1
|
Mastick N, Welicky R, Katla A, Odegaard B, Ng V, Wood CL. Opening a can of worms: Archived canned fish fillets reveal 40 years of change in parasite burden for four Alaskan salmon species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11043. [PMID: 38576463 PMCID: PMC10994144 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
How has parasitism changed for Alaskan salmon over the past several decades? Parasitological assessments of salmon are inconsistent across time, and though parasite data are sometimes noted when processing fillets for the market, those data are not retained for more than a few years. The landscape of parasite risk is changing for salmon, and long-term data are needed to quantify this change. Parasitic nematodes of the family Anisakidae (anisakids) use salmonid fishes as intermediate or paratenic hosts in life cycles that terminate in marine mammal definitive hosts. Alaskan marine mammals have been protected since the 1970s, and as populations recover, the density of definitive hosts in this region has increased. To assess whether the anisakid burden has changed in salmonids over time, we used a novel data source: salmon that were caught, canned, and thermally processed for human consumption in Alaska, USA. We examined canned fillets of chum (Oncorhynchus keta, n = 42), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch, n = 22), pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, n = 62), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, n = 52) processed between 1979 and 2019. We dissected each fillet and quantified the number of worms per gram of salmon tissue. Anisakid burden increased over time in chum and pink salmon, but there was no change in sockeye or coho salmon. This difference may be due to differences in the prey preferences of each species, or to differences in the parasite species detected across hosts. Canned fish serve as a window into the past, providing information that would otherwise be lost, including information on changes over time in the parasite burden of commercially, culturally, and ecologically important fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mastick
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Yale Peabody MuseumYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Rachel Welicky
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Arts and SciencesNeumann UniversityAstonPennsylvaniaUSA
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth–West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Aspen Katla
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Virginia Ng
- Seafood Products AssociationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Chelsea L. Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ismail S, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai E, Lyberger K. Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions. Oecologia 2024; 204:389-399. [PMID: 38006450 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasites play key roles in regulating aquatic ecosystems, yet the impact of climate warming on their ecology and disease transmission remains poorly understood. Isolating the effect of warming is challenging as transmission involves multiple interacting species and potential intraspecific variation in temperature responses of one or more of these species. Here, we leverage a wide-ranging mosquito species and its facultative parasite as a model system to investigate the impact of temperature on host-parasite interactions and disease transmission. We conducted a common garden experiment measuring parasite growth and infection rates at seven temperatures using 12 field-collected parasite populations and a single mosquito population. We find that both free-living growth rates and infection rates varied with temperature, which were highest at 18-24.5 °C and 13 °C, respectively. Further, we find intraspecific variation in peak performance temperature reflecting patterns of local thermal adaptation-parasite populations from warmer source environments typically had higher thermal optima for free-living growth rates. For infection rates, we found a significant interaction between parasite population and nonlinear effects of temperature. These findings underscore the need to consider both host and parasite thermal responses, as well as intraspecific variation in thermal responses, when predicting the impacts of climate change on disease in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherine Ismail
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Lisa Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Erin Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Turko AJ, Firth BL, Craig PM, Eliason EJ, Raby GD, Borowiec BG. Physiological differences between wild and captive animals: a century-old dilemma. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246037. [PMID: 38031957 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory-based research dominates the fields of comparative physiology and biomechanics. The power of lab work has long been recognized by experimental biologists. For example, in 1932, Georgy Gause published an influential paper in Journal of Experimental Biology describing a series of clever lab experiments that provided the first empirical test of competitive exclusion theory, laying the foundation for a field that remains active today. At the time, Gause wrestled with the dilemma of conducting experiments in the lab or the field, ultimately deciding that progress could be best achieved by taking advantage of the high level of control offered by lab experiments. However, physiological experiments often yield different, and even contradictory, results when conducted in lab versus field settings. This is especially concerning in the Anthropocene, as standard laboratory techniques are increasingly relied upon to predict how wild animals will respond to environmental disturbances to inform decisions in conservation and management. In this Commentary, we discuss several hypothesized mechanisms that could explain disparities between experimental biology in the lab and in the field. We propose strategies for understanding why these differences occur and how we can use these results to improve our understanding of the physiology of wild animals. Nearly a century beyond Gause's work, we still know remarkably little about what makes captive animals different from wild ones. Discovering these mechanisms should be an important goal for experimental biologists in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3C5
