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Abstract
Macrophages have emerged at the forefront of research in immunology and transplantation because of recent advances in basic science. New findings have illuminated macrophage populations not identified previously, expanded upon traditional macrophage phenotypes, and overhauled macrophage ontogeny. These advances have major implications for the field of transplant immunology. Macrophages are known to prime adaptive immune responses, perpetuate T-cell-mediated rejection and antibody-mediated rejection, and promote allograft fibrosis. In this review, macrophage phenotypes and their role in allograft injury of solid organ transplants will be discussed with an emphasis on kidney transplantation. Additionally, consideration will be given to the prospect of manipulating macrophage phenotypes as cell-based therapy. Innate immunity and macrophages represent important players in allograft injury and a promising target to improve transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Panzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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2
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Hamdan D, Robinson LA. Role of the CX 3CL1-CX 3CR1 axis in renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F121-F134. [PMID: 34121453 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00059.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive infiltration of immune cells into the kidney is a key feature of acute and chronic kidney diseases. The family of chemokines comprises key drivers of this process. Fractalkine [chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1)] is one of two unique chemokines synthesized as a transmembrane protein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate a soluble species. Through interacting with its cognate receptor, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1), CX3CL1 was originally shown to act as a conventional chemoattractant in the soluble form and as an adhesion molecule in the transmembrane form. Since then, other functions of CX3CL1 beyond leukocyte recruitment have been described, including cell survival, immunosurveillance, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This review summarizes diverse roles of CX3CL1 in kidney disease and potential uses as a therapeutic target and novel biomarker. As the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis has been shown to contribute to both detrimental and protective effects in various kidney diseases, a thorough understanding of how the expression and function of CX3CL1 are regulated is needed to unlock its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hamdan
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Miyairi S, Ueda D, Yagisawa T, Okada D, Keslar KS, Tanabe K, Dvorina N, Valujskikh A, Baldwin WM, Hazen SL, Fairchild RL. Recipient myeloperoxidase-producing cells regulate antibody-mediated acute versus chronic kidney allograft rejection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148747. [PMID: 34081629 PMCID: PMC8410093 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) continues to be a major problem undermining the success of kidney transplantation. Acute ABMR of kidney grafts is characterized by neutrophil and monocyte margination in the tubular capillaries and by graft transcripts indicating NK cell activation, but the myeloid cell mechanisms required for acute ABMR have remained unclear. Dysregulated donor-specific antibody (DSA) responses with high antibody titers are induced in B6.CCR5-/- mice transplanted with complete MHC-mismatched A/J kidneys and are required for rejection of the grafts. This study tested the role of recipient myeloid cell production of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the cellular and molecular components of acute ABMR. Despite induction of equivalent DSA titers, B6.CCR5-/- recipients rejected A/J kidneys between days 18 and 25, with acute ABMR, whereas B6.CCR5-/-MPO-/- recipients rejected the grafts between days 46 and 54, with histopathological features of chronic graft injury. On day 15, myeloid cells infiltrating grafts from B6.CCR5-/- and B6.CCR5-/-MPO-/- recipients expressed marked phenotypic and functional transcript differences that correlated with the development of acute versus chronic allograft injury, respectively. Near the time of peak DSA titers, activation of NK cells to proliferate and express CD107a was decreased within allografts in B6.CCR5-/-MPO-/- recipients. Despite high titers of DSA, depletion of neutrophils reproduced the inhibition of NK cell activation and decreased macrophage infiltration but increased monocytes producing MPO. Overall, recipient myeloid cells producing MPO regulate graft-infiltrating monocyte/macrophage function and NK cell activation that are required for DSA-mediated acute kidney allograft injury, and their absence switches DSA-mediated acute pathology and graft outcomes to chronic ABMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyairi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Takafumi Yagisawa
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daigo Okada
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karen S. Keslar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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von Vietinghoff S, Kurts C. Regulation and function of CX3CR1 and its ligand CX3CL1 in kidney disease. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:335-344. [PMID: 34009468 PMCID: PMC8523406 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Attraction, retention, and differentiation of leukocytes to and within the kidney are governed by chemokines. The chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1 are exemplary in this regard as they are highly expressed and further upregulated in a range of kidney diseases. CX3CL1 is chiefly produced by renal endothelium and tubular epithelium, where it promotes leukocyte attraction. Recent data suggest that in addition to established soluble mediators, cellular interactions may enhance CX3CL1 expression. The receptor CX3CR1 is essential in myeloid phagocyte homing to the kidney at homeostasis, after acute cell depletion and in inflammation. CX3CR1 and its ligand are highly regulated in human kidney diseases such as IgA nephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory conditions such as transplant rejection. A mechanistic role of CX3CR1 has been established in experimental models of nephrotoxic nephritis and renal candidiasis. It is debated in fibrosis. Recent publications demonstrate a role for CX3CR1+ myeloid cells in radio-contrast-agent and sepsis-induced kidney damage. Systemically, circulating CX3CR1+ monocytes reversibly increase in individuals with renal impairment and correlate with their cardiovascular risk. In this review, we discuss role and regulatory mechanisms of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in both localized and systemic effects of renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle von Vietinghoff
