1
|
Assadiasl S, Mooney N, Nicknam MH. Cytokines in Liver Transplantation. Cytokine 2021; 148:155705. [PMID: 34564024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, soluble mediators of the immune system, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, allergic and infectious diseases. They are also implicated in the initiation and development of allograft rejection. During recent years, there have been considerable advances in generating novel anti-cytokine agents with promoted efficacy and safety, which could be administrated for managing dysregulated cytokine secretion; besides, gene therapy for overexpression of immunomodulatory cytokines has shown substantial improvements. Liver transplantation has been established as a life-saving treatment for end-stage hepatic diseases but the growing number of recipients urge for improved post-transplant care including tolerance induction, infection control and resolving immunosuppressant drugs adverse effects. Cytokines with a wide range of proinflammatory and regulatory properties might be considered as potential therapeutic targets for selective suppression or enhancement of the immune responses in recipients. In the present review, we aimed to summarize the positive and negative effects of cytokines on liver allograft in addition to their prognostic and therapeutic values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nuala Mooney
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Inserm UMR 976, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Bi Y, Mo C, Zeng T, Huang S, Gao L, Sun X, Lv Z. Betulinic acid attenuates liver fibrosis by inducing autophagy via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Nat Med 2018; 73:179-189. [PMID: 30377904 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of betulinic acid on human hepatic stellate cells in vitro and C57BL/6 mice in vivo, as well as the signaling pathways involved. In this study, we explored the effects of betulinic acid on expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and autophagy-related proteins. Betulinic acid reduced pathological damage associated with liver fibrosis, as well as serum platelet-derived growth factor and serum hydroxyproline levels. Furthermore, betulinic acid downregulated the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and type I collagen in mouse liver and upregulated the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B and autophagy-related gene 7 at the gene and protein levels. LC3II expression was increased and alpha smooth muscle actin expression was decreased in betulinic acid-treated hepatic stellate cells. Interventions with bafilomycin A1 and mCherry-GFP-LC3 adenoviruses promoted the formation of autophagosomes in hepatic stellate cells and the development of autophagic flow. Our study found that mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase may be involved in the effects of betulinic acid on liver fibrosis. The present study suggests that betulinic acid has anti-hepatic fibrosis activity by inducing autophagy and could serve as a promising new agent for treating hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanmeng Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chan Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gravante G, Ong SL, Metcalfe MS, Sorge R, Sconocchia G, Orlando G, Lloyd DM, Dennison AR. Cytokine response to ischemia/reperfusion injury in an ex vivo perfused porcine liver model. Transplant Proc 2015; 41:1107-12. [PMID: 19460492 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the degree of inflammatory response after ischemia/reperfusion injury by an extracorporeal normothermic autologous hemoperfusion of porcine livers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Livers explanted from 7 pigs were perfused extracorporeally at 39 degrees C with autologous blood. Serum samples were obtained hourly until 6 hours from the beginning of reperfusion and assayed for 9 different cytokines. RESULTS Significant elevations in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 were noted following reperfusion (P < .001), with both demonstrating an increase which followed a sigmoid curve; other cytokines that were assessed showed no significant change. CONCLUSIONS The ex vivo model excludes the liver from the influence of external systemic factors such as hormones, the autonomic nervous system, and other regulatory molecules produced elsewhere in the body, allowing the response to the ischemia/reperfusion injury to be studied in isolation and in considerable detail. Although this study examined a relatively short period, the increases in only IL-6 and IL-8 suggested that these are important molecules in the early phase after reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gravante
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yaghobi R, Karimi MH, Namayandeh M, Geramizadeh B, Nikeghbalian S, Malekhosseini SA, Hosseini Y. The Association of Polymorphisms in Cytokine Genes with Acute Rejection and the Pathogenesis of Hepatitis B and C in Liver Transplant Recipients. Lab Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1309/lmkdxbh3kun51orb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
5
|