| | - Britney L Firth
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Paul M Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
| | - Brittney G Borowiec
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colombo VC, Lareschi M, Monje LD, Antoniazzi LR, Morand S, Beldomenico PM. Ecological factors shaping the ectoparasite community assembly of the Azara's Grass Mouse, Akodon azarae (Rodentia: Cricetidae). Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2011-2021. [PMID: 37341789 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasites are integral members of the global biodiversity. They are useful indicators of environmental stress, food web structure and diversity. Ectoparasites have the potential to transmit vector-borne diseases of public health and veterinary importance and to play an important role in the regulation and evolution of host populations. The interlinkages between hosts, parasites and the environment are complex and challenging to study, leading to controversial results. Most previous studies have been focused on one or two parasite groups, while hosts are often co-infected by different taxa. The present study aims to assess the influence of environmental and host traits on the entire ectoparasite community composition of the rodent Akodon azarae. A total of 278 rodents were examined and mites (Mesostigmata), lice (Phthiraptera), ticks (Ixodida) and fleas (Siphonaptera) were determined. A multi-correspondence analysis was performed in order to analyze interactions within the ectoparasite community and the influence of environmental and host variables on this assembly. We found that environmental variables have a stronger influence on the composition of the ectoparasite community of A. azarae than the host variables analyzed. Minimum temperature was the most influential variable among the studied. In addition, we found evidence of agonistic and antagonistic interactions between ticks and mites, lice and fleas. The present study supports the hypothesis that minimum temperature plays a major role in the dynamics that shape the ectoparasite community of A. azarae, probably through both direct and indirect processes. This finding becomes particularly relevant in a climate change scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carolina Colombo
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, 3080, Esperanza, Argentina.
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Servicio de Neurovirosis, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, C1282AFF, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Lareschi
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 S/N E/ 60 y 61, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucas Daniel Monje
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, 3080, Esperanza, Argentina
| | - Leandro Raúl Antoniazzi
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, 3080, Esperanza, Argentina
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (CONICET), 9 de Julio 14, 4405, Rosario de Lerma, Argentina
| | - Serge Morand
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Pablo Martín Beldomenico
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, 3080, Esperanza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ismail S, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai E, Lyberger K. Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554680. [PMID: 37662401 PMCID: PMC10473705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasites play key roles in regulating aquatic ecosystems, yet the impact of climate warming on their ecology and disease transmission remains poorly understood. Isolating the effect of warming is challenging as transmission involves multiple interacting species and potential intraspecific variation in temperature responses of one or more of these species. Here, we leverage a wide-ranging mosquito species and its facultative parasite as a model system to investigate the impact of temperature on host-parasite interactions and disease transmission. We conducted a common garden experiment measuring parasite growth and infection rates at seven temperatures using 12 field-collected parasite populations and a single mosquito population. We find that both free-living growth rates and infection rates varied with temperature, which were highest at 18-24.5°C and 13°C, respectively. Further, we find intraspecific variation in peak performance temperature reflecting patterns of local thermal adaptation-parasite populations from warmer source environments typically had higher thermal optima for free-living growth rates. For infection rates, we found a significant interaction between parasite population and nonlinear effects of temperature. These findings underscore the need to consider both host and parasite thermal responses, as well as intraspecific variation in thermal responses, when predicting the impacts of climate change on disease in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Li Y, Pan Y, Zhou Z, Zhai Z, Liu C, Shen C. A Shish-Kebab Superstructure Film for Personal Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17188-17194. [PMID: 36946512 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to global warming and the energy crisis, incorporating passive radiative cooling into personal thermal management has attracted extensive attention. However, developing a wearable textile that reflects incoming sunlight and allows mid-infrared radiation transmission is still a tough challenge. Herein, a shish-kebab superstructure film was produced via a flow-induced crystallization strategy for personal radiative cooling. The resulting film endowed a high infrared transmittance (87%) and improved sunlight reflectivity (83%). A device was developed to simulate the human body skin, and the temperatures of the shish-kebab film were 2.5 and 2.6 °C lower than that