- First Medical Clinic, Nephrology Section, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, Biomedical Center II, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, Biomedical Center II, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Ordikhani F, Pothula V, Sanchez-Tarjuelo R, Jordan S, Ochando J. Macrophages in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582939. [PMID: 33329555 PMCID: PMC7734247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive therapy has led to excellent short-term survival rates in organ transplantation. However, long-term graft survival rates are suboptimal, and a vast number of allografts are gradually lost in the clinic. An increasing number of animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages play a pivotal role in graft rejection, as these mononuclear phagocytic cells recognize alloantigens and trigger an inflammatory cascade that activate the adaptive immune response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that monocytes acquire a feature of memory recall response that is associated with a potent immune response. This form of memory is called “trained immunity,” and it is retained by mechanisms of epigenetic and metabolic changes in innate immune cells after exposure to particular ligands, which have a direct impact in allograft rejection. In this review article, we highlight the role of monocytes and macrophages in organ transplantation and summarize therapeutic approaches to promote tolerance through manipulation of monocytes and macrophages. These strategies may open new therapeutic opportunities to increase long-term transplant survival rates in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Ordikhani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Venu Pothula
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez-Tarjuelo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Immunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Macrophage density in early surveillance biopsies predicts future renal transplant function. Kidney Int 2017; 92:479-489. [PMID: 28359537 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation impairs renal allograft survival but is difficult to quantify by eye at low densities. Here we measured leukocyte abundance in early surveillance biopsies by digital image analysis to test for a role of chemokine receptor genotypes and analyze the predictive value of leukocyte subsets to allograft function. In six-week surveillance biopsies, T-cell (CD3), B-cell (CD20), macrophage (CD68), and dendritic cell (CD209) densities were assessed in whole slide scans. Renal cortical CD3, CD20, and CD68 were significantly higher in histologic rejection. The CCR2 V64I genotype was associated with lower CD3 and CD209 densities. Above-median CD68 density was significantly associated with lower combined patient and graft survival with a hazard ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1-11.0). Both CD20 and CD68 densities inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) four years after transplantation. Additionally, CD68 correlated with eGFR loss. Among histological measurements including a complete Banff classification, only CD68 density was a significant predictor of an eGFR under 30ml/min after four years (odds ratio 7.4, 1.8-31.0) and part of the best eGFR prediction set in a multivariable linear regression analysis of multiple clinical and pathologic parameters. In a second independent cohort, the original CD68 median maintained its discriminative power for survival and eGFR. Thus, digital high-resolution assessment of CD68+ leukocyte infiltration significantly improves prognostic value of early renal transplant biopsies.
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da Silva MB, da Cunha FF, Terra FF, Camara NOS. Old game, new players: Linking classical theories to new trends in transplant immunology. World J Transplant 2017; 7:1-25. [PMID: 28280691 PMCID: PMC5324024 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v7.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of an efficient immune system has a fundamental role in our survival against pathogenic attacks. Nevertheless, this same protective mechanism may also establish a negative consequence in the setting of disorders such as autoimmunity and transplant rejection. In light of the latter, although research has long uncovered main concepts of allogeneic recognition, immune rejection is still the main obstacle to long-term graft survival. Therefore, in order to define effective therapies that prolong graft viability, it is essential that we understand the underlying mediators and mechanisms that participate in transplant rejection. This multifaceted process is characterized by diverse cellular and humoral participants with innate and adaptive functions that can determine the type of rejection or promote graft acceptance. Although a number of mediators of graft recognition have been described in traditional immunology, recent studies indicate that defining rigid roles for certain immune cells and factors may be more complicated than originally conceived. Current research has also targeted specific cells and drugs that regulate immune activation and induce tolerance. This review will give a broad view of the most recent understanding of the allogeneic inflammatory/tolerogenic response and current insights into cellular and drug therapies that modulate immune activation that may prove to be useful in the induction of tolerance in the clinical setting.
