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Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)-incorporated chitosan bioactive films for potential skincare applications. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Pretzsch E, Nieß H, Khaled NB, Bösch F, Guba M, Werner J, Angele M, Chaudry IH. Molecular Mechanisms of Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury and Regeneration in the Liver-Shock and Surgery-Associated Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12942. [PMID: 36361725 PMCID: PMC9657004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a major challenge during liver surgery, liver preservation for transplantation, and can cause hemorrhagic shock with severe hypoxemia and trauma. The reduction of blood supply with a concomitant deficit in oxygen delivery initiates various molecular mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune response, alterations in gene transcription, induction of cell death programs, and changes in metabolic state and vascular function. Hepatic IRI is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and is associated with an increased risk for tumor growth and recurrence after oncologic surgery for primary and secondary hepatobiliary malignancies. Therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat hepatic IRI have been investigated in animal models but, for the most part, have failed to provide a protective effect in a clinical setting. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic IRI and regeneration, as well as its clinical implications. A better understanding of this complex and highly dynamic process may allow for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches and optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pretzsch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Nieß
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Najib Ben Khaled
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Bösch
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Guba
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Irshad H. Chaudry
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Liu X, Zhang P, Song X, Cui H, Shen W. PPARγ Mediates Protective Effect against Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via NF-κB Pathway. J INVEST SURG 2022; 35:1648-1659. [PMID: 35732295 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2022.2090033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) is an unavoidable complication in liver surgery, however its pathological process is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the role and mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was investigated in HIRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed mice models with HIRI and L02 cell models insulted hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R). PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone was administered prior to HIRI in mice and PPARγ-siRNA was to H/R treatment in L02 cells. Liver injury was measured by serum ALT, AST and LDH levels and performing H&E staining; the inflammatory injury was reflected by inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which were assayed by Real-time PCR and Western blotting, MPO activity was determined using commercial kits; oxidative stress injury was evaluated by iNOS, MDA, SOD and GSH-PX levels; apoptosis was detected by cleaved-Caspase-3, TUNEL staining and flow cytometry; NF-κB signaling activation was reflected by phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. RESULTS The level of PPARγ expression was obviously down-regulated both in mice liver subjected to IRI and in L02 cells to H/R. Overexpression of PPARγ presented protective effect on HIRI by reducing serum levels of aminotransferase and hepatic necrosis, inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis and alleviating oxidative stress in vivo. But PPARγ-siRNA aggravate H/R insult by promoting inflammation and apoptosis in vitro. Mechanistically, the NF-κB pathway activity was increased with PPARγ down-regulation by PPARγ-siRNA. Importantly, inhibition of NF-κB signaling abolished PPARγ knockdown-mediated hepatic injury. CONCLUSIONS PPARγ present protective effects on HIRI by attenuating liver injury, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, and its mechanism may be related to down-regulation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengguan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chen Z, Lin R, Zhuo H, Xu F, Liu X. Intravenous immunoglobulin is effective in alleviating hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: a rat model study. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:341-349. [PMID: 34727292 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) is an important factor affecting the prognosis of patients undergoing liver surgery. This study aimed to explore the value of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in hepatic I/R and its mechanism in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty eight adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into six groups randomly: (1-2) treated with normal saline (NS) without ischemia or reperfusion; (3-4) treated with NS + 30 min ischemia; (5-6) treated with IVIG + 30 min ischemia. Rats of group 1/3/5 were euthanized at 12 h after operation (sham + NS + 12 h, I/R + NS + 12 h, I/R + IVIG + 12 h group) while group 2/4/6 were euthanized at 24 h (sham + NS + 24 h, I/R + NS + 24 h, I/R + IVIG + 24 h group). Interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were quantified as well as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Hepatic pathological changes were observed while nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), Inhibitory Subunit of NF Kappa B Alpha (IKB-alpha) and cleaved caspase-3 were detected. CONCLUSION ALT, AST, IL-6, TNF-alpha, NF-κB p65 and cleaved caspase-3 were increased by I/R whereas IL-10 and IKB-alpha were decreased. However, IVIG pretreatment reduced ALT, AST, IL-6, TNF-alpha, NF-κB p65 and cleaved caspase-3, but increased IL-10 and IKB-alpha. IVIG treatment attenuates the infiltration of inflammatory cell and cell apoptosis which were observed in I/R groups. IVIG may alleviate hepatic I/R in rats by inhibiting the classical NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing IL-6, TNF-alpha, promoting IL-10, and inhibiting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Chen
