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Zhu K, Zhou Q, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Li T, Yan X, Alimov A, Farmanov E, Dávid LD. Regional sustainability: Pressures and responses of tourism economy and ecological environment in the Yangtze River basin, China. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1148868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the tourism economy and the ecological environment is under pressure, and balancing this relationship is crucial for promoting regional sustainability. In this study, the Yangtze River basin, the first largest river in Asia and third largest in the world, was selected as the focus area. The spatial and temporal characteristics of tourism economic development and ecological environmental pressure from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed using the tourism economic development index, ecological environmental pressure index and dynamic change index, and the decoupling process of tourism and the economic system was studied dynamically using the decoupling analysis model. The results show that (1) spatially, the tourism economy in the Yangtze River basin exhibits a pattern of high development in the east and low development in the west, and high in the south and low in the north. Ecological environmental pressures varied greatly, with less pressure in the upstream provinces and more pressure in the middle and downstream provinces. (2) Temporally, the tourism economies of Qinghai and Tibet started with a lower but faster growth rate, while Hunan and Hubei have a higher starting point but limited change. The ecological environmental pressure changes do not show a clear spatial distribution pattern. (3) The decoupling relationship between tourism economy and ecological environment in the Yangtze River basin is moving toward a harmonious development. Achieving a harmonious balance between the two systems is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and regional sustainability.
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Red Junglefowl Resource Management Guide: Bioresource Reintroduction for Sustainable Food Security in Thailand. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The domestication of wild animals represents a major milestone for human civilization. Chicken is the largest domesticated livestock species and used for both eggs and meat. Chicken originate from the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Its adaptability to diverse environments and ease of selective breeding provides a unique genetic resource to address the challenges of food security in a world impacted by climatic change and human population growth. Habitat loss has caused population declines of red junglefowl in Thailand. However, genetic diversity is likely to remain in captive stocks. We determine the genetic diversity using microsatellite genotyping and the mitochondrial D-loop sequencing of wild red junglefowl. We identified potential distribution areas in Thailand using maximum entropy models. Protected areas in the central and upper southern regions of Thailand are highly suitable habitats. The Bayesian clustering analysis of the microsatellite markers revealed high genetic diversity in red junglefowl populations in Thailand. Our model predicted that forest ranges are a highly suitable habitat that has enabled the persistence of a large gene pool with a nationwide natural distribution. Understanding the red junglefowl allows us to implement improved resource management, species reintroduction, and sustainable development to support food security objectives for local people.
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Chan KMA, Satterfield T. The maturation of ecosystem services: Social and policy research expands, but whither biophysically informed valuation? PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Pearman-Gillman SB, Duveneck MJ, Murdoch JD, Donovan TM. Drivers and Consequences of Alternative Landscape Futures on Wildlife Distributions in New England, United States. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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5
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Place Attachment, Feeling of Belonging and Collective Identity in Socio-Ecological Systems: Study Case of Pegalajar (Andalusia-Spain). SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12083388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shared feelings of belonging and attachment held by people in relation to the place they live, and the development of collective identities that such feelings can promote, should be taken into account when seeking to understand the configuration and operation of socio-ecological systems (SES), in general, and the impact these factors have on SES adaptability, transformability and resilience, in particular. However, these topics have not been examined in enough depth in prior research. To address the effects of people’s feelings of place attachment and belonging in specific SES and the impacts they have on the aforementioned properties, in addition to theoretical instruments appropriate to the emotional and cognitive nature of this kind of phenomena, in-depth empirical qualitative studies are required to enhance understanding of the cultural and symbolic dimensions of the SES of which they are part. In this regard, the analysis of people–place connections, feelings of belonging and territorial identifications (territoriality) is strategic to understanding how the biophysical and the socio-cultural are interconnected and structured within SES. This article is based on a case study implemented through long-standing ethnographic research conducted in Pegalajar (Andalusia-Spain), which examined the struggle of the local population to recover the water system on which the landscape, as well as the ways of life that sustain their identity as a town, has been built. This case proposed a perspective on feelings and collective identifications as analytical interfaces between social and natural dimensions of SES in order to enhance understanding of their structuring and dynamics, particularly their resilience, and in order to manage them in a more sustainable way.
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6
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Abstract
This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of the governance systems of nature areas in relation to resilience measures in the field of water and nature management. The main question is to identify the key characteristics of governance that influence the resilience of the selected areas. The purpose of this comparative study is to understand and explain how aspects within the governance context influence the success of policy initiatives or measures towards resilience goals. For comparison, the hierarchic method is used. The results of the five case studies are compared: four cases from the Netherlands and one from UK. For the assessment of the governance of selected areas the governance assessment tool is used to systematically assess the relevant elements and qualities of the governance contexts and to understand the circumstances for the implementation of adaptive measures. The results of the comparison reveal different combinations of the governance qualities creating, to some extent, the setting for the resilience of the areas in which external factors and continuous interaction between layers of the governance system influence the adaptive capacity of the governance to manage resilience.