of traditional textile in outdoor and indoor tests, respectively. In order to make the shish-kebab film more wearable, a series of modifications were then carried out. This study demonstrates the substantial potential to personal thermal management textiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yingnuo Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yamin Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Zhongkexin Engineering Consulting (Beijjing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhanyu Zhai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hector TE, Gehman ALM, King KC. Infection burdens and virulence under heat stress: ecological and evolutionary considerations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220018. [PMID: 36744570 PMCID: PMC9900716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of global change, hosts and parasites (including pathogens) are experiencing shifts in their thermal environment. Despite the importance of heat stress tolerance for host population persistence, infection by parasites can impair a host's ability to cope with heat. Host-parasite eco-evolutionary dynamics will be affected if infection reduces host performance during heating. Theory predicts that within-host parasite burden (replication rate or number of infecting parasites per host), a key component of parasite fitness, should correlate positively with virulence-the harm caused to hosts during infection. Surprisingly, however, the relationship between within-host parasite burden and virulence during heating is often weak. Here, we describe the current evidence for the link between within-host parasite burden and host heat stress tolerance. We consider the biology of host-parasite systems that may explain the weak or absent link between these two important host and parasite traits during hot conditions. The processes that mediate the relationship between parasite burden and host fitness will be fundamental in ecological and evolutionary responses of host and parasites in a warming world. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - A.-L. M. Gehman
- Hakai Institute, End of Kwakshua Channel, Calvert Island, BC Canada, V0N 1M0
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - K. C. King
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3SZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marcus E, Dagan T, Asli W, Ben-Ami F. Out of the 'host' box: extreme off-host conditions alter the infectivity and virulence of a parasitic bacterium. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220015. [PMID: 36744562 PMCID: PMC9900709 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease agents play an important role in the ecology and life history of wild and cultivated populations and communities. While most studies focus on the adaptation of parasites to their hosts, the adaptation of free-living parasite stages to their external (off-host) environment may tell us a lot about the factors that shape the distribution of parasites. Pasteuria ramosa is an endoparasitic bacterium of the water flea Daphnia with a wide geographical distribution. Its transmission stages rest outside of the host and thus experience varying environmental regimes. We examined the life history of P. ramosa populations from four environmental conditions (i.e. groups of habitats): the factorial combinations of summer-dry water bodies or not, and winter-freeze water bodies or not. Our goal was to examine how the combination of winter temperature and summer dryness affects the parasite's ability to attach to its host and to infect it. We subjected samples of the four groups of habitats to temperatures of 20, 33, 46 and 60°C in dry and wet conditions, and exposed a susceptible clone of Daphnia magna to the treated spores. We found that spores which had undergone desiccation endured higher temperatures better than spores kept wet, both regarding attachment and subsequent infection. Furthermore, spores treated with heightened temperatures were much less infective and virulent. Even under high temperatures (60°C), exposed spores from all populations were able to attach to the host cuticle, albeit they were unable to establish infection. Our work highlights the sensitivity of a host-free resting stage of a bacterial parasite to the external environment. Long heatwaves and harsh summers, which are becoming more frequent owing to recent climate changes, may therefore pose a problem for parasite survival. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enav Marcus
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Dagan
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Weaam Asli
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hutson KS, Davidson IC, Bennett J, Poulin R, Cahill PL. Assigning cause for emerging diseases of aquatic organisms. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00031-8. [PMID: 36841735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the cause of disease (= aetiology) in aquatic organisms is a challenging but essential goal, heightened by increasing disease prevalence in a changing climate and an interconnected world of anthropogenic pathogen spread. Emerging diseases play important roles in evolutionary ecology, wildlife conservation, the seafood industry, recreation, cultural practices, and human health. As we emerge from a global pandemic of zoonotic origin, we must focus on timely diagnosis to confirm aetiology and enable response to diseases in aquatic ecosystems. Those systems' resilience, and our own sustainable use of seafood, depend on it. Synchronising traditional and recent advances in microbiology that span ecological, veterinary, and medical fields will enable definitive assignment of risk factors and causal agents for better biosecurity management and healthier aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Hutson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, New Zealand; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Ian C Davidson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun S, Dziuba MK, Jaye RN, Duffy MA. Transgenerational plasticity in a zooplankton in response to elevated temperature and parasitism. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9767. [PMID: 36760704 PMCID: PMC9897957 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms are increasingly facing multiple stressors, which can simultaneously interact to cause unpredictable impacts compared with a single stressor alone. Recent evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity can allow for rapid responses to altered environments, including biotic and abiotic stressors, both within a generation and across generations (transgenerational plasticity). Parents can potentially "prime" their offspring to better cope with similar stressors or, alternatively, might produce offspring that are less fit because of energetic constraints. At present, it remains unclear exactly how biotic and abiotic stressors jointly mediate the responses of transgenerational plasticity and whether this plasticity is adaptive. Here, we test the effects of biotic and abiotic environmental changes on within- and transgenerational plasticity using a Daphnia-Metschnikowia zooplankton-fungal parasite system. By exposing parents and their offspring consecutively to the single and combined effects of elevated temperature and parasite infection, we showed that transgenerational plasticity induced by temperature and parasite stress influenced host fecundity and lifespan; offsprings of mothers who were exposed to one of the stressors were better able to tolerate elevated temperature, compared with the offspring of mothers who were exposed to neither or both stressors. Yet, the negative effects caused by parasite infection were much stronger, and this greater reduction in host fitness was not mitigated by transgenerational plasticity. We also showed that elevated temperature led to a lower average immune response, and that the relationship between immune response and lifetime fecundity reversed under elevated temperature: the daughters of exposed mothers showed decreased fecundity with increased hemocyte production at ambient temperature but the opposite relationship at elevated temperature. Together, our results highlight the need to address questions at the interface of multiple stressors and transgenerational plasticity and the importance of considering multiple fitness-associated traits when evaluating the adaptive value of transgenerational plasticity under changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syuan‐Jyun Sun
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable DevelopmentNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Marcin K. Dziuba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Riley N. Jaye
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wood CL, Vanhove MPM. Is the world wormier than it used to be? We'll never know without natural history collections. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:250-262. [PMID: 35959636 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many disease ecologists and conservation biologists believe that the world is wormier than it used to be-that is, that parasites are increasing in abundance through time. This argument is intuitively appealing. Ecologists typically see parasitic infections, through their association with disease, as a negative endpoint, and are accustomed to attributing negative outcomes to human interference in the environment, so it slots neatly into our worldview that habitat destruction, biodiversity loss and climate change should have the collateral consequence of causing outbreaks of parasites. But surprisingly, the hypothesis that parasites are increasing in abundance through time remains entirely untested for the vast majority of wildlife parasite species. Historical data on parasites are nearly impossible to find, which leaves no baseline against which to compare contemporary parasite burdens. If we want to know whether the world is wormier than it used to be, there is only one major research avenue that will lead to an answer: parasitological examination of specimens preserved in natural history collections. Recent advances demonstrate that, for many specimen types, it is possible to extract reliable data on parasite presence and abundance. There are millions of suitable specimens that exist in collections around the world. When paired with contemporaneous environmental data, these parasitological data could even point to potential drivers of change in parasite abundance, including climate, pollution or host density change. We explain how to use preserved specimens to address pressing questions in parasite ecology, give a few key examples of how collections-based parasite ecology can resolve these questions, identify some pitfalls and workarounds, and suggest promising areas for research. Natural history specimens are 'parasite time capsules' that give ecologists the opportunity to test whether infectious disease is on the rise and to identify what forces might be driving these changes over time. This approach will facilitate major advances in a new sub-discipline: the historical ecology of parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
How to use natural history collections to resurrect information on historical parasite abundances. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e6. [PMID: 36633512 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2200075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most contentious questions that concern the ecology of helminths could be resolved with data on helminth abundance over the past few decades or centuries, but unfortunately these data are rare. A new sub-discipline - the historical ecology of parasitism - is resurrecting long-term data on the abundance of parasites, an advancement facilitated by the use of biological natural history collections. Because the world's museums hold billions of suitable specimens collected over more than a century, these potential parasitological datasets are broad in scope and finely resolved in taxonomic, temporal and spatial dimensions. Here, we set out best practices for the extraction of parasitological information from natural history collections, including how to conceive of a project, how to select specimens, how to engage curators and receive permission for proposed projects, standard operating protocols for dissections and how to manage data. Our hope is that other helminthologists will use this paper as a reference to expand their own research programmes along the dimension of time.