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Runzhui Lin
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hua Zhuo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Fengjie Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xingmu Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Hassan MI, Ali FE, Shalkami AGS. Role of TLR-4/IL-6/TNF-α, COX-II and eNOS/iNOS pathways in the impact of carvedilol against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1362-1373. [PMID: 33655798 DOI: 10.1177/0960327121999442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a syndrome involved in allograft dysfunction. This work aimed to elucidate carvedilol (CAR) role in hepatic I/R injury. METHODS Male rats were allocated to Sham group, CAR group, I/R group and CAR plus I/R group. Rats subjected to hepatic ischemia for 30 minutes then reperfused for 60 minutes. Oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthases were measured in hepatic tissues. RESULTS Hepatocyte injury following I/R was confirmed by a marked increase in liver enzymes. Also, hepatic I/R increased the contents of malondialdehyde however decreased glutathione contents and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, hepatic I/R caused elevation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression and inflammatory mediators levels such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-II. Hepatic I/R caused down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions. CAR treatment before hepatic I/R resulted in the restoration of liver enzymes. Administration of CAR caused a significant correction of oxidative stress and inflammation markers as well as modulates the expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSIONS CAR protects liver from I/R injury through reduction of the oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulates endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ia Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 195495Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fares Em Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 195495Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Gawad S Shalkami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 195495Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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How Machine Perfusion Ameliorates Hepatic Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147523. [PMID: 34299142 PMCID: PMC8307386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing disparity between the number of patients listed for transplantation and the number of suitable organs has led to the increasing use of extended criteria donors (ECDs). ECDs are at increased risk of developing ischaemia reperfusion injury and greater risk of post-transplant complications. Ischaemia reperfusion injury is a major complication of organ transplantation defined as the inflammatory changes seen following the disruption and restoration of blood flow to an organ—it is a multifactorial process with the potential to cause both local and systemic organ failure. The utilisation of machine perfusion under normothermic (37 degrees Celsius) and hypothermic (4–10 degrees Celsius) has proven to be a significant advancement in organ preservation and restoration. One of the key benefits is its ability to optimise suboptimal organs for successful transplantation. This review is focused on examining ischaemia reperfusion injury and how machine perfusion ameliorates the graft’s response to this.
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7
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Dossi CG, Vargas RG, Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Beneficial effects of natural compounds on experimental liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Food Funct 2021; 12:3787-3798. [PMID: 33977997 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a phenomenon inherent to hepatic surgery that severely compromises the organ functionality, whose underlying mechanisms involve cellular and molecular interrelated processes leading to the development of an excessive inflammatory response. Liver resident cells and those recruited in response to injury generate pro-inflammatory signals such as reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, proteases and lipid mediators that contribute to hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis. Besides, dying hepatocytes release damage-associated molecular patterns that actívate inflammasomes to further stimulate inflammatory responses leading to massive cell death. Since liver IRI is a complication of hepatic surgery in man, extensive preclinical studies have assessed potential protective strategies, including the supplementation with natural compounds, with the objective to downregulate nuclear factor-κB functioning, the main effector of inflammatory responses. This can be accomplished by either the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, G protein-coupled receptor 120 or antioxidant signaling pathways, the synthesis of specific pro-resolving mediators, downregulation of Toll-like receptor 4 activity or additional contributory mechanisms that are beginning to be understood. The latter aspect is a crucial issue to be accomplished in preclinical studies, in order to establish adequate conditions for the supplementation with natural products before major liver surgeries in man involving warm IR, such as hepatic trauma or resection of large intrahepatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila G Dossi