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Lavorel S, Locatelli B, Colloff MJ, Bruley E. Co-producing ecosystem services for adapting to climate change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190119. [PMID: 31983325 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems can sustain social adaptation to environmental change by protecting people from climate change effects and providing options for sustaining material and non-material benefits as ecological structure and functions transform. Along adaptation pathways, people navigate the trade-offs between different ecosystem contributions to adaptation, or adaptation services (AS), and can enhance their synergies and co-benefits as environmental change unfolds. Understanding trade-offs and co-benefits of AS is therefore essential to support social adaptation and requires analysing how people co-produce AS. We analysed co-production along the three steps of the ecosystem cascade: (i) ecosystem management; (ii) mobilization; and (iii) appropriation, social access and appreciation. Using five exemplary case studies across socio-ecosystems and continents, we show how five broad mechanisms already active for current ecosystem services can enhance co-benefits and minimize trade-offs between AS: (1) traditional and multi-functional land/sea management targeting ecological resilience; (2) pro-active management for ecosystem transformation; (3) co-production of novel services in landscapes without compromising other services; (4) collective governance of all co-production steps; and (5) feedbacks from appropriation, appreciation of and social access to main AS. We conclude that knowledge and recognition of co-production mechanisms will enable pro-active management and governance for collective adaptation to ecosystem transformation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lavorel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Locatelli
- Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34098, France.,Cifor, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Matthew J Colloff
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Enora Bruley
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 38000 Grenoble, France
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8
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Pannell JL, Dencer‐Brown AM, Greening SS, Hume EA, Jarvis RM, Mathieu C, Mugford J, Runghen R. An early career perspective on encouraging collaborative and interdisciplinary research in ecology. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Pannell
- School of Science Auckland University of Technology Private bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - A. M. Dencer‐Brown
- School of Science Auckland University of Technology Private bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - S. S. Greening
- School of Veterinary Science Massey University Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - E. A. Hume
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Te Pūnaha Matatini, A New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - R. M. Jarvis
- School of Science Auckland University of Technology Private bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS) Mosman New South Wales 2088 Australia
| | - C. Mathieu
- School of Science Auckland University of Technology Private bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - J. Mugford
- Te Pūnaha Matatini, A New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - R. Runghen
- School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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Kohler M, Devaux C, Grigulis K, Leitinger G, Lavorel S, Tappeiner U. Plant functional assemblages as indicators of the resilience of grassland ecosystem service provision. ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS 2019; 73:118-127. [PMID: 31413664 PMCID: PMC6694008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems provide a variety of ecosystem services (ES), which act as key linkages between social and ecological systems. ES respond spatially and temporally to abiotic and biotic variation, and to management. Thus, resistant and resilient ES provision is expected to remain within a stable range when facing disturbances. In this study, generic indicators to evaluate resistance, potential resilience and capacity for transformation of ES provision are developed and their relevance demonstrated for a mountain grassland system. Indicators are based on plant trait composition (i.e. functional composition) and abiotic parameters determining ES provision at community, meta-community and landscape scales. First the resistance of an ES is indicated by its normal operating range characterized by observed values under current conditions. Second its resilience is assessed by its potential operating range - under hypotheses of reassembly from the community's species pool. Third its transformation potential is assessed for reassembly at meta-community and landscape scales. Using a state-and-transition model, possible management-related transitions between mountain grassland states were identified, and indicators calculated for two provisioning and two regulating ES. Overall, resilience properties varied across individual ES, supporting a focus on resilience of specific ES. The resilience potential of the two provisioning services was greater than for the two regulating services, both being linked to functional complementarity within communities. We also found high transformation potential reflecting functional redundancy among communities within each meta-community, and across meta-communities in the landscape. Presented indicators are promising for the projection of future ES provision and the identification of management options under environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kohler
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Stern-wartestraße 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria. (M. Kohler)
| | - Caroline Devaux
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Karl Grigulis
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Georg Leitinger
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Alpine Environment, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sandra Lavorel
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Alpine Environment, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
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10
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Higuera PE, Metcalf AL, Miller C, Buma B, McWethy DB, Metcalf EC, Ratajczak Z, Nelson CR, Chaffin BC, Stedman RC, McCaffrey S, Schoennagel T, Harvey BJ, Hood SM, Schultz CA, Black AE, Campbell D, Haggerty JH, Keane RE, Krawchuk MA, Kulig JC, Rafferty R, Virapongse A. Integrating Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Resilience in Fire-Prone Landscapes. Bioscience 2019; 69:379-388. [PMID: 31086421 PMCID: PMC6506416 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience has become a common goal for science-based natural resource management, particularly in the context of changing climate and disturbance regimes. Integrating varying perspectives and definitions of resilience is a complex and often unrecognized challenge to applying resilience concepts to social-ecological systems (SESs) management. Using wildfire as an example, we develop a framework to expose and separate two important dimensions of resilience: the inherent properties that maintain structure, function, or states of an SES and the human perceptions of desirable or valued components of an SES. In doing so, the framework distinguishes between value-free and human-derived, value-explicit dimensions of resilience. Four archetypal scenarios highlight that ecological resilience and human values do not always align and that recognizing and anticipating potential misalignment is critical for developing effective management goals. Our framework clarifies existing resilience theory, connects literature across disciplines, and facilitates use of the resilience concept in research and land-management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Alexander L Metcalf
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Carol Miller
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - Brian Buma
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - David B McWethy
- Department of Earth Sciences at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Elizabeth C Metcalf
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Zak Ratajczak
- Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Wisconsin, in Madison
| | - Cara R Nelson
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Brian C Chaffin
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Richard C Stedman
- Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University, in Ithaca, NY
| | - Sarah McCaffrey
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Colorado, in Denver
- School for Environmental and Forest Sciences at the University of Washington, in Seattle
| | - Sharon M Hood
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - Courtney A Schultz
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins
| | - Anne E Black
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - David Campbell
- USFS District Ranger from the Bitterroot National Forest, in Montana
| | - Julia H Haggerty
- Department of Earth Sciences at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Robert E Keane
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - Meg A Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society at Oregon State University, in Corvallis
| | - Judith C Kulig
- Emeritus professor affiliated with the faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Lethbridge, in Alberta
| | - Rebekah Rafferty
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Arika Virapongse
- Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, in Boulder, Colorado
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11
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Schweiger AH, Boulangeat I, Conradi T, Davis M, Svenning JC. The importance of ecological memory for trophic rewilding as an ecosystem restoration approach. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1-15. [PMID: 29877019 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing human pressure on strongly defaunated ecosystems is characteristic of the Anthropocene and calls for proactive restoration approaches that promote self-sustaining, functioning ecosystems. However, the suitability of novel restoration concepts such as trophic rewilding is still under discussion given fragmentary empirical data and limited theory development. Here, we develop a theoretical framework that integrates the concept of 'ecological memory' into trophic rewilding. The ecological memory of an ecosystem is defined as an ecosystem's accumulated abiotic and biotic material and information legacies from past dynamics. By summarising existing knowledge about the ecological effects of megafauna extinction and rewilding across a large range of spatial and temporal scales, we identify two key drivers of ecosystem responses to trophic rewilding: (i) impact potential of (re)introduced megafauna, and (ii) ecological memory characterising the focal ecosystem. The impact potential of (re)introduced megafauna species can be estimated from species properties such as lifetime per capita engineering capacity, population density, home range size and niche overlap with resident species. The importance of ecological memory characterising the focal ecosystem depends on (i) the absolute time since megafauna loss, (ii) the speed of abiotic and biotic turnover, (iii) the strength of species interactions characterising the focal ecosystem, and (iv) the compensatory capacity of surrounding source ecosystems. These properties related to the focal and surrounding ecosystems mediate material and information legacies (its ecological memory) and modulate the net ecosystem impact of (re)introduced megafauna species. We provide practical advice about how to quantify all these properties while highlighting the strong link between ecological memory and historically contingent ecosystem trajectories. With this newly established ecological memory-rewilding framework, we hope to guide future empirical studies that investigate the ecological effects of trophic rewilding and other ecosystem-restoration approaches. The proposed integrated conceptual framework should also assist managers and decision makers to anticipate the possible trajectories of ecosystem dynamics after restoration actions and to weigh plausible alternatives. This will help practitioners to develop adaptive management strategies for trophic rewilding that could facilitate sustainable management of functioning ecosystems in an increasingly human-dominated world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Schweiger
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Boulangeat
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,University Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Timo Conradi
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matt Davis
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Abstract
Transformational change is not always intentional. However, deliberate transformations are imperative to achieve the sustainable visions that future generations deserve. Small, unintentional tweaks will not be enough to overcome persistent and emergent urban challenges. Recent scholarship on sustainability transformations has evolved considerably, but there is no consensus on what qualifies transformational change. We describe variations in current discussions of intentional sustainability transformations in the literature and synthesize strategies from funding institutions’ recent requests for proposals for urban sustainability transformations. Research funding initiatives calling for transformational change are increasingly common and are an important driver of how transformational change is articulated in research-practice in cities. From this synthesis, we present seven criteria for transformational change that provide direction for framing and implementing transformational change initiatives.
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13
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Maia L, Kris L, Hans B. Towards a new model for the governance of the Weerribben-Wieden National Park. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:56-65. [PMID: 30110667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper focuses on the governance of the Dutch national park Weerribben-Wieden and its ability to foster ecological resilience in the face of climate change and human disturbances. The study highlights the role of various characteristics of the institutional context of governance in which resilience-relevant decisions are prepared, taken and implemented as referenced by an assessment of the governance context. The relevance of such an assessment is found in the frequent institutional changes in nature policy. This paper examines how care for the resilience in an area is supported by the governance context, given the major recent restructurings. The drastic changes in nature policy in the Netherlands include national government withdrawing from their central role and decentralising the authority for nature tasks to the provinces. Subsequently, the province has also withdrawn itself in the Weerribben-Wieden case and decentralised nature tasks to the municipality. So, in our research case, the 'take home message' relates to the impacts of decentralisation in different 'sizes'. Institutional change by decentralisation does not come in 'one size', but rather in a multiform phenomenon of layers and aspects. The governance assessment tool was used to analyze the consequences of this decentralisation for the processes in which resilience measures are implemented in various degrees and interactions. Decentralisation without balanced problem perspectives and goals, without an integral approach towards the park's resilience, and without adequate strategies and instruments, most likely leads to a lengthy transition process with uncertain outcomes. The study concludes that institutional changes in this case restricted adaptiveness of governance towards resilience and has diminished a sense of responsibility for the maintenance of the national park resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lordkipanidze Maia
- Department of Governance and Technology for Sustainability, CSTM, University of Twente, Enschede, Agora 1, 8934 CJ Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | - Lulofs Kris
- Department of Governance and Technology for Sustainability, CSTM, University of Twente, Enschede, Drienerlolaan 5, Building 10, Ravelijn, PO Box 217, 7400 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Bressers Hans
- Department of Governance and Technology for Sustainability, CSTM, University of Twente, Enschede, Drienerlolaan 5, Building 10, Ravelijn, PO Box 217, 7400 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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14
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Tchabovsky A, Savinetskaya L, Surkova E. Breeding versus survival: proximate causes of abrupt population decline under environmental change in a desert rodent, the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus). Integr Zool 2018; 14:366-375. [PMID: 30585409 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studying abrupt ecological shifts under gradual environmental change caused, in particular, by human activity is important for understanding the fundamental aspects and underlying mechanisms of ecological resilience. One of the rare well-documented examples of an abrupt ecological shift is the delayed step transition of the population of a desert rodent, the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus), from high-abundance (1994-2002) to low-abundance (2003-2017) regimes. This was in response to landscape transformation from desert to steppe caused by the drastic reduction of livestock in the rangelands of southern Russia after the collapse of the USSR in the early 1990s. In this study, we tested whether demographic parameters were correlated with the observed abrupt downward population shift. We found that reproductive activity (the percentage of breeding females, the number of litters, fecundity and the number of young recruited per female) showed no trend over time and did not differ between periods of high and low abundance. In contrast, the adult sex ratio (SR = males: females) decreased significantly with time and was as much as twice more female-biased for the low-abundance population regime. However, SR was not related to any reproductive parameter, including the percentage of breeding females. We conclude that proximate reasons for an abrupt population decline in M. meridianus are not associated with the changes in breeding patterns or mate limitation caused by the Allee effect but relate to the increased mortality as a result of the desert landscape being fragmented by steppezation. The mortality is expected to be higher for males as the mobile and dispersing sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Tchabovsky
- Laboratory for Population Ecology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila Savinetskaya
- Laboratory for Population Ecology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Surkova
