1
|
Nadat F, Clark B. Forming a new perspective: Post-structural approaches to determination of donor compatibility and post-transplant assessment of allograft health. Int J Immunogenet 2024; 51:195-205. [PMID: 38711186 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to encourage a new perspective on the question of donor-recipient compatibility and post-transplant assessment of graft health based on functional measures. The premise is that we should be better sighted on what (and how) the immune system responds toward rather than what is merely there. Continuance of the pursuit of further and better definition of antigens and antibodies is not however discouraged but seen as necessary to improved understanding of the structural correlates of functional immunity. There currently exists, in the opinion of the authors, an opportunity for histocompatibility and immunogenetics laboratories to develop and widen their scope of involvement into these new areas of laboratory activity in support and to the benefit of the transplant programmes they serve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Nadat
- Functional Assessment of Transplant Immunology Group, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Brendan Clark
- Functional Assessment of Transplant Immunology Group, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ouranos K, Panteli M, Petasis G, Papachristou M, Iosifidou AM, Iosifidou MA, Anastasiou A, Samali M, Stangou M, Theodorou I, Lioulios G, Fylaktou A. Complement and Non-Complement Binding Anti-HLA Antibodies Are Differentially Detected with Different Antigen Bead Assays in Renal Transplant Recipients. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7733. [PMID: 38137802 PMCID: PMC10744102 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two semi-quantitative, Luminex-based, single-antigen bead (SAB) assays are available to detect anti-HLA antibodies and evaluate their reactivity with complement binding. Sera from 97 patients with positive panel reactive antibody tests (>5%) were analyzed with two SAB tests, Immucor (IC) and One-Lambda (OL), for anti-HLA antibody detection and the evaluation of their complement-binding capacity. IC detected 1608/8148 (mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) 4195 (1995-11,272)) and 1136/7275 (MFI 6706 (2647-13,184)) positive anti-HLA class I and II specificities, respectively. Accordingly, OL detected 1942/8148 (MFI 6185 (2855-12,099)) and 1247/7275 (MFI 9498 (3630-17,702)) positive anti-HLA class I and II specificities, respectively. For the IC assay, 428/1608 (MFI 13,900 (9540-17,999)) and 409/1136 (MFI 11,832 (7128-16,531)) positive class I and II specificities bound C3d, respectively. Similarly, OL detected 485/1942 (MFI 15,452 (9369-23,095)) and 298/1247 (MFI18,852 (14,415-24,707)) C1q-binding class I and II specificities. OL was more sensitive in detecting class I and II anti-HLA antibodies than IC was, although there was no significant difference in the number of class II specificities per case. MFI was higher for complement vs. non-complement-binding anti-HLA antibodies in both assays. Both methods were equal in detecting complement-binding anti-HLA class I antibodies, whereas the C3d assay was more sensitive in detecting complement-binding anti-HLA class II antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ouranos
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Manolis Panteli
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 45636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.P.); (M.P.); (A.M.I.); (M.A.I.); (G.L.)
- National Peripheral Histocompatibility Center, Department of Immunology, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Georgios Petasis
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 45636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.P.); (M.P.); (A.M.I.); (M.A.I.); (G.L.)
- National Peripheral Histocompatibility Center, Department of Immunology, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Marianthi Papachristou
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 45636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.P.); (M.P.); (A.M.I.); (M.A.I.); (G.L.)
| | - Artemis Maria Iosifidou
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 45636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.P.); (M.P.); (A.M.I.); (M.A.I.); (G.L.)
| | - Myrto Aikaterini Iosifidou
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 45636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.P.); (M.P.); (A.M.I.); (M.A.I.); (G.L.)
| | - Aikaterini Anastasiou
- National Peripheral Histocompatibility Center, Department of Immunology, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Margarita Samali
- National Peripheral Histocompatibility Center, Department of Immunology, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Maria Stangou
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 45636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.P.); (M.P.); (A.M.I.); (M.A.I.); (G.L.)