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | - Romina G Vargas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Uiversity of Chile, Santiago, Chile and Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2J4A6, Canada
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Babayevska N, Litowczenko J, Wychowaniec JK, Iatsunskyi I, Jarek M, Florczak P, Jurga S. Cytotoxicity of versatile nano-micro-particles based on hierarchical flower-like ZnO. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Soares ROS, Losada DM, Jordani MC, Évora P, Castro-E-Silva O. Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Revisited: An Overview of the Latest Pharmacological Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205034. [PMID: 31614478 PMCID: PMC6834141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) permeates a variety of diseases and is a ubiquitous concern in every transplantation proceeding, from whole organs to modest grafts. Given its significance, efforts to evade the damaging effects of both ischemia and reperfusion are abundant in the literature and they consist of several strategies, such as applying pre-ischemic conditioning protocols, improving protection from preservation solutions, thus providing extended cold ischemia time and so on. In this review, we describe many of the latest pharmacological approaches that have been proven effective against IRI, while also revisiting well-established concepts and presenting recent pathophysiological findings in this ever-expanding field. A plethora of promising protocols has emerged in the last few years. They have been showing exciting results regarding protection against IRI by employing drugs that engage several strategies, such as modulating cell-surviving pathways, evading oxidative damage, physically protecting cell membrane integrity, and enhancing cell energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele M Losada
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Maria C Jordani
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Évora
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Department of Gastroenterology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Orlando Castro-E-Silva
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Department of Gastroenterology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Multi-walled carbon nanotube-incorporating electrospun composite fibrous mats for controlled drug release profile. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Mahmoud AR, Ali FEM, Abd-Elhamid TH, Hassanein EHM. Coenzyme Q 10 protects hepatocytes from ischemia reperfusion-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress via regulation of Bax/Bcl-2/PUMA and Nrf-2/FOXO-3/Sirt-1 signaling pathways. Tissue Cell 2019; 60:1-13. [PMID: 31582012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and regarded as a strong anti-oxidant agent. In this study, we focused on the mechanistic insights involved in the hepato-protective effects of CoQ10 against hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Our results revealed that CoQ10 significantly improved hepatic dysfunctions and oxidative stress caused by IR injury. Interestingly, as compared to IR subjected rat, CoQ10 inhibited apoptosis by marked down-regulation of both Bax and PUMA genes while the level of Bcl-2 gene was significantly increased. Moreover, CoQ10 up-regulated PI3K, Akt and mTOR protein expressions while it inhibited the expression of both GSK-3β and β-catenin. Additionally, CoQ10 restored oxidant/antioxidant balance via marked activated Nrf-2 protein as well as up-regulation of both Sirt-1 and FOXO-3 genes. Moreover, CoQ10 strongly inhibited inflammatory response through down-regulation of NF-κB-p65 and decrease both JAK1 and STAT-3 protein expressions with a subsequent modulating circulating inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, histopathological analysis showed that CoQ10 remarkably ameliorated the histopathological damage induced by IR injury. Taken together, our results suggested and proved that CoQ10 provided a hepato-protection against hepatic IR injury via inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and their closed related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany R Mahmoud
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah Al Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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12
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Afonso C, Hirano R, Gaspar A, Chagas E, Carvalho R, Silva F, Leonardi G, Lopes P, Silva C, Yoshida C. Biodegradable antioxidant chitosan films useful as an anti-aging skin mask. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1262-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Zhao C, Jiang J, Wang Y, Wu Y. Retracted
: Overexpression of microRNA‐590‐3p promotes the proliferation of and inhibits the apoptosis of myocardial cells through inhibition of the NF‐κB signaling pathway by binding to RIPK1. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3559-3573. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Department of Cardiology Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology Chinese People's Liberation Army 401st Hospital Qingdao China
| | - Yong‐Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Yong‐Quan Wu
- Department of Cardiology Beijing Anzhen Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
