1
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Huang B, Nie G, Dai X, Cui T, Pu W, Zhang C. Environmentally relevant levels of Cd and Mo coexposure induces ferroptosis and excess ferritinophagy through AMPK/mTOR axis in duck myocardium. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4196-4206. [PMID: 38717027 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and excess molybdenum (Mo) are multiorgan toxic, but the detrimental impacts of Cd and/or Mo on poultry have not been fully clarified. Thence, a 16-week sub-chronic toxic experiment was executed with ducks to assess the toxicity of Cd and/or Mo. Our data substantiated that Cd and Mo coexposure evidently reduced GSH-Px, GSH, T-SOD, and CAT activities and elevated H2O2 and MDA concentrations in myocardium. What is more, the study suggested that Cd and Mo united exposure synergistically elevated Fe2+ content in myocardium and activated AMPK/mTOR axis, then induced ferroptosis by obviously upregulating ACSL4, PTGS2, and TFRC expression levels and downregulating SLC7A11, GPX4, FPN1, FTL1, and FTH1 expression levels. Additionally, Cd and Mo coexposure further caused excessive ferritinophagy by observably increasing autophagosomes, the colocalization of endogenous FTH1 and LC3, ATG5, ATG7, LC3II/LC3I, NCOA4, and FTH1 expression levels. In brief, this study for the first time substantiated that Cd and Mo united exposure synergistically induced ferroptosis and excess ferritinophagy by AMPK/mTOR axis, finally augmenting myocardium injure in ducks, which will offer an additional view on united toxicity between two heavy metals on poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- Ministry of Public Education, Jiangxi Hongzhou Vocational College, Fengcheng, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueyan Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Cui
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjing Pu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Delijewski M, Bartoń A, Maksym B, Pawlas N. The Link between Iron Turnover and Pharmacotherapy in Transplant Patients. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061453. [PMID: 36986181 PMCID: PMC10052361 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a transition metal that plays a crucial role in several physiological processes. It can also exhibit toxic effects on cells, due to its role in the formation of free radicals. Iron deficiency and anemia, as well as iron overload, are the result of impaired iron metabolism, in which a number of proteins, such as hepcidin, hemojuvelin and transferrin, take part. Iron deficiency is common in individuals with renal and cardiac transplants, while iron overload is more common in patients with hepatic transplantation. The current knowledge about iron metabolism in lung graft recipients and donors is limited. The problem is even more complex when we consider the fact that iron metabolism may be also driven by certain drugs used by graft recipients and donors. In this work, we overview the available literature reports on iron turnover in the human body, with particular emphasis on transplant patients, and we also attempt to assess the drugs’ impact on iron metabolism, which may be useful in perioperative treatment in transplantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(32)-2722683
| | | | - Beata Maksym
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Natalia Pawlas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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3
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Tong WH, Ollivierre H, Noguchi A, Ghosh MC, Springer DA, Rouault TA. Hyperactivation of mTOR and AKT in a cardiac hypertrophy animal model of Friedreich ataxia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10371. [PMID: 36061025 PMCID: PMC9433723 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a primary cause of death in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) patients with defective iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis due to loss of functional frataxin and in rare patients with functional loss of other ISC biogenesis factors. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AKT signaling cascades that coordinate eukaryotic cell growth and metabolism with environmental inputs, including nutrients and growth factors, are crucial regulators of cardiovascular growth and homeostasis. We observed increased phosphorylation of AKT and dysregulation of multiple downstream effectors of mTORC1, including S6K1, S6, ULK1 and 4EBP1, in a cardiac/skeletal muscle specific FRDA conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model and in human cell lines depleted of ISC biogenesis factors. Knockdown of several mitochondrial metabolic proteins that are downstream targets of ISC biogenesis, including lipoyl synthase and subunit B of succinate dehydrogenase, also resulted in activation of mTOR and AKT signaling, suggesting that mTOR and AKT hyperactivations are part of the metabolic stress response to ISC deficiencies. Administration of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR signaling, enhanced the survival of the Fxn cKO mice, providing proof of concept for the potential of mTOR inhibition to ameliorate cardiac disease in patients with defective ISC biogenesis. However, AKT phosphorylation remained high in rapamycin-treated Fxn cKO hearts, suggesting that parallel mTOR and AKT inhibition might be necessary to further improve the lifespan and healthspan of ISC deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hang Tong
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hayden Ollivierre
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Manik C. Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Danielle A. Springer