- Laboratory for Population Ecology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Egerer MH, Lin BB, Philpott SM. Water Use Behavior, Learning, and Adaptation to Future Change in Urban Gardens. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Chen Y, Yu Z, Li X, Li P. How agricultural multiple ecosystem services respond to socioeconomic factors in Mengyin County, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1003-1015. [PMID: 29554722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Provisioning services have always been the main focus of agriculture, and which have led to a decline in biodiversity and have damaged a number of other services. Agriculture should contribute to current and future food security while producing multiple ecosystem services (ES). Restoration outcomes of multiple ES were affected by different socioeconomic drivers, thus a better understanding of how multiple ES respond to socioeconomic drivers can help to restore multiple ES. This paper used rural people's perceptions of ES to quantify and map ecosystem service obtainment and demand in the Mengyin County, China. An integrative index of multiple ecosystem services (IMES) was used to effectively aggregate the values of multiple ES. The threat categorization framework is designed to communicate the degree to which the adequate and sustainable provision of multiple ES is threatened, in order to prioritize conservation actions. The results revealed that 6 townships in the Mengyin County exhibited an excessive obtainment situation (demand is less than obtainment) of multiple ES; an insufficient obtainment situation (demand is greater than obtainment) of multiple ES was mainly situated in the northern part of Mengyin County. Overall, the current state of multiple ES across Mengyin County is classified as "Endangered" classification according to application of threat categorization framework. It is necessary to restructure and manage socioeconomic factors for multiple ES. At national level, the macro decision-making (controlling population density) and the mechanisms (attracting high-quality human resources into the rural) will play an important role in promoting multiple ES management, and it is necessary to provide 3 or more years of tailored educational resources for rural residents to advance multiple ES in agricultural landscape. Development of agricultural PES programs in China that enable farmers to profit from production ES is a sustainable strategy for increasing multiple ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenrong Yu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xuedong Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengyao Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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Fedele G, Locatelli B, Djoudi H, Colloff MJ. Reducing risks by transforming landscapes: Cross-scale effects of land-use changes on ecosystem services. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195895. [PMID: 29689062 PMCID: PMC5916864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, anthropogenic environmental change is exacerbating the already vulnerable conditions of many people and ecosystems. In order to obtain food, water, raw materials and shelter, rural people modify forests and other ecosystems, affecting the supply of ecosystem services that contribute to livelihoods and well-being. Despite widespread awareness of the nature and extent of multiple impacts of land-use changes, there remains limited understanding of how these impacts affect trade-offs among ecosystem services and their beneficiaries across spatial scales. We assessed how rural communities in two forested landscapes in Indonesia have changed land uses over the last 20 years to adapt their livelihoods that were at risk from multiple hazards. We estimated the impact of these adaptation strategies on the supply of ecosystem services by comparing different benefits provided to people from these land uses (products, water, carbon, and biodiversity), using forest inventories, remote sensing, and interviews. Local people converted forests to rubber plantations, reforested less productive croplands, protected forests on hillsides, and planted trees in gardens. Our results show that land-use decisions were propagated at the landscape scale due to reinforcing loops, whereby local actors perceived that such decisions contributed positively to livelihoods by reducing risks and generating co-benefits. When land-use changes become sufficiently widespread, they affect the supply of multiple ecosystem services, with impacts beyond the local scale. Thus, adaptation implemented at the local-scale may not address development and climate adaptation challenges at regional or national scale (e.g. as part of UN Sustainable Development Goals or actions taken under the UNFCCC Paris Agreement). A better understanding of the context and impacts of local ecosystem-based adaptation is fundamental to the scaling up of land management policies and practices designed to reduce risks and improve well-being for people at different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Fedele
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Unit Forêts et Sociétés, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, Occitanie, France
- Doctoral School ABIES, AgroParisTech, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Bruno Locatelli
- Research Unit Forêts et Sociétés, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, Occitanie, France
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Lima, Peru
| | - Houria Djoudi
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Matthew J. Colloff
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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18
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Towards a Social-Ecological Urbanism: Co-Producing Knowledge through Design in the Albano Resilient Campus Project in Stockholm. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10030717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Bertuol-Garcia D, Morsello C, N El-Hani C, Pardini R. A conceptual framework for understanding the perspectives on the causes of the science-practice gap in ecology and conservation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1032-1055. [PMID: 29160024 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Applying scientific knowledge to confront societal challenges is a difficult task, an issue known as the science-practice gap. In Ecology and Conservation, scientific evidence has been seldom used directly to support decision-making, despite calls for an increasing role of ecological science in developing solutions for a sustainable future. To date, multiple causes of the science-practice gap and diverse approaches to link science and practice in Ecology and Conservation have been proposed. To foster a transparent debate and broaden our understanding of the difficulties of using scientific knowledge, we reviewed the perceived causes of the science-practice gap, aiming to: (i) identify the perspectives of ecologists and conservation scientists on this problem, (ii) evaluate the predominance of these perspectives over time and across journals, and (iii) assess them in light of disciplines studying the role of science in decision-making. We based our review on 1563 sentences describing causes of the science-practice gap extracted from 122 articles and on discussions with eight scientists on how to classify these sentences. The resulting process-based framework describes three distinct perspectives on the relevant processes, knowledge and actors in the science-practice interface. The most common perspective assumes only scientific knowledge should support practice, perceiving a one-way knowledge flow from science to practice and recognizing flaws in knowledge generation, communication, and/or use. The second assumes that both scientists and decision-makers should contribute to support practice, perceiving a two-way knowledge flow between science and practice through joint knowledge-production/integration processes, which, for several reasons, are perceived to occur infrequently. The last perspective was very rare, and assumes scientists should put their results into practice, but they rarely do. Some causes (e.g. cultural differences between scientists and decision-makers) are shared with other disciplines, while others seem specific to Ecology and Conservation (e.g. inadequate research scales). All identified causes require one of three general types of solutions, depending on whether the causal factor can (e.g. inadequate research questions) or cannot (e.g. scientific uncertainty) be changed, or if misconceptions (e.g. undervaluing abstract knowledge) should be solved. The unchanged predominance of the one-way perspective over time may be associated with the prestige of evidence-based conservation and suggests that debates in Ecology and Conservation lag behind trends in other disciplines towards bidirectional views ascribing larger roles to decision-makers. In turn, the two-way perspective seems primarily restricted to research traditions historically isolated from mainstream conservation biology. All perspectives represented superficial views of decision-making by not accounting for limits to human rationality, complexity of decision-making contexts, fuzzy science-practice boundaries, ambiguity brought about by science, and different types of knowledge use. However, joint knowledge-production processes from the two-way perspective can potentially allow for democratic decision-making processes, explicit discussions of values and multiple types of science use. To broaden our understanding of the interface and foster productive science-practice linkages, we argue for dialogue among different research traditions within Ecology and Conservation, joint knowledge-production processes between scientists and decision-makers and interdisciplinarity across Ecology, Conservation and Political Science in both research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bertuol-Garcia