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kirk D, O’Connor MI, Mordecai EA. Scaling effects of temperature on parasitism from individuals to populations. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:2087-2102. [PMID: 35900837 PMCID: PMC9532350 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism is expected to change in a warmer future, but whether warming leads to substantial increases in parasitism remains unclear. Understanding how warming effects on parasitism in individual hosts (e.g. parasite load) translate to effects on population-level parasitism (e.g. prevalence, R0 ) remains a major knowledge gap. We conducted a literature review and identified 24 host-parasite systems that had information on the temperature dependence of parasitism at both individual host and host population levels: 13 vector-borne systems and 11 environmentally transmitted systems. We found a strong positive correlation between the thermal optima of individual- and population-level parasitism, although several of the environmentally transmitted systems exhibited thermal optima >5°C apart between individual and population levels. Parasitism thermal optima were close to vector performance thermal optima in vector-borne systems but not hosts in environmentally transmitted systems, suggesting these thermal mismatches may be more common in certain types of host-parasite systems. We also adapted and simulated simple models for both types of transmission modes and found the same pattern across the two modes: thermal optima were more strongly correlated across scales when there were more traits linking individual- to population-level processes. Generally, our results suggest that information on the temperature dependence, and specifically the thermal optimum, at either the individual or population level should provide a useful-although not quantitatively exact-baseline for predicting temperature dependence at the other level, especially in vector-borne parasite systems. Environmentally transmitted parasitism may operate by a different set of rules, in which temperature dependence is decoupled in some systems, requiring the need for trait-based studies of temperature dependence at individual and population levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kirk
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary I. O’Connor
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hector TE, Hoang KL, Li J, King KC. Symbiosis and host responses to heating. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:611-624. [PMID: 35491290 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all organisms are colonized by microbes. Average temperatures are rising because of global climate change - accompanied by increases in extreme climatic events and heat shock - and symbioses with microbes may determine species persistence in the 21st century. Although parasite infection typically reduces host upper thermal limits, interactions with beneficial microbes can facilitate host adaptation to warming. The effects of warming on the ecology and evolution of the microbial symbionts remain understudied but are important for understanding how climate change might affect host health and disease. We present a framework for untangling the contributions of symbiosis to predictions of host persistence in the face of global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Hector
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Kim L Hoang
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Jingdi Li
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Kayla C King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kunze C, Luijckx P, Jackson AL, Donohue I. Alternate patterns of temperature variation bring about very different disease outcomes at different mean temperatures. eLife 2022; 11:e72861. [PMID: 35164901 PMCID: PMC8846586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of host-parasite interactions are highly temperature-dependent and may be modified by increasing frequency and intensity of climate-driven heat events. Here, we show that altered patterns of temperature variance lead to an almost order-of-magnitude shift in thermal performance of host and pathogen life-history traits over and above the effects of mean temperature and, moreover, that different temperature regimes affect these traits differently. We found that diurnal fluctuations of ±3°C lowered infection rates and reduced spore burden compared to constant temperatures in our focal host Daphnia magna exposed to the microsporidium parasite Ordospora colligata. In contrast, a 3-day heatwave (+6°C) did not affect infection rates, but increased spore burden (relative to constant temperatures with the same mean) at 16°C, while reducing burden at higher temperatures. We conclude that changing patterns of climate variation, superimposed on shifts in mean temperatures due to global warming, may have profound and unanticipated effects on disease dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kunze
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment [ICBM], Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Andrew L Jackson