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Tracey A. Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Ma S, He LL, Zhang GR, Zuo QJ, Wang ZL, Zhai JL, Zhang TT, Wang Y, Ma HJ, Guo YF. Canagliflozin mitigates ferroptosis and ameliorates heart failure in rats with preserved ejection fraction. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:945-962. [PMID: 35476142 PMCID: PMC9276585 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hypoglycemic drugs belonging to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have generated significant interest due to their clear cardiovascular benefits for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) since there are no effective drugs that may improve clinical outcomes for these patients over a prolonged period. But, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly its effects on ferroptosis, a newly defined mechanism of iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death during heart failure (HF). Here, with proteomics, we demonstrated that ferroptosis might be a key mechanism in a rat model of high-salt diet-induced HFpEF, characterized by iron overloading and lipid peroxidation, which was blocked following treatment with canagliflozin. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029031. The ferroptosis was evaluated with the levels of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, glutathione peroxidase 4, ferritin heavy chain 1, transferrin receptor, Ferroportin 1, iron, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. These findings highlight the fact that targeting ferroptosis may serve as a cardioprotective strategy for HFpEF prevention and suggest that canagliflozin may exert its cardiovascular benefits partly via its mitigation of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Li He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guo-Rui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qing-Juan Zuo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhong-Li Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hui-Juan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yi-Fang Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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5
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Jefferies R, Puttagunta H, Krishnan A, Irish A, Swaminathan R, Olynyk JK. mTOR Inhibitors Induce Erythropoietin Resistance in Renal Transplant Recipients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:722058. [PMID: 35273970 PMCID: PMC8901721 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.722058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To elucidate the role of mTOR inhibitors on iron, hepcidin and erythropoietin-mediated regulation of hemopoiesis in stable renal transplant recipients (RTR). Background Impaired hemopoiesis is common following renal transplantation managed using mTOR inhibitors. The mechanisms responsible are uncertain but include direct effects on iron, hepcidin or erythropoietin-mediated hemopoiesis. Methods We conducted a single center prospective case-control study of 26 adult RTR with stable allograft function. RTR received stable mTOR dosing (cases, 11/26 [42%]) or stable tacrolimus dosing (controls, 15/26 [58%]). Baseline demographics, full blood count, renal function, iron studies, hepcidin-25, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and erythropoietin (EPO) levels were determined. Results There were no differences in age, gender or allograft function. Mean daily sirolimus dose for cases was 1.72 mg, with mean trough level of 8.46 ng/mL. Mean daily tacrolimus dose for controls was 4.3 mg, with mean trough level of 5.8 ng/mL. There were no differences in mean hemoglobin (143 vs. 147 g/L; p = 0.59), MCV (88 vs. 90 fL; p = 0.35), serum ferritin (150 vs. 85.7 μg/L; p = 0.06), transferrin saturation (26 vs. 23.3%; p = 0.46), IL-6 (11 vs. 7.02 pg/ml; p = 0.14) or hepcidin-25 (3.62 vs. 3.26 nM; p = 0.76) between the groups. EPO levels were significantly higher in the group receiving mTOR therapy (16.8 vs. 8.49 IU/L; p = 0.028). On logistic regression analysis EPO level was the only variable that had a significant impact providing an odds ratio of 0.84 (95%CI 0.66–0.98). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) for the analysis was 0.77 (95%CI 0.54–0.94) with p = 0.04. Conclusion: Higher levels of EPO in the absence of deranged iron biochemistry or hepcidin-25 levels suggest that EPO resistance rather than impaired iron metabolism may contribute to the impaired hemopoiesis previously demonstrated in RTR on mTOR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Jefferies
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplant, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Harish Puttagunta
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplant, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anoushka Krishnan
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplant, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ashley Irish
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplant, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ramyasuda Swaminathan
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplant, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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6
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Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in the field of ferroptosis since this regulated cell death process was first named in 2012. Ferroptosis is initiated upon redox imbalance and driven by excessive phospholipid peroxidation. Levels of multiple intracellular nutrients (iron, selenium, vitamin E and coenzyme Q10) are intimately related to the cellular antioxidant system and participate in the regulation of ferroptosis. Dietary intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) regulates ferroptosis by directly modifying the fatty acid composition in cell membranes. In addition, amino acids and glucose (energy stress) manipulate the ferroptosis pathway through the nutrient-sensitive kinases mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Understanding the molecular interaction between nutrient signals and ferroptosis sensors might help in the identification of the roles of ferroptosis in normal physiology and in the development of novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of ferroptosis-related diseases.