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carla Morsello
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, CEP 03828-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charbel N El-Hani
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101 CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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O'Leary JK, Micheli F, Airoldi L, Boch C, De Leo G, Elahi R, Ferretti F, Graham NAJ, Litvin SY, Low NH, Lummis S, Nickols KJ, Wong J. The Resilience of Marine Ecosystems to Climatic Disturbances. Bioscience 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Newman GD, Smith AL, Brody SD. Repurposing Vacant Land through Landscape Connectivity. LANDSCAPE JOURNAL 2017; 36:37-57. [PMID: 30034076 PMCID: PMC6053283 DOI: 10.3368/lj.36.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Storm surge protection systems have proven effective in protecting populations in developed areas and can allow for development in otherwise potentially flood-prone areas. Resultant intensification of land conversion can result in large scale habitat fragmentation. Simultaneously, urbanized areas worldwide are increasingly accumulating large amounts of vacant land, creating an unprecedented opportunity to improve green space networks and natural systems. This article describes creation of a regional growth framework that balances the need to repurpose vacant lots with the provision of ecosystem services. The analysis seeks to maximize the structural connectivity of the landscape by using high ecological potential of vacant lands as a device for linking existing habitat patches, wildlife conservation areas, wetlands, riparian corridors, and small-scale green spaces. The research uses raster-based suitability models generated in ArcGIS to determine development potential and ecological values of vacant land parcels. Vacant lands having low development potential and high ecological value are linked spatially to create ecological corridors among patch areas using a least cost path connectivity model generated with Linkage Mapper software. Results indicate that vacant land can connect existing ecological patch and core areas with relatively minimal negative impact on development potential while simultaneously enhancing provision of ecological services. The approach provides a model for an ecological based solution to repurposing vacant urban land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen D Newman
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Alison L Smith
- College of Environment and Design, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Samuel D Brody
- Center for Texas Beaches and Shores, Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX
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22
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Briske DD, Illius AW, Anderies JM. Nonequilibrium Ecology and Resilience Theory. RANGELAND SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Thompson JR, Lambert KF, Foster DR, Broadbent EN, Blumstein M, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Fan Y. The consequences of four land‐use scenarios for forest ecosystems and the services they provide. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Smithsonian Institution 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22360 USA
| | - Kathleen F. Lambert
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
| | - David R. Foster
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
| | - Eben N. Broadbent
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Smithsonian Institution 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22360 USA
| | - Meghan Blumstein
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Smithsonian Institution 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22360 USA
| | - Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Smithsonian Institution 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22360 USA
| | - Yuanchao Fan
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Smithsonian Institution 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22360 USA
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24
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Delayed threshold response of a rodent population to human-induced landscape change. Oecologia 2016; 182:1075-1082. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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de Juan S, Gelcich S, Ospina-Alvarez A, Perez-Matus A, Fernandez M. Applying an ecosystem service approach to unravel links between ecosystems and society in the coast of central Chile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:122-132. [PMID: 26151656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem-based management implies understanding feedbacks between ecosystems and society. Such understanding can be approached with the Drivers-Pressures-State change-Impacts-Response framework (DPSIR), incorporating stakeholders' preferences for ecosystem services to assess impacts on society. This framework was adapted to six locations in the central coast of Chile, where artisanal fisheries coexist with an increasing influx of tourists, and a set of fisheries management areas alternate with open access areas and a no-take Marine Protected Area (MPA). The ecosystem services in the study area were quantified using biomass and species richness in intertidal and subtidal areas as biological indicators. The demand for ecosystem services was elicited by interviews to the principal groups of users. Our results evidenced decreasing landings and a negative perception of fishermen on temporal trends of catches. The occurrence of recreational fishing was negligible, although the consumption of seafood by tourists was relatively high. Nevertheless, the consumption of organisms associated to the study system was low, which could be linked, amongst other factors, to decreasing catches. The comparison of biological indicators between management regimens provided variable results, but a positive effect of management areas and the MPA on some of the metrics was observed. The prioritising of ecosystem attributes by tourists was highly homogenous across the six locations, with "scenic beauty" consistently selected as the preferred attribute, followed by "diversity". The DPSIR framework illustrated the complex interactions existing in these locations, with weak linkages between society's priorities, existing management objectives and the state of biological communities. Overall, this work improved our knowledge on relations between components of coastal areas in central Chile, of paramount importance to advance towards an ecosystem-based management in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de Juan
- Center for Marine Conservation, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center for Marine Conservation, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Andres Ospina-Alvarez
- Center for Marine Conservation, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Alejandro Perez-Matus
- Center for Marine Conservation, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Subtidal Ecology Laboratory, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Miriam Fernandez
- Center for Marine Conservation, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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Gavin MC, McCarter J, Mead A, Berkes F, Stepp JR, Peterson D, Tang R. Defining biocultural approaches to conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Aslan CE, Pinsky ML, Ryan ME, Souther S, Terrell KA. Cultivating creativity in conservation science. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:345-353. [PMID: 24283793 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conservation practitioners and scientists are often faced with seemingly intractable problems in which traditional approaches fail. While other sectors (e.g., business) frequently emphasize creative thinking to overcome complex challenges, creativity is rarely identified as an essential skill for conservationists. Yet more creative approaches are urgently needed in the effort to sustain Earth's biodiversity. We identified 4 strategies to develop skills in creative thinking and discuss underlying research and examples supporting each strategy. First, by breaking down barriers between disciplines and surrounding oneself with unfamiliar people, concepts, and perspectives, one can expand base knowledge and experiences and increase the potential for new combinations of ideas. Second, by meeting people where they are (both literally and figuratively), one exposes oneself to new environments and perspectives, which again broadens experiences and increases ability to communicate effectively with stakeholders. Third, by embracing risk responsibly, one is more likely to develop new, nontraditional solutions and be open to high-impact outcomes. Finally, by following a cycle of learning, struggle, and reflection, one can trigger neurophysiological changes that allow the brain to become more creative. Creativity is a learned trait, rather than an innate skill. It can be actively developed at both the individual and institutional levels, and learning to navigate the relevant social and practical barriers is key to the process. To maximize the success of conservation in the face of escalating challenges, one must take advantage of what has been learned from other disciplines and foster creativity as both a professional skill and an essential component of career training and individual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Aslan
- Conservation Education and Science Department, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ, 85743, U.S.A..