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Rowinska Z, Koeppel TA, Sanati M, Schelzig H, Jankowski J, Weber C, Zernecke A, Liehn EA. Role of the CX3C chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis after aortic transplantation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170644. [PMID: 28234900 PMCID: PMC5325192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CX3C chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is expressed on monocytes as well as tissue resident cells, such as smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Its role in atherosclerotic tissue remodeling of the aorta after transplantation has not been investigated. METHODS We here have orthotopically transplanted infrarenal Cx3cr1-/-Apoe-/- and Cx3cr1+/+Apoe-/- aortic segments into Apoe-/-mice, as well as Apoe-/- aortic segments into Cx3cr1-/-Apoe-/- mice. The intimal plaque size and cellular plaque composition of the transplanted aortic segment were analyzed after four weeks of atherogenic diet. RESULTS Transplantation of Cx3cr-/-Apoe-/- aortic segments into Apoe-/- mice resulted in reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation compared to plaque size in Apoe-/- or Cx3cr1-/-Apoe-/- mice after transplantation of Apoe-/- aortas. This reduction in lesion formation was associated with reduced numbers of lesional SMCs but not macrophages within the transplanted Cx3cr-/- Apoe-/- aortic segment. No differences in frequencies of proliferating and apoptotic cells could be observed. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CX3CR1 on resident vessel wall cells plays a key role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in transplanted aortic grafts. Targeting of vascular CX3CL1/CX3CR1 may therefore be explored as a therapeutic option in vascular transplantation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Rowinska
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Interdisciplinary Vein Center, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr- University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Koeppel
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Hospital Asklepios St. Georg Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maryam Sanati
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Institut for Prevention and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisa A. Liehn
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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Zhuang Q, Cheng K, Ming Y. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis, as the Therapeutic Potential in Renal Diseases: Friend or Foe? Curr Gene Ther 2017; 17:442-452. [PMID: 29446734 PMCID: PMC5902862 DOI: 10.2174/1566523218666180214092536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fractalkine receptor chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1) and its highly selective ligand CX3CL1 mediate chemotaxis and adhesion of immune cells, which are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous inflammatory disorders and malignancies. The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis has recently drawn attention as a potential therapeutic target because it is involved in the ontogeny, homeostatic migration, or colonization of renal phagocytes. We performed a Medline/PubMed search to detect recently published studies that explored the relationship between the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis and renal diseases and disorders, including diabetic nephropathy, renal allograft rejection, infectious renal diseases, IgA nephropathy, fibrotic kidney disease, lupus nephritis and glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury and renal carcinoma. Most studies demonstrated its role in promoting renal pathopoiesis; however, several recent studies showed that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis could also reduce renal pathopoiesis. Thus, the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis is now considered to be a double-edged sword that could provide novel perspectives into the pathogenesis and treatment of renal diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhuang
- Transplantation Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410013, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Transplantation Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410013, China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Transplantation Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410013, China
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Liu Y, Kloc M, Li XC. Macrophages as Effectors of Acute and Chronic Allograft Injury. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2016; 3:303-312. [PMID: 28546901 PMCID: PMC5440082 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-016-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplants give a second chance of life to patients with end-stage organ failure. However, the immuno-logical barriers prove to be very challenging to overcome and graft rejection remains a major hurdle to long-term transplant survival. For decades, adaptive immunity has been the focus of studies, primarily based on the belief that T cells are necessary and sufficient for rejection. With better-developed immunosuppressive drugs and protocols that effectively control adaptive cells, innate immune cells have emerged as key effector cells in triggering graft injury and have therefore attracted much recent attention. In this review, we discuss current understanding of macrophages and their role in transplant rejection, their dynamics, distinct phenotypes, locations, and functions. We also discuss novel therapeutic approaches under development to target macrophages in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yianzhu Liu
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xian C. Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Bagci B, Bagci G, Huzmeli C, Sezgin I, Ozdemir O. Associations of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) and CCR5 gene variants with hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1163-70. [PMID: 27118566 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the associations of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) V249I, T280M and CCR5-59029 A/G gene polymorphisms in chronic renal failure (CRF) subjects undergoing hemodialysis and to evaluate possible associations of these polymorphisms with hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerosis (AS). METHODS A total of 225 CRF subjects undergoing hemodialysis and 201 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. CRF subjects were divided into three major subgroups according to comorbidities including HT (n = 127), DM (n = 65) and AS (n = 33). Genotyping was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS The II genotype and I allele frequencies of CX3CR1 V249I polymorphism were found significantly more frequent in CRF subjects, CRF subjects with DM and CRF subjects with AS compared with controls (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). G allele frequency of CCR5 polymorphism was found significantly more prevalent in CRF subjects with DM than that of controls. Further, GG genotype and G allele frequencies of CCR5 polymorphism were significantly more prevalent in CRF subjects with AS compared with controls (p < 0.05). We also explored these polymorphisms among CRF subjects with and without following comorbidities: HT, DM, AS. We found significant association between CRF subjects with HT and without HT in terms of genotype and allele frequencies of V249I polymorphism (p < 0.05). CX3CR1 T280M polymorphism was not found significantly different in none of the comparisons. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate possible associations between CX3CR1 V249I and CCR5-59029 A/G polymorphisms and/or HT, DM and AS in CRF subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnur Bagci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