Farahat O, Salah M, Mokhtar A, Abouelfetoh F, Labib D, Baz H. The Association of Promoter Gene Polymorphisms of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-10 with Severity of Lactic Acidosis During Liver Transplantation Surgery. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:1307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Bezinover D, Kadry Z, McCullough P, McQuillan PM, Uemura T, Welker K, Mastro AM, Janicki PK. Release of cytokines and hemodynamic instability during the reperfusion of a liver graft. Liver Transpl 2011; 17:324-30. [PMID: 21384515 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this prospective, observational study were (1) to determine whether a transplanted liver graft releases proinflammatory cytokines into the systemic circulation upon reperfusion and (2) to determine whether they contribute to any subsequent hemodynamic instability observed after graft reperfusion (if this release occurs). Blood samples from 17 consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation were analyzed for cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8. Blood samples were obtained from the radial artery, portal vein, and flush blood (a sample taken from a catheter placed above the infrahepatic inferior vena cava clamp). The amount of catecholamines necessary to maintain a mean arterial pressure between 65 and 75 mm Hg during graft reperfusion was compared with the level of cytokines. A statistical analysis was performed with the least squares method, Kendall's tau-b test, and regression analysis. We demonstrated that flush blood from the liver grafts contained a significant amount and variety of cytokines. Most of these were removed by graft irrigation. The concentration of TNF-α in samples obtained from flush blood at the end of liver irrigation was significantly higher than the concentration in samples obtained from the radial artery (P = 0.0067) or portal vein (P = 0.0003) before reperfusion. This correlated directly with the amount of catecholamines used to treat hemodynamic instability. Although there were increased levels of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-8 in the flush blood, there was no statistically significant correlation between the levels of these cytokines and the amount of catecholamines used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Bezinover
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center/Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karimi MH, Daneshmandi S, Pourfathollah AA, Geramizadeh B, Malekhosseini SA, Nikeghbalian S, Yaghobi R, Bolandparvaz S. Association of IL-6 promoter and IFN-γ gene polymorphisms with acute rejection of liver transplantation. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4437-43. [PMID: 21132384 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is one of the most important therapies for end-stage liver diseases and is associated with major problems including infections and acute rejection. The outcome of transplantation can be determined by immune responses as a key role in response to the graft. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators especially cytokines influence the graft microenvironment. Th1 and Th2 immune responses in contrast to regulatory responses cause acute rejection or help graft survival. In this study, we evaluated the gene polymorphisms of IL-6 G-174C, TGF-β T + 869C, IL-4 C-590T, and IFN-γ T + 874A cytokines in liver transplant patients. ARMS-PCR method was used to characterize IL-6 G-174C, TGF-β T + 869C and IFN-γ T + 874A polymorphisms and PCR-RFLP using AvaII restriction enzyme was done for IL-4 C-590T characterization in 70 liver transplant patients. Acute rejection episodes were diagnosed according to standard criteria. The analysis of the results showed that IL-6-174 GG genotype ( P = 0.009, OR = 4.333, 95% CI = 1.043-18.000), IL-6-174G allele (P = 0.011, OR = 5.273, 95% CI = 1.454-19.127) was more frequent and IFN-γ +874 TT genotype was less frequent (P = 0.043, OR = 0.143, 95% CI = 0.0118-1.190) in acute rejection than in non-rejection patients. TGF-β T + 869C and IL-4 C-590T frequencies were not significantly different (P > 0.05). According to the results, it can be conclude that IL-6 G-174C and IFN-γ T + 874A gene polymorphisms have predictive values for acute rejection after liver transplantation. High producer genotype of IL-6 is a genetic risk factor and IFN-γ is a protective factor for acute rejection development.
Collapse
|
8
|
de Armas LC, Jiménez Paneque RE, López BG, Romero EIR, Castillo YA, Menéndez MBV. Rapid and Homogeneous Reperfusion as a Risk Factor for Postreperfusion Syndrome during Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Braz J Anesthesiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(10)70020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
9
|
Polymorphisms of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor gene promoters and cardiorespiratory function following liver transplantation: a preliminary study. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1062-4. [PMID: 19376428 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The interindividual variability in cardiorespiratory function during liver transplantation (OLT) has been attributed to various factors, including polymorphisms in immunity genes known to affect the circulation levels of cytokines. AIM To evaluate polymorphisms of genes encoding for interleukin-6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in association with cardiorespiratory function in OLT. DESIGN Prospective observational study. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 62 consecutive patients who had OLT performed in our hospital between 2004 and 2005. Polymorphisms at positions -308 and -409 of TNF gene, as well as those at -174 and -574 of IL6 gene were determined in all patients by means of PCR-RFLPs. Associations were carried out using chi-square tests and analysis of variance. A bilateral P < .05 was accepted as significant. RESULTS No statistically significant associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS A relationship between the polymorphisms studied and respiratory function in OLT was lacking. These results must be interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size.
Collapse
|