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28
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Rositano F, Ferraro DO. Ecosystem services provided by agroecosystems: a qualitative and quantitative assessment of this relationship in the Pampa region, Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 53:606-619. [PMID: 24323383 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-013-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of an analytical framework relating agricultural conditions and ecosystem services (ES) provision could be very useful for developing land-use systems which sustain natural resources for future use. According to this, a conceptual network was developed, based on literature review and expert knowledge, about the functional relationships between agricultural management and ES provision in the Pampa region (Argentina). We selected eight ES to develop this conceptual network: (1) carbon (C) balance, (2) nitrogen (N) balance, (3) groundwater contamination control, (4) soil water balance, (5) soil structural maintenance, (6) N2O emission control, (7) regulation of biotic adversities, and (8) biodiversity maintenance. This conceptual network revealed a high degree of interdependence among ES provided by Pampean agroecosystems, finding two trade-offs, and two synergies among them. Then, we analyzed the conceptual network structure, and found that both environmental and management variables influenced ES provision. Finally, we selected four ES to parameterize and quantify along 10 growing seasons (2000/2001-2009/2010) through a probabilistic methodology called Bayesian Networks. Only N balance was negatively impacted by agricultural management; while C balance, groundwater contamination control, and N2O emission control were not. Outcomes of our work emphasize the idea that qualitative and quantitative methodologies should be implemented together to assess ES provision in Pampean agroecosystems, as well as in other agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Rositano
- IFEVA, Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
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Ferreira J, Pardini R, Metzger JP, Fonseca CR, Pompeu PS, Sparovek G, Louzada J. Towards environmentally sustainable agriculture in Brazil: challenges and opportunities for applied ecological research. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Thompson JR, Wiek A, Swanson FJ, Carpenter SR, Fresco N, Hollingsworth T, Spies TA, Foster DR. Scenario Studies as a Synthetic and Integrative Research Activity for Long-Term Ecological Research. Bioscience 2012. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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31
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Redford KH, Ray JC, Boitani L. Mapping and navigating mammalian conservation: from analysis to action. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2712-21. [PMID: 21844050 PMCID: PMC3140739 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammals are often seen as important objects of human interest and affection, many are threatened with extinction. A range of efforts have been proposed and much work has been done to try to conserve mammals, but there is little overall understanding of what has worked and why. As a result, there is no global-scale, coordinated approach to conserving all mammals. Rather, conservation efforts are usually focused at jurisdictional levels where relevant legislation and policies are in force. To help build the framework for a global-scale approach, in this paper we review the many ways that have been proposed for conserving mammals. First, we examine the overall pattern of threat faced by mammals at the global level. Secondly, we look at the major structuring issues in prioritizing and planning mammal conservation, examining in particular the roles of values and scale and a set of approaches to conservation, each of which varies along a continuum. Finally, we lay out the steps necessary to move from planning to implementing mammalian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent H Redford
- WCS Institute, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
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Chandler D, Bailey AS, Tatchell GM, Davidson G, Greaves J, Grant WP. The development, regulation and use of biopesticides for integrated pest management. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1987-98. [PMID: 21624919 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, crop protection has relied heavily on synthetic chemical pesticides, but their availability is now declining as a result of new legislation and the evolution of resistance in pest populations. Therefore, alternative pest management tactics are needed. Biopesticides are pest management agents based on living micro-organisms or natural products. They have proven potential for pest management and they are being used across the world. However, they are regulated by systems designed originally for chemical pesticides that have created market entry barriers by imposing burdensome costs on the biopesticide industry. There are also significant technical barriers to making biopesticides more effective. In the European Union, a greater emphasis on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as part of agricultural policy may lead to innovations in the way that biopesticides are regulated. There are also new opportunities for developing biopesticides in IPM by combining ecological science with post-genomics technologies. The new biopesticide products that will result from this research will bring with them new regulatory and economic challenges that must be addressed through joint working between social and natural scientists, policy makers and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chandler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK.