- 1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Georgios Lioulios
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 45636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.P.); (M.P.); (A.M.I.); (M.A.I.); (G.L.)
- 1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Asimina Fylaktou
- National Peripheral Histocompatibility Center, Department of Immunology, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neeraja M, Kesireddy S, Kumar NR, Kumar MP, Pullaiah P, Chittampalli R. Donor-Specific Antibody Detection by Single-Antigen Bead Assay for Renal Transplantation: A 2-Year Experience from South India. Indian J Nephrol 2023; 33:170-176. [PMID: 37448891 PMCID: PMC10337226 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_462_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recipient sensitization against donor human leukocyte antigens (HLA) plays a key role in transplant rejection, and this risk is best minimized by efficient pre transplant antibody detection. Determination of antibody specificity with the highest sensitivity and degree of resolution to the allelic antigen level is achieved by using single-antigen bead (SAB) assay. Methods This study evaluated the correlation of Luminex cross match (LXM) with SAB assay for detection of donor-specific antibodies (DSA). A total of 2075 renal transplant patients were screened for the presence of DSA by LXM, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) cross match, and 125 patients for SAB from January 2018 to December 2019. Results There was a male preponderance among recipients (P < 0.0001), and the most affected age group was 21-40 years. HLA typing was done in 550/2075 by DNA PCR-reverse sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) method. HLA DSA by LXM was detected in 16.3% of recipients (338/2075). Majority 180/338 (53.2%) of the patients were class II DSA positive, (P < 0.0001). Among the class II DSA positive patients, 20/180 (11.1%) samples gave false-positive results by LXM. SAB for class I and class II HLA IgG antibodies was done in 125/338 renal transplant recipients, which included 20 recipients with false-positive class II Luminex DSA, to check whether the DSA detected were really donor specific or not. The results showed that although 20/125 patients had some antibodies detected in their serum, they were not against the donor HLA antigens, as per the HLA typing reports of the donors. When compared to SAB assay, LXM showed more discrepant results, particularly to class II DSA. Conclusion In conclusion, LXM, if used in combination with SAB assay and HLA typing of donors if necessary for virtual cross match, will help in avoiding unnecessary exclusion of donors for renal transplant recipients and also for post transplant monitoring of recipients, especially in cadaveric donor transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamidi Neeraja
- Department of Transplant Immunology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sreedhar Kesireddy
- Department of Transplant Immunology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neerudi Raj Kumar
- Department of Transplant Immunology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Madasu Praveen Kumar
- Department of Transplant Immunology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Potlapally Pullaiah
- Department of Transplant Immunology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Raju Chittampalli
- Department of Transplant Immunology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosser C, Sage D. Approaches for the characterization of clinically relevant pre-transplant human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies in solid organ transplant patients. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 48:385-402. [PMID: 34346180 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The avoidance of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) attributed to human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibody incompatibility remains an essential function of clinical Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (H&I) laboratories who are supporting solid organ transplantation. Developments in HLA antibody identification assays over the past thirty years have greatly reduced unexpected positive cellular crossmatches and improved solid organ transplant outcomes. For sensitized patients, the decision to register unacceptable HLA antigen mismatches is often heavily influenced by results from solid phase antibody assays, particularly the Luminex® Single Antigen Bead (SAB) assays, although the clinical relevance of antibodies identified solely by these assays remains unclear. As such, the identification of non-clinically relevant antibodies may proportionally increase the number of unacceptable transplant mismatches registered, with an associated increase in waiting time for a compatible organ. We reflect on the clinical relevance of antibodies identified solely by the Luminex SAB® assays and consider whether the application of additional assays and/or tools could further develop our ability to define the clinical relevance of antibodies identified in patient sera. Improvements in this area would assist equity of access to a compatible transplant for highly sensitized patients awaiting a solid organ transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rosser
- NHS Blood and Transplant (Tooting), Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, London, UK