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14
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Lu TF, Yang TH, Zhong CP, Shen C, Lin WW, Gu GX, Xia Q, Xu N. Dual Effect of Hepatic Macrophages on Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury during Liver Transplantation. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e24. [PMID: 29984042 PMCID: PMC6026692 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication in liver transplantation (LT) and it is closely related to the recovery of grafts' function. Researches has verified that both innate and adaptive immune system are involved in the development of IRI and Kupffer cell (KC), the resident macrophages in the liver, play a pivotal role both in triggering and sustaining the sterile inflammation. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released by the initial dead cell because of the ischemia insult, firstly activate the KC through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors. Activated KCs is the dominant players in the IRI as it can secret various pro-inflammatory cytokines to exacerbate the injury and recruit other types of immune cells from the circulation. On the other hand, KCs can also serve in a contrary way to ameliorate IRI by upregulating the anti-inflammatory factors. Moreover, new standpoint has been put forward that KCs and macrophages from the circulation may function in different way to influence the inflammation. Managements towards KCs are expected to be the effective way to improve the IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Fei Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Tai-Hua Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medicine School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Cheng-Peng Zhong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chuan Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lin
- Department of Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Guang-Xiang Gu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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15
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Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major complication of liver surgery, including liver resection, liver transplantation, and trauma surgery. Much has been learned about the inflammatory injury response induced by I/R, including the cascade of proinflammatory mediators and recruitment of activated leukocytes. In this review, we discuss the complex network of events that culminate in liver injury after I/R, including cellular, protein, and molecular mechanisms. In addition, we address the known endogenous regulatory mediators that function to maintain homeostasis and resolve injury. Finally, we cover more recent insights into how the liver repairs and regenerates after I/R injury, a setting in which physical mass remains unchanged, but functional liver mass is greatly reduced. In this regard, we focus on recent work highlighting a novel role of CXC chemokines as important regulators of hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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16
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Zhang AY, Liu YM, Gong JP. Kupffer cells and liver transplantation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1917-1923. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i12.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, liver transplantation is globally considered the most effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and immune rejection response (IRR) are the two major imperfections which severely affect the recipients' prognosis and survival rate without satisfactory clinical management strategies. Therefore, exploring effective methods to improve I/R injury and IRR have important clinical significance under circumstances of shortage of donor livers. Kupffer cells (KCs) are the largest population of antigen representing cells (APCs) which settle in the liver. As the first defensive line of the live, KCs exhibit various biological effects. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the role of KCs in I/R injury and IRR remain elusive. We hereby review the current finding about the role of KCs in I/R injury and IRR.
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17
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Niu C, Sheng Y, Yang R, Lu B, Bai Q, Ji L, Wang Z. Scutellarin protects against the liver injury induced by diosbulbin B in mice and its mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:301-308. [PMID: 25701748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diosbulbin B (DB) is the main hepatotoxic compound distributed in Dioscorea bulbifera L., which is widely used for the treatment of cancer and thyroid disorders in Asia. Scutellarin (SC) is the main compound in medicinal herb Scutellaria barbata D. Don, which is usually combined with Dioscorea bulbifera used for cancer therapy in clinic. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the protection of SC against the liver injury induced by DB and its engaged mechanism. In addition, the anti-tumor effect of DB and SC is further observed in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protection of SC against DB-induced liver injury was evaluated by detecting serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferases (ALT/AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and further liver histological observation. The inflammatory response was assessed by detecting liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Western-blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression. The oxidative liver injury was evaluated by detecting liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic activity. In vivo anti-tumor activity was analyzed in S180 tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS SC significantly decreased the increased serum ALT/AST, and ALP activities induced by DB. Liver histological observation evidenced the protection of SC against DB-induced liver injury. SC obviously reduced the increased liver MPO activity and the number of MPO-positive staining cells induced by DB. SC also reversed the decreased expression of inhibitor of κB (IκB) and the translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus induced by DB. In addition, SC significantly abrogated the increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ induced by DB. SC decreased the increased liver MDA content induced by DB significantly, and it also increased liver GSH level. The decreased GPx protein expression and its enzymatic activity induced by DB were both obviously reversed after SC treatment. The results in S180 tumor-bearing mice showed that SC combined with DB significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that SC prevents DB-induced liver injury by attenuating NF-κB-mediated hepatic inflammation and ameliorating liver oxidative stress injury. Meanwhile, DB plus SC has significant anti-tumor activity in vivo. This study indicates the potential combination of DB with SC for the treatment of cancer in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Niu
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Complex Prescription, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuchen Sheng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Complex Prescription, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingyun Bai
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Complex Prescription, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Complex Prescription, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Complex Prescription, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Fisher JE, McKenzie TJ, Lillegard JB, Yu Y, Juskewitch JE, Nedredal GI, Brunn GJ, Yi ES, Malhi H, Smyrk TC, Nyberg SL. Role of Kupffer cells and toll-like receptor 4 in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. J Surg Res 2012; 180:147-55. [PMID: 23260383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant morbidity associated with acute liver failure (ALF) is from the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been shown to play an integral role in the modulation of SIRS. However, little is known about the mechanistic role of TLR4 in ALF. Also, no cell type has been identified as the key mediator of the TLR4 pathway in ALF. This study examines the role of TLR4 and Kupffer cells (KCs) in the development of the SIRS following acetaminophen (APAP)-induced ALF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five groups of mice were established: untreated wild-type, E5564-treated (a TLR4 antagonist), gadolinium chloride -treated (KC-depleted), clodronate-treated (KC-depleted), and TLR4-mutant. Following APAP administration, 72-h survival, biochemical and histologic liver injury, extent of lung injury and edema, and proinflammatory gene expression were studied. Additionally, TLR4 expression was determined in livers of wild-type and KC-depleted mice. RESULTS Following APAP administration, wild-type, TLR4-mutant, E5564-treated, and KC-depleted mice had significant liver injury. However, wild-type mice had markedly worse survival compared with the other four treatment groups. TLR4-mutant, E5564-treated, and KC-depleted mice had less lung inflammation and edema than wild-type mice. Selected proinflammatory gene expression (interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor) in TLR4-mutant, E5564-treated, and KC-depleted mice was significantly lower compared with wild-type mice after acute liver injury. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that survival in APAP-induced ALF potentially correlates with the level of proinflammatory gene expression. This study points to a link between TLR4 and KCs in the APAP model of ALF and, more importantly, demonstrates benefits of TLR4 antagonism in ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Fisher
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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The role of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 of Kupffer cells in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:937-41. [PMID: 22564590 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to study the role of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in Kupffer cells (KCs) on ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat liver grafts. METHODS Isolated KCs were obtained from control, IRI, and IRI plus anti-CD14 antibody groups. We measured messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of the lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 and TLR4, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κβ) activity, and TNF-α levels. RESULTS mRNA and protein expressions of CD14 and TLR4 were significantly higher in the IRI than in the control group, as were protein expressions of CD14 and TLR4 by flow cytometry and by Western blots. NF-κβ activity and tumor necrosis factor-α level in the IRI group were significantly higher than in the control group (3.17 ± 0.21 and 0.28 ± 0.03 vs 654.2 ± 3.6 pg/mL and 147.4 ± 1.1 pg/mL; t value = 4.11 and 4.29 for each; P < .01). Compared with the IRI group they were greatly decreased after anti-CD14 antibody treatment: 2.14 ± 0.17 vs 3.17 ± 0.21, 298.7 ± 1.8 pg/mL vs 654.2 ± 3.6 pg/mL (t value = 2.52 and 2.92 for each; P < .05). They were still significantly higher than the control group (t values of 3.01 and 3.27 for each; P < .01). CONCLUSION IRI up-regulated CD14 and TLR4 gene expression in KCs, and subsequently activated NF-κβ to produce cytokines.