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7
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Jakubowska J, Pawlik B, Wyka K, Stolarska M, Kotulska K, Jóźwiak S, Młynarski W, Trelińska J. New Insights into Red Blood Cell Microcytosis upon mTOR Inhibitor Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6802. [PMID: 34202704 PMCID: PMC8268656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, on red blood cell parameters in the context of iron homeostasis in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and evaluate its effect on cell size in vitro. Everolimus has a significant impact on red blood cell parameters in patients with TSC. The most common alteration was microcytosis. The mean MCV value decreased by 9.2%, 12%, and 11.8% after 3, 6, and 12 months of everolimus treatment. The iron level declined during the first 3 months, and human soluble transferrin receptor concentration increased during 6 months of therapy. The size of K562 cells decreased when cultured in the presence of 5 μM everolimus by approximately 8%. The addition of hemin to the cell culture with 5 μM everolimus did not prevent any decrease in cell size. The stage of erythroid maturation did not affect the response to everolimus. Our results showed that the mTOR inhibitor everolimus caused red blood cell microcytosis in vivo and in vitro. This effect is not clearly related to a deficit of iron and erythroid maturation. This observation confirms that mTOR signaling plays a complex role in the control of cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jakubowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (B.P.); (K.W.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Bartłomiej Pawlik
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (B.P.); (K.W.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Wyka
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (B.P.); (K.W.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Stolarska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (B.P.); (K.W.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology & Epileptology and Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, ul. Dzieci Polskich 20, 00-999 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sergiusz Jóźwiak
- Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (B.P.); (K.W.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Joanna Trelińska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (B.P.); (K.W.); (M.S.); (W.M.)
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8
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Intravenous iron supplement for iron deficiency in cardiac transplant recipients (IronIC): A randomized clinical trial. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:359-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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9
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Tsukano K, Fukuda T, Ikeda K, Sato K, Suzuki K. Serum iron concentration is candidate inflammatory marker for respiratory diseases in beef cows. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:824-828. [PMID: 33731499 PMCID: PMC8182307 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the serum iron (Fe) concentration in cows with respiratory diseases is a satisfactory substitute for major inflammatory markers such as
haptoglobin (HPT) and serum amyloid A (SAA). Twenty Japanese Black cows aged 279.6 ± 120.0 days were enrolled, and divided into respiratory diseases and control
groups based on the presence of clinical findings of respiratory diseases. As a result, area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for plasma HPT,
SAA and serum Fe concentrations for respiratory disease-associated systemic inflammation were excellent, at 1.00, 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. Therefore we
confirmed that the serum Fe concentration is a satisfactory substitute for HPT and SAA in beef cows with respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 74-2 Higashimae, Hokuto, Hokkaido 041-1214, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fukuda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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10
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Vinke JSJ, Francke MI, Eisenga MF, Hesselink DA, de Borst MH. Iron deficiency after kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:1976-1985. [PMID: 32910168 PMCID: PMC8577626 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is highly prevalent in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and has been independently associated with an excess mortality risk in this population. Several causes lead to ID in KTRs, including inflammation, medication and an increased iron need after transplantation. Although many studies in other populations indicate a pivotal role for iron as a regulator of the immune system, little is known about the impact of ID on the immune system in KTRs. Moreover, clinical trials in patients with chronic kidney disease or heart failure have shown that correction of ID, with or without anaemia, improves exercise capacity and quality of life, and may improve survival. ID could therefore be a modifiable risk factor to improve graft and patient outcomes in KTRs; prospective studies are warranted to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sophia J Vinke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marith I Francke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele F Eisenga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Tsukano K, Suzuki K. Serum iron concentration is a useful biomarker for assessing the level of inflammation that causes systemic symptoms in bovine acute mastitis similar to plasma haptoglobin. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1440-1444. [PMID: 32727966 PMCID: PMC7653311 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study was to evaluate the precision of plasma haptoglobin (HPT), serum