| | - Deborah Sage
- NHS Blood and Transplant (Tooting), Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gautier Vargas G, Olagne J, Parissiadis A, Joly M, Cognard N, Perrin P, Froelich N, Guntz P, Gachet C, Moulin B, Caillard S. Does a Useful Test Exist to Properly Evaluate the Pathogenicity of Donor-specific Antibodies? Lessons From a Comprehensive Analysis in a Well-studied Single-center Kidney Transplant Cohort. Transplantation 2021; 104:2148-2157. [PMID: 31895344 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) play a major role in antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and graft dysfunction. However, the clinical relevance of complement-binding anti-HLA antibodies remains unclear. METHODS Here, we analyzed DSA detected in the serum (sDSA) using single antigen bead, C1q, and C3d assays combined with the study of intragraft DSA (gDSA) in 86 patients who had DSA and underwent a kidney biopsy for cause (n = 58) or without evidence of kidney dysfunction (n = 28). DSA characteristics were collected and related to the presence of AMR, graft histological features, and allograft survival. RESULTS Forty-five patients (52%) had C1q DSA, and 42 (51%) had C3d DSA. Allograft biopsies revealed AMR in 63 cases (73%), regardless of kidney function. gDSA were identified in 74% of biopsies. We observed a strong correlation among single antigen bead mean fluorescence intensity and complement assays positivity, presence of gDSA, and AMR occurrence. CONCLUSIONS Complement-binding DSA per se were not significantly associated with allograft survival in the entire study sample. Finally, gDSA predicted subsequent graft loss in patients who showed a stable renal function at the day of biopsy. Our data suggest that DSA mean fluorescence intensity and presence of gDSA might provide prognostic information during posttransplant monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérome Olagne
- Nephrology-Transplantation Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Parissiadis
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, UMR-S949 Inserm, Etablissement Français du Sang, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mélanie Joly
- Nephrology-Transplantation Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Noelle Cognard
- Nephrology-Transplantation Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peggy Perrin
- Nephrology-Transplantation Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadine Froelich
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, UMR-S949 Inserm, Etablissement Français du Sang, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Guntz
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, UMR-S949 Inserm, Etablissement Français du Sang, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, UMR-S949 Inserm, Etablissement Français du Sang, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Moulin
- Nephrology-Transplantation Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM UMR_S 1109, ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Caillard
- Nephrology-Transplantation Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM UMR_S 1109, ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goldberg BS, Ackerman ME. Antibody-mediated complement activation in pathology and protection. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:305-317. [PMID: 32142167 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent complement activity is associated not only with autoimmune morbidity, but also with antitumor efficacy. In infectious disease, both recombinant monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies generated in natural adaptive responses can mediate complement activity to protective, therapeutic or disease-enhancing effect. Recent advances have contributed to the structural resolution of molecular complexes involved in antibody-mediated complement activation, defining the avid nature of participating interactions and pointing to how antibody isotype, subclass, hinge flexibility, glycosylation state, amino acid sequence and the contextual nature of the cognate antigen/epitope are all factors that can determine complement activity through impact on antibody multimerization and subsequent recruitment of complement component 1q. Beyond the efficiency of activation, complement activation products interact with various cell types that mediate immune adherence, trafficking, immune education and innate functions. Similarly, depending on the anatomical location and extent of activation, complement can support homeostatic restoration or be leveraged by pathogens or neoplasms to enhance infection or promote tumorigenic microenvironments, respectively. Advances in means to suppress complement activation by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), IVIG mimetics and complement-intervening antibodies represent proven and promising exploratory therapeutic strategies, while antibody engineering has likewise offered frameworks to enhance, eliminate or isolate complement activation to interrogate in vivo mechanisms of action. Such strategies promise to support the optimization of antibody-based drugs that are able to tackle emerging and difficult-to-treat diseases by improving our understanding of the synergistic and antagonistic relationships between antibody mechanisms mediated by Fc receptors, direct binding and the products of complement activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fischman C, Fribourg M, Fabrizio G, Cioni M, Comoli P, Nocera A, Cardillo M, Cantarelli C, Gallon L, Petrosyan A, Da Sacco S, Perin L, Cravedi P. Circulating B Cells With Memory and Antibody-Secreting Phenotypes Are Detectable in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients Before the Development of Antibody-Mediated Rejection. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e481. [PMID: 31579809 PMCID: PMC6739044 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of anti-human leukocyte antigen donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) is associated with antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and reduced allograft survival in kidney transplant recipients. Whether changes in circulating lymphocytes anticipate DSA or AMR development is unclear. METHODS We used time-of-flight mass cytometry to analyze prospectively collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pediatric kidney transplant recipients who developed DSA (DSA-positive recipients [DSAPOS], n = 10). PBMC were obtained at 2 months posttransplant, 3 months before DSA development, and at DSA detection. PBMC collected at the same time points posttransplant from recipients who did not develop DSA (DSA-negative recipients [DSANEG], n = 11) were used as controls. RESULTS DSAPOS and DSANEG recipients had similar baseline characteristics and comparable frequencies of total B and T cells. Within DSAPOS recipients, there was no difference in DSA levels (mean fluorescence intensity [MFI]: 13 687 ± 4159 vs 11 375 ± 1894 in DSAPOSAMR-positive recipients (AMRPOS) vs DSAPOSAMR-negative recipients (AMRNEG), respectively; P = 0.630), C1q binding (5 DSAPOSAMRPOS [100%] vs 4 DSAPOSAMRNEG [80%]; P = 1.000), or C3d binding (3 DSAPOSAMRPOS [60%] vs 1 DSAPOSAMRNEG [20%]; P = 0.520) between patients who developed AMR and those who did not. However, DSAPOS patients who developed AMR (n = 5; 18.0 ± 3.6 mo post-DSA detection) had increased B cells with antibody-secreting (IgD-CD27+CD38+; P = 0.002) and memory (IgD-CD27+CD38-; P = 0.003) phenotypes compared with DSANEG and DSAPOSAMRNEG recipients at DSA detection. CONCLUSIONS Despite the small sample size, our comprehensive phenotypic analyses show that circulating B cells with memory and antibody-secreting phenotypes are present at DSA onset, >1 year before biopsy-proven AMR in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fischman
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ginevri Fabrizio
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Cioni
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology & Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Nocera
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Cardillo
- Department Transplantation Immunology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Cantarelli
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Università di Parma, UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Astgik Petrosyan
- Division of Urology GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stefano Da Sacco
- Division of Urology GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laura Perin
- Division of Urology GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The association of de novo anti-HLA-DPB1 donor-specific antibody formation and primary graft failure after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:861-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Schinstock CA, Gandhi MJ. Maintaining the Health of the Renal Allograft: Laboratory and Histologic Monitoring After Kidney Transplantation. Clin Lab Med 2018; 38:607-621. [PMID: 30420056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in posttransplant care, including new immunosuppressive medications have led to excellent short-term renal allograft survival. However, there is a small therapeutic window within which the patient and the clinician must balance the risk of rejection, with side effects such as infection, malignancy, and toxicity. Laboratory testing plays a key role in this ongoing monitoring, which includes relatively simple tests, such as serum creatinine, to complex tests, such as solid-phase assays, used to monitor for donor-specific antibody and surveillance allograft biopsies. This article reviews the role of the laboratory tests and surveillance biopsies in posttransplant monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Schinstock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, William J von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Manish J Gandhi
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
C3d Assay in Correlation With Single Antigen Bead Assay for Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:2354-2358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
11
|
Kang ES, Choi SI, Park YH, Park GB, Jang HR. Results of Questionnaire Survey of Current Immune Monitoring Practice of Transplant Clinicians and Clinical Pathologists in Korea: Basis for Establishment of Harmonized Immune Monitoring Guidelines. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2018. [DOI: 10.4285/jkstn.2018.32.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo In Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Hee Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geum Borae Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ryon Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|