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Callaway R, Desroy N, Dubois SF, Fournier J, Frost M, Godet L, Hendrick VJ, Rabaut M. Ephemeral bio-engineers or reef-building polychaetes: how stable are aggregations of the tube worm Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766)? Integr Comp Biol 2011; 50:237-50. [PMID: 21558202 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dense aggregations of tube-worms can stabilize sediments and generate oases for benthic communities that are different and often more diverse and abundant than those of the surroundings. If these features are to qualify as biogenic reefs under nature-conservation legislation such as the EC Habitats Directive, a level of stability and longevity is desirable aside from physical and biological attributes. Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) is widely distributed around the European coast and aggregations of this tube-dwelling polychaete are known to have a positive effect on the biodiversity of associated species in inter- and sub-tidal areas. This increases the value of L. conchilega-rich habitats for higher trophic levels such as birds and fish. However, L. conchilega is currently not recognized as a reef builder primarily due to uncertainty about the stability of their aggregations. We carried out three studies on different spatial and temporal scales to explore a number of properties relating to stability: (1) Individual aggregations of L. conchilega of ∼1 m(2) were monitored for up to 1 year, (2) records of L. conchilega from a 258-ha area over a 35-year period were analyzed, (3) the recovery of a population of L. conchilega subjected to disturbances by cultivation of Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) was followed over 3 years. The studies provided evidence about the longevity of L. conchilega aggregations, their resistance to disturbance, their resilience in recovering from negative impact and their large-scale persistence. The results showed that populations of L. conchilega were prone to considerable fluctuation and the stability of aggregations depended on environmental factors and on recruitment. The tube-worms proved to be susceptible to disturbance by cultivation of Manila clams but demonstrated the potential to recover from that impact. The long-term monitoring of a large L. conchilega population in the Bay of Mont Saint Michel (France) indicated that aggregations can persist over many decades with a constant, densely populated core area and an expanding and contracting more thinly populated fringe zone. The stability of aggregations of L. conchilega and the structures they form do not unequivocally fit the currently accepted definition of a reef. However, given L. conchilega's accepted reef-like potential to influence diversity and abundance in benthic communities, we suggest clarifying and expanding the definition of reefs so that species with records of significant persistence in particular areas and which otherwise meet expectations of reefs are included within the definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Callaway
- Deptartment for Pure and Applied Ecology, Wallace Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Currie WS. Units of nature or processes across scales? The ecosystem concept at age 75. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:21-34. [PMID: 21294739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ecosystem has served as a central organizational concept in ecology for nearly a half century and continues to evolve. As a level in the biotic hierarchy, ecosystems are often viewed as ecological communities integrated with their abiotic environments. This has always been imperfect because of a mismatch of scales between communities and ecosystem processes as they are made operational for field study. Complexity theory has long been forecasted to provide a renewed foundation for ecosystem theory but has been slow to do so. Partly this has arisen from a difficulty in translating theoretical tenets into operational terms for testing in field studies. Ecosystem science has become an important applied science for studying global change and human environmental impacts. Vigorous and important directions in the study of ecosystems today include a growing focus on human-dominated landscapes and development of the concept of ecosystem services for human resource supply and well-being. Today, terrestrial ecosystems are viewed less as well-defined entities or as a level in the biotic hierarchy. Instead, ecosystem processes are being increasingly viewed as the elements in a hierarchy. These occur alongside landscape processes and socioeconomic processes, which combine to form coupled social-ecological systems across a range of scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Currie
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Building Transformative Capacity for Ecosystem Stewardship in Social–Ecological Systems. SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12194-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Popp A, Blaum N, Jeltsch F. Ecohydrological feedback mechanisms in arid rangelands: Simulating the impacts of topography and land use. Basic Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roux DJ, Ashton PJ, Nel JL, Mackay HM. Improving cross-sector policy integration and cooperation in support of freshwater conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2008; 22:1382-1387. [PMID: 18983603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Roux
- Water Research Node, Monash University-South Africa, Private Bag X60, Roodepoort 1725, South Africa.
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Using best available science to protect critical areas in Washington state: challenges and barriers to planners. Urban Ecosyst 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-008-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Casini M, Lövgren J, Hjelm J, Cardinale M, Molinero JC, Kornilovs G. Multi-level trophic cascades in a heavily exploited open marine ecosystem. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1793-801. [PMID: 18460432 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances intertwined with climatic changes can have a large impact on the upper trophic levels of marine ecosystems, which may cascade down the food web. So far it has been difficult to demonstrate multi-level trophic cascades in pelagic marine environments. Using field data collected during a 33-year period, we show for the first time a four-level community-wide trophic cascade in the open Baltic Sea. The dramatic reduction of the cod (Gadus morhua) population directly affected its main prey, the zooplanktivorous sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and indirectly the summer biomass of zooplankton and phytoplankton (top-down processes). Bottom-up processes and climate-hydrological forces had a weaker influence on sprat and zooplankton, whereas phytoplankton variation was explained solely by top-down mechanisms. Our results suggest that in order to dampen the occasionally harmful algal blooms of the Baltic, effort should be addressed not only to control anthropogenic nutrient inputs but also to preserve structure and functioning of higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Casini
- Swedish Board of Fisheries, Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 4, 45321 Lysekil, Sweden.
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Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9489-94. [PMID: 18621698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706905105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the strategies and actions that enable transitions toward ecosystem-based management using the recent governance changes of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park as a case study. The interplay among individual actors, organizations, and institutions at multiple levels is central in such transitions. A flexible organization, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, was crucial in initiating the transition to ecosystem-based management. This agency was also instrumental in the subsequent transformation of the governance regime and provided leadership throughout the process. Strategies involved internal reorganization and management innovation, leading to an ability to coordinate the scientific community, to increase public awareness of environmental issues and problems, to involve a broader set of stakeholders, and to maneuver the political system for support at critical times. The transformation process was induced by increased pressure on the Great Barrier Reef (from terrestrial runoff, overharvesting, and global warming) that triggered a new sense of urgency to address these challenges. The focus of governance shifted from protection of selected individual reefs to stewardship of the larger-scale seascape. The study emphasizes the significance of stewardship that can change patterns of interactions among key actors and allow for new forms of management and governance to emerge in response to environmental change. This example illustrates that enabling legislations or other social bounds are essential, but not sufficient for shifting governance toward adaptive comanagement of complex marine ecosystems.
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An operational model for mainstreaming ecosystem services for implementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9483-8. [PMID: 18621695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706559105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on ecosystem services has grown markedly in recent years. However, few studies are embedded in a social process designed to ensure effective management of ecosystem services. Most research has focused only on biophysical and valuation assessments of putative services. As a mission-oriented discipline, ecosystem service research should be user-inspired and user-useful, which will require that researchers respond to stakeholder needs from the outset and collaborate with them in strategy development and implementation. Here we provide a pragmatic operational model for achieving the safeguarding of ecosystem services. The model comprises three phases: assessment, planning, and management. Outcomes of social, biophysical, and valuation assessments are used to identify opportunities and constraints for implementation. The latter then are transformed into user-friendly products to identify, with stakeholders, strategic objectives for implementation (the planning phase). The management phase undertakes and coordinates actions that achieve the protection of ecosystem services and ensure the flow of these services to beneficiaries. This outcome is achieved via mainstreaming, or incorporating the safeguarding of ecosystem services into the policies and practices of sectors that deal with land- and water-use planning. Management needs to be adaptive and should be institutionalized in a suite of learning organizations that are representative of the sectors that are concerned with decision-making and planning. By following the phases of our operational model, projects for safeguarding ecosystem services are likely to empower stakeholders to implement effective on-the-ground management that will achieve resilience of the corresponding social-ecological systems.