iron (Fe) and plasma transferrin (Tf) concentrations as biomarkers of the severity of
acute mastitis (AM) in cows. Fourteen Holstein Friesian cows with AM were divided into
severe (n=8) and mild groups (n=6) based on systemic and local inflammation, and 12
healthy cows were also enrolled as controls. As a result, significant changes were
observed in plasma HPT and serum Fe concentrations. The proposed cut-off points for plasma
HPT and serum Fe concentrations for the severity of AM in cows based on receiver operating
characteristic analyses were >10.3 µg/ml and <49.0
µg/dl, respectively. No significant difference was
observed in the plasma Tf concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 74-2 Higashimae, Hokuto, Hokkaido 041-1214, Japan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
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12
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Remacha ÁF, Monter Rovira A, Esquirol Santfeliu A, Payán-Pernía S, Martino Bofarull R, García-Cadenas I, Brunet Mauri S, Sierra Gil J. Microcytic anemia associated with mTOR or calcineurin inhibition: An unusual situation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Lab Hematol 2020; 42:e141-e143. [PMID: 32134191 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel F Remacha
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,National Reference Center (CSUR accreditation) for Hereditary Red Blood Cell Disorders (Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Monter Rovira
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Esquirol Santfeliu
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Payán-Pernía
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,National Reference Center (CSUR accreditation) for Hereditary Red Blood Cell Disorders (Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Martino Bofarull
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene García-Cadenas
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salut Brunet Mauri
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra Gil
- Hematology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Tsukano K, Shimamori T, Suzuki K. Serum iron concentration in cattle with endotoxaemia. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:53-58. [PMID: 32384071 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine whether serum iron (Fe) concentration is useful as a prognostic biomarker for cows with acute coliform mastitis (ACM). Our study was composed of determining the reproducibility of serum Fe concentration as a prognostic criterion in cows with ACM (Study 1) and clarifying the sequential changes in serum Fe concentration in cattle that received endotoxin (Study 2). Seventy-seven cows with (n = 47) or without (n = 30) ACM were enrolled in Study 1. The proposed diagnostic cut-off value of serum Fe concentration indicating a poor prognosis of ACM based on the analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves was < 31.5 µg/dL. Ten young cattle aged 176.8 ± 23.7 days were enrolled in Study 2. Five young cattle received endotoxin (LPS group) and the remaining five received physiological saline (control group). Blood collections were carried out before endotoxin challenge (pre), and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after the challenge. As a result, a significant decrease in serum Fe concentration was not observed until 24 h after endotoxin challenge. Because in cows with clinical ACM it is difficult to know the time course after infection, the alteration in serum Fe concentrations alone may be an insufficient prognostic criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimamori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
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Sumneang N, Siri-Angkul N, Kumfu S, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. The effects of iron overload on mitochondrial function, mitochondrial dynamics, and ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108241. [PMID: 31891670 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive iron accumulation in the heart can lead to iron overload cardiomyopathy (IOC), the leading cause of death in hemochromatosis patients. Current understanding regarding the mechanism by which iron overload causes a deterioration in cardiac performance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired mitochondrial dynamics remains limited. Ferroptosis, a newly identified form of regulated cell death, has recently been revealed influencing the pathophysiological process of IOC. Nevertheless, the direct effect of cardiac iron overload on ferroptotic cell death is incompletely characterized. This review article comprehensively summarizes and discusses the effects of iron overload on cardiac mitochondrial function, cardiac mitochondrial dynamics, ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes, and left ventricular function in in vitro and in vivo reports. This review also provides relevant consistent and controversial information which can facilitate further mechanistic investigation into iron-induced cardiac dysfunction in the clinical setting in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natticha Sumneang
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Natthaphat Siri-Angkul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Kumfu
