitamin D could be a novel therapeutic modality with a promising potential for the better performance of immune checkpoint blockade cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Tsuji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yoshikawa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Sae Morikawa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kurumi Taniguchi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Haruka Sawamura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoko Asai
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rapoport BL, Steel HC, Benn CA, Nayler S, Smit T, Heyman L, Theron AJ, Hlatshwayo N, Kwofie LL, Meyer PW, Anderson R. Dysregulation of systemic soluble immune checkpoints in early breast cancer is attenuated following administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and is associated with recovery of CD27, CD28, CD40, CD80, ICOS and GITR and substantially increased levels of PD-L1, LAG-3 and TIM-3. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1097309. [PMID: 37064132 PMCID: PMC10098332 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1097309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) may alter the immune landscape of patients with early breast cancer (BC), potentially setting the scene for more effective implementation of checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy. This issue has been investigated in the current study in which alterations in the plasma concentrations of 16 soluble co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory, immune checkpoints were measured sequentially in a cohort of newly diagnosed, early BC patients (n=72), pre-treatment, post-NAC and post-surgery using a Multiplex® bead array platform. Relative to a group of healthy control subjects (n=45), the median pre-treatment levels of five co-stimulatory (CD27, CD40, GITRL, ICOS, GITR) and three co-inhibitory (TIM-3, CTLA-4, PD-L1) soluble checkpoints were significantly lower in the BC patients vs. controls (p<0.021-p<0.0001; and p<0.008-p<0.00001, respectively). Following NAC, the plasma levels of six soluble co-stimulatory checkpoints (CD28, CD40, ICOS, CD27, CD80, GITR), all involved in activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, were significantly increased (p<0.04-p<0.00001), comparable with control values and remained at these levels post-surgery. Of the soluble co-inhibitory checkpoints, three (LAG-3, PD-L1, TIM-3) increased significantly post-NAC, reaching levels significantly greater than those of the control group. PD-1 remained unchanged, while BTLA and CTLA-4 decreased significantly (p<0.03 and p<0.00001, respectively). Normalization of soluble co-stimulatory immune checkpoints is seemingly indicative of reversal of systemic immune dysregulation following administration of NAC in early BC, while recovery of immune homeostasis may explain the increased levels of several negative checkpoint proteins, albeit with the exceptions of CTLA-4 and PD-1. Although a pathological complete response (pCR) was documented in 61% of patients (mostly triple-negative BC), surprisingly, none of the soluble immune checkpoints correlated with the pCR, either pre-treatment or post-NAC. Nevertheless, in the case of the co-stimulatory ICMs, these novel findings are indicative of the immune-restorative potential of NAC in early BC, while in the case of the co-inhibitory ICMs, elevated levels of soluble PD-L1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 post-NAC underscore the augmentative immunotherapeutic promise of targeting these molecules, either individually or in combination, as a strategy, which may contribute to the improved management of early BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo L. Rapoport
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Netcare Breast Care Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Bernardo L. Rapoport,
| | - Helen C. Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Carol A. Benn
- Netcare Breast Care Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simon Nayler
- Netcare Breast Care Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Drs Gritzman & Thatcher Inc. Laboratories, University of the Witwatersrand Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Teresa Smit
- Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Liezl Heyman
- Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Annette J. Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nomsa Hlatshwayo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Luyanda L.I. Kwofie
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pieter W.A. Meyer
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bailly C, Thuru X, Goossens L, Goossens JF. Soluble TIM-3 as a biomarker of progression and therapeutic response in cancers and other of human diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115445. [PMID: 36739094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints inhibition is a privileged approach to combat cancers and other human diseases. The TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3) inhibitory checkpoint expressed on different types of immune cells is actively investigated as an anticancer target, with a dozen of monoclonal antibodies in (pre)clinical development. A soluble form sTIM-3 can be found in the plasma of patients with cancer and other diseases. This active circulating protein originates from the proteolytic cleavage by two ADAM metalloproteases of the membrane receptor shared by tumor and non-tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles. In most cancers but not all, overexpression of mTIM-3 at the cell surface leads to high level of sTIM-3. Similarly, elevated levels of sTIM-3 have been reported in chronic autoimmune diseases, inflammatory gastro-intestinal diseases, certain viral and parasitic diseases, but also in cases of organ transplantation and in pregnancy-related pathologies. We have analyzed the origin of sTIM-3, its methods of dosage in blood or plasma, its presence in multiple diseases and its potential role as a biomarker to follow disease progression and/or the treatment response. In contrast to sPD-L1 generated by different classes of proteases and by alternative splicing, sTIM-3 is uniquely produced upon ADAM-dependent shedding, providing a more homogenous molecular entity and a possibly more reliable molecular marker. However, the biological functionality of sTIM-3 remains insufficiently characterized. The review shed light on pathologies associated with an altered expression of sTIM-3 in human plasma and the possibility to use sTIM-3 as a diagnostic or therapeutic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Consulting Scientific Office, Lille (Wasquehal) 59290, France; University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Xavier Thuru
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Goossens
- University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Goossens
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Serum sPD1 and sPDL1 as Biomarkers for Evaluating the Immune State of Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9101912. [PMID: 36479137 PMCID: PMC9720235 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of cancer patients benefit from immune checkpoint therapy, while few studies focused on the relationship between soluble PD1 (sPD1) and soluble PDL1 (sPDL1) in serum and immune status of patients. ILC2 and M2 were confirmed to be related to immunosuppression in tumor patients. To determine whether sPD1 and sPDL1 are correlated with the ratio of ILC2 and M2 is helpful to explore the possibility of using sPD1 and sPDL1 as tumor molecular markers. Our results showed an immune balance toward ILC2 and M2-like monocytes in patients with LUAD compared with healthy controls. Meanwhile, decreased CD4+T and CD8+T cells, as well as elevated PD1+CD8+T cells, were found in patients with LUAD. The relative mRNA expression levels of ILC2- and M2-characteristic cytokines were also upregulated accompanied by decreased mRNA expression levels of ILC1- and M1-characteristic cytokines in patients with LUAD compared to healthy controls. Moreover, elevated ILC2 frequencies as well as the amount of IL-13 were positively correlated with the amount of sPD1, however, there was no correlation between them and sPDL1. These results suggested that sPD1 and sPDL1 can serve as diagnostic markers to predict the immune state of cancer patients.
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies of Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911968. [PMID: 36233269 PMCID: PMC9570397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human cutaneous malignancies, basal cell carcinoma is the most common. Solid advances in unveiling the molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma have emerged in recent years. In Gorlin syndrome, which shows basal cell carcinoma predisposition, identification of the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) mutation was a dramatic breakthrough in understanding the carcinogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. PTCH1 plays a role in the hedgehog pathway, and dysregulations of this pathway are known to be crucial for the carcinogenesis of many types of cancers including sporadic as well as hereditary basal cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the clinical features, pathological features and hedgehog pathway as applied in basal cell carcinoma. Other crucial molecules, such as p53 and melanocortin-1 receptor are also discussed. Due to recent advances, therapeutic strategies based on the precise molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma are emerging. Target therapies and biomarkers are also discussed.
Collapse
|