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Chen T, Cheng M, Yuan Z, Zhou S, Yu Z. Protective role of Shenfu on ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat liver grafts. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:978-81. [PMID: 22564601 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We sought to investigate the protective role of Shenfu (SF),a traditional Chinese formulation comprising Radix Ginseng and Radix Aconitum Carmichaeli on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver grafts. METHODS Ninety-six male Sprague Dawley rats were used as donors (n = 48) and recipients (n = 48) of orthotopic liver transplantation. They were randomly divided into a control group with donor livers injected with saline through the portal vein immediately after recovery versus the SF group, with livers injected with SF. Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups equally to obtain bood and hepatic tissues samples at 2, 4, and 6 hours reperfusion. RESULTS At each phase, the SF group, showed significantly higher bile production (P < .05) with lower serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor-κB expression in the hepatic tissues. (P < .05). SF group hepatic tissues showed less injury compared with controls. CONCLUSION SF injection seemed to protect hepatocytes from injury during the early reperfusion phase and to improve subsequent rat liver graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- Department of general surgery, Yong Chuan affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR. China
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Xanthohumol suppresses inflammatory response to warm ischemia-reperfusion induced liver injury. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:10-6. [PMID: 22634733 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) leads to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause hepatic injury and initiate an inflammatory response, which is a critical problem after liver surgery and transplantation. Xanthohumol, the major prenylated chalcone found in hops, has been discussed for its anti-inflammatory and ROS-scavenging properties, and thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of xanthohumol in a model of warm I/R liver injury. Xanthohumol was applied to BALB/c mice orally at a dose of 1 mg/g body weight for 5 days before I/R-injury was induced by clamping the vascular blood supply to the median and left lateral liver lobe for 1 h followed by a 6 h period of reperfusion. At this time, HPLC analysis revealed hepatic xanthohumol levels of approximately 2 μM, a concentration which has been shown to inhibit inflammatory effects in vitro. Assessment of hepatic HMOX1 expression, hepatic glutathione content and immunohistochemical analysis for proteins conjugated with the reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal indicated that I/R-induced oxidative stress was significantly inhibited in xanthohumol-fed compared to control mice. Histological analysis, TUNEL staining and determination of transaminase serum levels revealed no significant effects of xanthohumol on acute hepatocellular injury. However, at the same time point, pretreatment with xanthohumol almost completely blunted the I/R-induced AKT and NFκB activation and the expression of the proinflammatory genes IL-1alpha, IL-6, MCP-1 and ICAM-1, which are known to play a crucial role in the subacute phase of I/R-induced liver damage. In conclusion, these data indicate the potential of xanthohumol application to prevent adverse inflammatory responses to I/R-induced liver damage such as after surgical liver resection or transplantation.
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Vekemans K, Monbaliu D, Balligand E, Heedfeld V, Jochmans I, Pirenne J, van Pelt J. Improving the function of liver grafts exposed to warm ischemia by the Leuven drug protocol: exploring the molecular basis by microarray. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:206-18. [PMID: 21987442 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Livers exposed to warm ischemia (WI) before transplantation are at risk for primary nonfunction (PNF), graft dysfunction, and ischemic biliary strictures, all associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Our multifactorial approach, Leuven drug protocol (LDP), has been shown to reduce these effects and increase recipient survival in WI/IRI-damaged porcine liver transplantation. The aim was the identification of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the hepatoprotective effects of the LDP. Porcine livers were exposed to 45 minutes of WI, cold-stored for 4 hours, transplanted, and either modulated (LDP group; n = 3) or not modulated (control group; n = 4). In the LDP group, the donor livers were flushed with streptokinase and epoprostenol before cold perfusion; the recipients received intravenous glycine, a-1-acid-glycoprotein, FR167653 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor), a-tocopherol, glutathione, and apotransferrin. Liver samples were taken before WI and 1 hour after reperfusion. Gene expression was determined with microarrays and molecular pathways and key regulatory genes were identified. The number of genes changed between baseline and 1 hour after reperfusion was 686 in the LDP group and 325 in the control group. The extra genes in the LDP group belonged predominantly to pathways related to cytokine activity, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. We identified 7 genes that were suppressed in the LDP group. These genes could be linked in part to the administered drugs. New potential drug targets were identified on the basis of genes induced in the control group but unaffected in the LDP group and interactions predicted by the literature. In conclusion, the LDP primarily resulted in the suppression of inflammation-regulating genes in IRI. Furthermore, the microarray technique helped us to identify additional gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vekemans
- Liver Research Facility/Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chen Z, Dou KF, Wang DS, Yang P, Cai JC, Li X, Liu ZJ, Li XL. Protective effect of ligustrazine on residual liver tissue in rats after hepatectomy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:3291-3296. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i32.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of ligustrazine in alleviating inflammation and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB in rats after liver trauma.