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Tsukano K, Shimamori T, Fukuda T, Nishi Y, Otsuka M, Kitade Y, Suzuki K. Serum iron concentration as a marker of inflammation in young cows that underwent dehorning operation. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:626-628. [PMID: 30828032 PMCID: PMC6483902 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the usefulness of serum iron (Fe) concentration as a marker of inflammation caused by the dehorning operation. Five young Holstein cows aged 205.0 ± 10.7 days and weighing 207.2 ± 24.1 kg underwent the dehorning operation. Blood samples were withdrawn before dehorning (pre) and at time periods of t=0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hr. The serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration was significantly high at t=48 hr (P<0.01). The serum Fe concentration significantly decreased, reaching 90.0 ± 36.4 µg/dl at t=24 hr (P<0.001). Therefore, serum Fe concentration showed significant and negative correlation with SAA concentration (r2=0.500, P<0.01). In conclusion, serum Fe concentration is a useful marker of inflammation in young cows that have undergone the dehorning operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimamori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fukuda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Nishi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Marina Otsuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitade
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Orsini M, Morceau F, Dicato M, Diederich M. Autophagy as a pharmacological target in hematopoiesis and hematological disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:347-361. [PMID: 29656115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in many cellular processes, including cell homeostasis, cell death/survival balance and differentiation. Autophagy is essential for hematopoietic stem cell survival, quiescence, activation and differentiation. The deregulation of this process is associated with numerous hematological disorders and pathologies, including cancers. Thus, the use of autophagy modulators to induce or inhibit autophagy emerges as a potential therapeutic approach for treating these diseases and could be particularly interesting for differentiation therapy of leukemia cells. This review presents therapeutic strategies and pharmacological agents in the context of hematological disorders. The pros and cons of autophagy modulators in therapy will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Orsini
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Franck Morceau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Baba Y, Higa JK, Shimada BK, Horiuchi KM, Suhara T, Kobayashi M, Woo JD, Aoyagi H, Marh KS, Kitaoka H, Matsui T. Protective effects of the mechanistic target of rapamycin against excess iron and ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H659-H668. [PMID: 29127238 PMCID: PMC5899260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00452.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies have suggested that myocardial iron is a risk factor for left ventricular remodeling in patients after myocardial infarction. Ferroptosis has recently been reported as a mechanism of iron-dependent nonapoptotic cell death. However, ferroptosis in the heart is not well understood. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protects the heart against pathological stimuli such as ischemia. To define the role of cardiac mTOR on cell survival in iron-mediated cell death, we examined cardiomyocyte (CM) cell viability under excess iron and ferroptosis conditions. Adult mouse CMs were isolated from cardiac-specific mTOR transgenic mice, cardiac-specific mTOR knockout mice, or control mice. CMs were treated with ferric iron [Fe(III)]-citrate, erastin, a class 1 ferroptosis inducer, or Ras-selective lethal 3 (RSL3), a class 2 ferroptosis inducer. Live/dead cell viability assays revealed that Fe(III)-citrate, erastin, and RSL3 induced cell death. Cotreatment with ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, inhibited cell death in all conditions. mTOR overexpression suppressed Fe(III)-citrate, erastin, and RSL3-induced cell death, whereas mTOR deletion exaggerated cell death in these conditions. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production showed that erastin-induced ROS production was significantly lower in mTOR transgenic versus control CMs. These findings suggest that ferroptosis is a significant type of cell death in CMs and that mTOR plays an important role in protecting CMs against excess iron and ferroptosis, at least in part, by regulating ROS production. Understanding the effects of mTOR in preventing iron-mediated cell death will provide a new therapy for patients with myocardial infarction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ferroptosis has recently been reported as a new form of iron-dependent nonapoptotic cell death. However, ferroptosis in the heart is not well characterized. Using cultured adult mouse cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that the mechanistic target of rapamycin plays an important role in protecting cardiomyocytes against excess iron and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Baba
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , Kochi , Japan
| | - Jason K Higa
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Briana K Shimada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kate M Horiuchi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Tomohiro Suhara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Motoi Kobayashi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jonathan D Woo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Hiroko Aoyagi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Karra S Marh