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu Q, Miles DB, Richard M, Rutschmann A, Clobert J. Intraspecific diversity alters the relationship between climate change and parasitism in a polymorphic ectotherm. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1301-1314. [PMID: 34856039 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate-modulated parasitism is driven by a range of factors, yet the spatial and temporal variability of this relationship has received scant attention in wild vertebrate hosts. Moreover, most prior studies overlooked the intraspecific differences across host morphotypes, which impedes a full understanding of the climate-parasitism relationship. In the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), females exhibit three colour morphs: yellow (Y-females), orange (O-females) and mixed (mixture of yellow and orange, M-females). Zootoca vivipara is also infested with an ectoparasite (Ophionyssus mites). We therefore used this model system to examine the intraspecific response of hosts to parasitism under climate change. We found infestation probability to differ across colour morphs at both spatial (10 sites) and temporal (20 years) scales: M-females had lower parasite infestations than Y- and O-females at lower temperatures, but became more susceptible to parasites as temperature increased. The advantage of M-females at low temperatures was counterbalanced by their higher mortality rates thereafter, which suggests a morph-dependent trade-off between resistance to parasites and host survival. Furthermore, significant interactions between colour morphs and temperature indicate that the relationship between parasite infestations and climate warming was contingent on host morphotypes. Parasite infestations increased with temperature for most morphs, but displayed morph-specific rates. Finally, infested M-females had higher reductions in survival rates than infested Y- or O-females, which implies a potential loss of intraspecific diversity within populations as parasitism and temperatures rise. Overall, we found parasitism increases with warming temperatures, but this relationship is modulated by host morphotypes and an interaction with temperature. We suggest that epidemiological models incorporate intraspecific diversity within species for better understanding the dynamics of wildlife diseases under climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Donald B Miles
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Alexis Rutschmann
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hector TE, Sgrò CM, Hall MD. Thermal limits in the face of infectious disease: How important are pathogens? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4469-4480. [PMID: 34170603 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and severity of both extreme thermal events and disease outbreaks are predicted to continue to shift as a consequence of global change. As a result, species persistence will likely be increasingly dependent on the interaction between thermal stress and pathogen exposure. Missing from the intersection between studies of infectious disease and thermal ecology, however, is the capacity for pathogen exposure to directly disrupt a host's ability to cope with thermal stress. Common sources of variation in host thermal performance, which are likely to interact with infection, are also often unaccounted for when assessing either the vulnerability of species or the potential for disease spread during extreme thermal events. Here, we describe how infection can directly alter host thermal limits, to a degree that exceeds the level of variation commonly seen across species large geographic distributions and that equals the detrimental impact of other ecologically relevant stressors. We then discuss various sources of heterogeneity within and between populations that are likely to be important in mediating the impact that infection has on variation in host thermal limits. In doing so we highlight how infection is a widespread and important source of variation in host thermal performance, which will have implications for both the persistence and vulnerability of species and the dynamics and transmission of disease in a more thermally extreme world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Hector
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Matthew D Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Centre of Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hector TE, Sgrò CM, Hall MD. Temperature and pathogen exposure act independently to drive host phenotypic trajectories. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210072. [PMID: 34129797 PMCID: PMC8205525 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural populations are experiencing an increase in the occurrence of both thermal stress and disease outbreaks. How these two common stressors interact to determine host phenotypic shifts will be important for population persistence, yet a myriad of different traits and pathways are a target of both stressors, making generalizable predictions difficult to obtain. Here, using the host Daphnia magna and its bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa, we tested how temperature and pathogen exposure interact to drive shifts in multivariate host phenotypes. We found that these two stressors acted mostly independently to shape host phenotypic trajectories, with temperature driving a faster pace of life by favouring early development and increased intrinsic population growth rates, while pathogen exposure impacted reproductive potential through reductions in lifetime fecundity. Studies focussed on extreme thermal stress are increasingly showing how pathogen exposure can severely hamper the thermal tolerance of a host. However, our results suggest that under milder thermal stress, and in terms of life-history traits, increases in temperature might not exacerbate the impact of pathogen exposure on host performance, and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Hector
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew D Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.,Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lefevre S, Wang T, McKenzie DJ. The role of mechanistic physiology in investigating impacts of global warming on fishes. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238840. [PMID: 33627469 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Warming of aquatic environments as a result of climate change is already having measurable impacts on fishes, manifested as changes in phenology, range shifts and reductions in body size. Understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying these seemingly universal patterns is crucial if we are to reliably predict the fate of fish populations with future warming. This includes an understanding of mechanisms for acute thermal tolerance, as extreme heatwaves may be a major driver of observed effects. The hypothesis of gill oxygen limitation (GOL) is claimed to explain asymptotic fish growth, and why some fish species are decreasing in size with warming; but its underlying assumptions conflict with established knowledge and direct mechanistic evidence is lacking. The hypothesis of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) has stimulated a wave of research into the role of oxygen supply capacity and thermal performance curves for aerobic scope, but results vary greatly between species, indicating that it is unlikely to be a universal mechanism. As thermal performance curves remain important for incorporating physiological tolerance into models, we discuss potentially fruitful alternatives to aerobic scope, notably specific dynamic action and growth rate. We consider the limitations of estimating acute thermal tolerance by a single rapid measure whose mechanism of action is not known. We emphasise the continued importance of experimental physiology, particularly in advancing our understanding of underlying mechanisms, but also the challenge of making this knowledge relevant to the more complex reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David J McKenzie
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kronfeld-Schor N, Stevenson TJ, Nickbakhsh S, Schernhammer ES, Dopico XC, Dayan T, Martinez M, Helm B. Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:35-54. [PMID: 33491541 PMCID: PMC7924107 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420987322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. J. Stevenson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Nickbakhsh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - E. S. Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X. C. Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - T. Dayan
- School of Zoology, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Martinez
- School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - B. Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cabrerizo MJ, Marañón E. Temperature fluctuations in a warmer environment: impacts on microbial plankton. Fac Rev 2021; 10:9. [PMID: 33659927 PMCID: PMC7894268 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming can cause changes in the structure and functioning of microbial food webs. Experimental studies quantifying such impacts on microbial plankton have tended to consider constant temperature conditions. However, Jensen's inequality (or the fallacy of the average) recognizes that organism performance under constant conditions is seldom equal to the mean performance under variable conditions, highlighting the need to consider in situ fluctuations over a range of time scales. Here we review some of the available evidence on how warming effects on the abundance, diversity, and metabolism of microbial plankton are altered when temperature fluctuations are considered. We found that fluctuating temperatures may accentuate warming-mediated reductions in phytoplankton evenness and gross photosynthesis while synergistically increasing phytoplankton growth. Also, fluctuating temperatures have been shown to reduce the positive warming effect on cyanobacterial biomass production and recruitment and to reverse a warming effect on cellular nutrient quotas. Other reports have shown that fluctuations in temperature did not alter plankton responses to constant warming. These investigations have mostly focused on a few phytoplankton species (i.e. diatoms and haptophytes) in temperate and marine ecosystems and considered short-term and transient responses. It remains unknown whether the same responses apply to other species and ecosystems and if evolutionary change in thermally varying environments could alter the magnitude and direction of the responses to warming observed over short-term scales. Thus, future research efforts should address the role of fluctuations in environmental drivers. We stress the need to study responses over different biological organization and trophic levels, nutritional modes, temporal scales, and ecosystem types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Cabrerizo
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVigo), Illa de Toralla s/n, 36331, Vigo, Spain
| | - Emilio Marañón
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVigo), Illa de Toralla s/n, 36331, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kirk D, Luijckx P, Jones N, Krichel L, Pencer C, Molnár P, Krkošek M. Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201526. [PMID: 33049167 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the effects of seasonality and climate change on the emergence and spread of infectious disease remains difficult, in part because of poorly understood connections between warming and the mechanisms driving disease. Trait-based mechanistic models combined with thermal performance curves arising from the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) have been highlighted as a promising approach going forward; however, this framework has not been tested under controlled experimental conditions that isolate the role of gradual temporal warming on disease dynamics and emergence. Here, we provide experimental evidence that a slowly warming host-parasite system can be pushed through a critical transition into an epidemic state. We then show that a trait-based mechanistic model with MTE functional forms can predict the critical temperature for disease emergence, subsequent disease dynamics through time and final infection prevalence in an experimentally warmed system of Daphnia and a microsporidian parasite. Our results serve as a proof of principle that trait-based mechanistic models using MTE subfunctions can predict warming-induced disease emergence in data-rich systems-a critical step towards generalizing the approach to other systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kirk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology Department, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Natalie Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leila Krichel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clara Pencer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Péter Molnár
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|