METHODS: Sixty rats which underwent 2/3 hepatectomy were randomly and equally divided into three groups. Group A was intraperitoneally injected with normal saline, and groups B and C were injected with PDTC and ligustrazine, respectively. The general status of the rats was observed, and changes in serum levels of aminotransferases were measured. Hepatic pathological changes were examined, and the activation of NF-κB was investigated by Western blot.
RESULTS: Cellular swelling was milder in group C than in group A. Serum levels of ALT at 6 and 10 h after the operation were significantly lower in group C than in group A (6 h: 488.9 U/L ± 59.2 U/L vs 651.6 ± 65.3 U/L; 10 h: 670.0 U/L ± 73.4 U/L vs 930.0 U/L ± 62.9 U/L; both P < 0.05). Serum levels of AST at 6 and 10 h were also significantly lower in group C than in group A (6 h: 1113.1 U/L ± 138.7 U/L vs 1315.0 U/L ± 111.0 U/L; 10 h: 1388.2 U/L ± 209.6 U/L vs 1728.4 U/L ± 87.3 U/L; both P < 0.05). The levels of activated NF-κB in group C (0.78 ± 0.04, 0.75 ± 0.07) were lower than those in group A (both were 1), higher than those in group B (0.68 ± 0.09, 0.66 ± 0.04) at 2 and 10 h (all P < 0.05), but were comparable to that in group B at 6 h (0.71 ± 0.07 vs 0.64 ± 0.09, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Ligustrazine protects the posttraumatic liver tissue possibly by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.
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Cheng MX, Chen ZZ, Cai YL, Liu CA, Tu B. Astragaloside IV protects against ischemia reperfusion in a murine model of orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:1456-61. [PMID: 21693217 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine whether Astragaloside IV (AST-IV) inhibited the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), attenuating liver transplant ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: donors given AST-IV (1.5 mL; 100 μg/mL, intravenous [IV]) 1 hour before surgery (n = 32), versus controls treated with 1.5 mL physiological saline (n = 32). Orthotropic liver transplantation was performed according to the Kamada technique. Eight animals in each group were followed for seven days after surgery to assess survival. The remaining hosts in each group were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 8) to be examined at 3, 6, and 24 hours after portal vein reperfusion. We analyzed levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and NF-κB transcriptional activity and performed a morphological study of liver tissues, NF-κB, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in Kupffer cells (KCs). RESULTS Pretreatment with AST-IV significantly improved survival rates and liver function, attenuating liver parenchymal cell damage by down-regulating TNF-α levels and NF-κB expressions, inhibiting NF-κB transcriptional activity, up-regulating GR expression. CONCLUSION AST-IV attenuated hepatic IRI by inhibiting NF-κB transcriptional activity. The mechanism may relate to up-regulation of GR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-X Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Haddad JJ, Abdel-Karim NE. NF-κB cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms and pathways: therapeutic pattern or pseudoregulation? Cell Immunol 2011; 271:5-14. [PMID: 21777910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As fascinating a molecule as it can potentially get, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a regulatory transcription factor, is as intriguing. NF-κB is a dimeric complex that controls the transcription of essential genes. NF-κB is involved in a variety of responses that play a pivotal role in regulating the immune response to inflammation, infection, and nociception. Aberrant regulation of NF-κB has been linked to certain conditions such as cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection, and improper immune responses. Cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms and pathways involving the regulation of this transcription factor are being unraveled. Therapeutic approaches have emerged underlying the regulatory impact of oligonucleotides/decoys and other non-decoy inhibitors on NF-κB modulation. In this synopsis, we emphasize the role of decoy therapy in understanding the crucial influence of this transcription factor, and further weigh not only the efficacy of this therapeutic approach but also its necessity and contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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