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Knight AT, Cowling RM, Rouget M, Balmford A, Lombard AT, Campbell BM. Knowing but not doing: selecting priority conservation areas and the research-implementation gap. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2008; 22:610-7. [PMID: 18477033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Conservation assessment is a rapidly evolving discipline whose stated goal is the design of networks of protected areas that represent and ensure the persistence of nature (i.e., species, habitats, and environmental processes) by separating priority areas from the activities that degrade or destroy them. Nevertheless, despite a burgeoning scientific literature that ever refines these techniques for allocating conservation resources, it is widely believed that conservation assessments are rarely translated into actions that actually conserve nature. We reviewed the conservation assessment literature in peer-reviewed journals and conducted survey questionnaires of the authors of these studies. Two-thirds of conservation assessments published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature do not deliver conservation action, primarily because most researchers never plan for implementation. This research-implementation gap between conservation science and real-world action is a genuine phenomenon and is a specific example of the "knowing-doing gap" that is widely recognized in management science. Given the woefully inadequate resources allocated for conservation, our findings raise questions over the utility of conservation assessment science, as currently practiced, to provide useful, pragmatic solutions to conservation planning problems. A reevaluation of the conceptual and operational basis of conservation planning research is urgently required. We recommend the following actions for beginning a process for bridging the research-implementation gap in conservation planning: (1) acknowledge the research-implementation gap is real, (2) source research questions from practitioners, (3) situate research within a broader conservation planning model, (4) expand the social dimension of conservation assessments, (5) support conservation plans with transdisciplinary social learning institutions, (6) reward academics for societal engagement and implementation, and (7) train students in skills for "doing" conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Knight
- Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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Abstract
We consider panacea formation in the framework of adaptive learning and decision for social-ecological systems (SESs). Institutions for managing such systems must address multiple timescales of ecological change, as well as features of the social community in which the ecosystem policy problem is embedded. Response of the SES to each candidate institution must be modeled and treated as a stochastic process with unknown parameters to be estimated. A fundamental challenge is to design institutions that are not vulnerable to capture by subsets of the community that self-organize to direct the institution against the overall social interest. In a world of episodic structural change, such as SESs, adaptive learning can lock in to a single institution, model, or parameter estimate. Policy diversification, leading to escape from panacea traps, can come from monitoring indicators of episodic change on slow timescales, minimax regret decision making, active experimentation to accelerate model identification, mechanisms for broadening the set of models or institutions under consideration, and processes for discovery of new institutions and technologies for ecosystem management. It is difficult to take all of these factors into account, but the discipline that comes with the attempt to model the coupled social-ecological dynamics forces policy makers to confront all conceivable responses. This process helps induce the modesty needed to avoid panacea traps while supporting systematic effort to improve resource management in the public interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R. Carpenter
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Liu J, Dietz T, Carpenter SR, Alberti M, Folke C, Moran E, Pell AN, Deadman P, Kratz T, Lubchenco J, Ostrom E, Ouyang Z, Provencher W, Redman CL, Schneider SH, Taylor WW. Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems. Science 2007; 317:1513-6. [PMID: 17872436 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space, time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity, and surprises. Furthermore, past couplings have legacy effects on present conditions and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Arlinghaus R, Cooke SJ, Lyman J, Policansky D, Schwab A, Suski C, Sutton SG, Thorstad EB. Understanding the Complexity of Catch-and-Release in Recreational Fishing: An Integrative Synthesis of Global Knowledge from Historical, Ethical, Social, and Biological Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260601149432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Carpenter SR, Benson BJ, Biggs R, Chipman JW, Foley JA, Golding SA, Hammer RB, Hanson PC, Johnson PTJ, Kamarainen AM, Kratz TK, Lathrop RC, McMahon KD, Provencher B, Rusak JA, Solomon CT, Stanley EH, Turner MG, Vander Zanden MJ, Wu CH, Yuan H. Understanding Regional Change: A Comparison of Two Lake Districts. Bioscience 2007. [DOI: 10.1641/b570407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Chapin FS, Lovecraft AL, Zavaleta ES, Nelson J, Robards MD, Kofinas GP, Trainor SF, Peterson GD, Huntington HP, Naylor RL. Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16637-43. [PMID: 17008403 PMCID: PMC1636507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606955103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities are altering many factors that determine the fundamental properties of ecological and social systems. Is sustainability a realistic goal in a world in which many key process controls are directionally changing? To address this issue, we integrate several disparate sources of theory to address sustainability in directionally changing social-ecological systems, apply this framework to climate-warming impacts in Interior Alaska, and describe a suite of policy strategies that emerge from these analyses. Climate warming in Interior Alaska has profoundly affected factors that influence landscape processes (climate regulation and disturbance spread) and natural hazards, but has only indirectly influenced ecosystem goods such as food, water, and wood that receive most management attention. Warming has reduced cultural services provided by ecosystems, leading to some of the few institutional responses that directly address the causes of climate warming, e.g., indigenous initiatives to the Arctic Council. Four broad policy strategies emerge: (i) enhancing human adaptability through learning and innovation in the context of changes occurring at multiple scales; (ii) increasing resilience by strengthening negative (stabilizing) feedbacks that buffer the system from change and increasing options for adaptation through biological, cultural, and economic diversity; (iii) reducing vulnerability by strengthening institutions that link the high-latitude impacts of climate warming to their low-latitude causes; and (iv) facilitating transformation to new, potentially more beneficial states by taking advantage of opportunities created by crisis. Each strategy provides societal benefits, and we suggest that all of them be pursued simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Political Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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