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Hiroaki Kitaoka
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , Kochi , Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
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18
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Disturbances in iron homeostasis result in accelerated rejection after experimental heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 36:732-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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19
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Iron deficiency or anemia of inflammation? : Differential diagnosis and mechanisms of anemia of inflammation. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:411-423. [PMID: 27557596 PMCID: PMC5065583 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency and immune activation are the two most frequent causes of anemia, both of which are based on disturbances of iron homeostasis. Iron deficiency anemia results from a reduction of the body’s iron content due to blood loss, inadequate dietary iron intake, its malabsorption, or increased iron demand. Immune activation drives a diversion of iron fluxes from the erythropoietic bone marrow, where hemoglobinization takes place, to storage sites, particularly the mononuclear phagocytes system in liver and spleen. This results in iron-limited erythropoiesis and anemia. This review summarizes current diagnostic and pathophysiological concepts of iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, as well as combined conditions, and provides a brief outlook on novel therapeutic options.
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20
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Schaefer B, Effenberger M, Zoller H. Iron metabolism in transplantation. Transpl Int 2014; 27:1109-17. [PMID: 24964028 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recipient's iron status is an important determinant of clinical outcome in transplantation medicine. This review addresses iron metabolism in solid organ transplantation, where the role of iron as a mediator of ischemia-reperfusion injury, as an immune-modulatory element, and as a determinant of organ and graft function is discussed. Although iron chelators reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury in cell and animal models, these benefits have not yet been implemented into clinical practice. Iron deficiency and iron overload are associated with reduced immune activation, whose molecular mechanisms are reviewed in detail. Furthermore, iron overload and hyperferritinemia are associated with poor prognosis in end-stage organ failure in patients awaiting kidney, or liver transplantation. This negative prognostic impact of iron overload appears to persist after transplantation, which highlights the need for optimizing iron management before and after solid organ transplantation. In contrast, iron deficiency and anemia are also associated with poor prognosis in patients with end-stage heart failure. Intravenous iron supplementation should be managed carefully because parenterally induced iron overload could persist after successful transplantation. In conclusion, current evidence shows that iron overload and iron deficiency are important risk factors before and after solid organ transplantation. Iron status should therefore be actively managed in patients on the waiting list and after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schaefer
- Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Guan P, Wang N. Mammalian target of rapamycin coordinates iron metabolism with iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme and tristetraprolin. Nutrition 2014; 30:968-74. [PMID: 24976419 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Both iron deficiency and excess are relatively common health concerns. Maintaining the body's levels of iron within precise boundaries is critical for cell functions. However, the difference between iron deficiency and overload is often a question of a scant few milligrams of iron. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an atypical Ser/Thr protein kinase, is attracting significant amounts of interest due to its recently described role in iron homeostasis. Despite extensive study, a complete understanding of mTOR function has remained elusive. mTOR can form two multiprotein complexes that consist of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2. Recent advances clearly demonstrate that mTORC1 can phosphorylate iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme ISCU and affect iron-sulfur clusters assembly. Moreover, mTOR is reported to control iron metabolism through modulation of tristetraprolin expression. It is now well appreciated that the hormonal hepcidin-ferroportin system and the cellular iron-responsive element/iron-regulatory protein regulatory network play important regulatory roles for systemic iron metabolism. Sustained ISCU protein levels enhanced by mTORC1 can inhibit iron-responsive element and iron-regulatory protein binding activities. In this study, hepcidin gene and protein expression in the livers of tristetraprolin knockout mice were dramatically reduced. Here, we highlight and summarize the current understanding of how mTOR pathways serve to modulate iron metabolism and homeostasis as the third iron-regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Province, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Province, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei Province, China.
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