- Advanced Technology Research Center, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Gokhan Bagci
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Can Huzmeli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Sezgin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ozturk Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Canakkale On Sekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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You Y, Qin Y, Lin X, Yang F, Li J, Sooranna SR, Pinhu L. Methylprednisolone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced Fractalkine expression in kidney of Lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice through the NF-kappaB pathway. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:148. [PMID: 26310926 PMCID: PMC4551515 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractalkine (FKN) is involved in the occurrence and development of human lupus nephritis. It is known to be upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a stimulus in vivo. MRL/lpr mice have been used as an in vivo model to study lupus nephritis. Methylprednisolone (MP) is used widely in the clinical treatment of progressive glomerular diseases such as lupus nephritis. The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism of LPS induced FKN expression and to determine whether other molecular mechanisms contribute to the signaling pathway of MP action in MRL/lpr mice. METHODS Forty-eight female MRL/lpr mice at 12 weeks of age were randomly distributed into six groups. Each group received various treatments for 8 weeks by receiving twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of (1) MP (MP-treated mice), of (2) SC-514 (SC-514-induced mice), of (3) normal saline and a single injection of LPS (LPS-induced mice), of (4) MP and a single injection of LPS (LPS + MP mice), of (5) SC-514 and a single injection of LPS (LPS + SC mice) and of (6) normal saline (control mice). One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significantly. RESULTS The expression of FKN and NF-kappaB p65 mRNA was detected by qPCR. The expression of FKN protein and the activation of NF-kappaB p65 were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blots respectively. The expression of FKN in the kidney of LPS induced mice was significantly increased and this was mediated by increased expression of NF-κB p65 and an increase in NF-kappaB phospho-p65. MP reduced proteinuria and ameliorated the renal damage in MRL/lpr mice. MP as well as the NF-kappaB inhibitor, SC-514, inhibited the LPS-induced increase of expression of FKN and the activation of NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that MP attenuates LPS-induced FKN expression in kidney of MRL/lpr mice through the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu You
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Yueqiu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Fafen Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Liao Pinhu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Dabrowska-Zamojcin E, Dziedziejko V, Safranow K, Kurzawski M, Domanski L, Pawlik A. Association between the CX3CR1 gene V249I polymorphism and delayed kidney allograft function. Transpl Immunol 2015; 32:172-4. [PMID: 25898802 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractalkine is a member of the chemokine family that acts as an adhesion molecule and as an extracellular chemoattractant promoting cellular migration. In this study, we analysed the association between the CX3CR1 gene V249I (rs3732379) SNP and renal allograft function. METHODS The study enrolled 270 Caucasian kidney allograft recipients. The following parameters were recorded in each case: the recipient's age and gender, delayed graft function (DGF) defined as the need for dialysis in the first 7 days after transplantation, occurrence and number of episodes of acute rejection (AR), and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). RESULTS Delayed graft function was diagnosed in 39.2% of individuals with the CC genotype, 22.7% with CT and 23.5% of those with the TT genotype. The differences were statistically significant (CC vs. TT+CT: OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.28-3.70, p = 0.0042). In multivariate analysis the CC genotype was an independent and significant predictor of higher risk of DGF. The distribution of genotypes and alleles of the CX3CR1 gene polymorphism among patients with and without AR as well as CAD did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the CX3CR1 gene V249I (rs3732379) SNP CC genotype is associated with increased risk of DGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dabrowska-Zamojcin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Domanski
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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14
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Batal I, De Serres SA, Safa K, Bijol V, Ueno T, Onozato ML, Iafrate AJ, Herter JM, Lichtman AH, Mayadas TN, Guleria I, Rennke HG, Najafian N, Chandraker A. Dendritic Cells in Kidney Transplant Biopsy Samples Are Associated with T Cell Infiltration and Poor Allograft Survival. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:3102-13. [PMID: 25855773 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in long-term renal allograft survival continues to lag behind the progress in short-term transplant outcomes. Dendritic cells are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells, but surprisingly little attention has been paid to their presence in transplanted kidneys. We used dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin as a marker of dendritic cells in 105 allograft biopsy samples from 105 kidney transplant recipients. High dendritic cell density was associated with poor allograft survival independent of clinical variables. Moreover, high dendritic cell density correlated with greater T cell proliferation and poor outcomes in patients with high total inflammation scores, including inflammation in areas of tubular atrophy. We then explored the association between dendritic cells and histologic variables associated with poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association between the densities of dendritic cells and T cells. In biopsy samples with high dendritic cell density, electron microscopy showed direct physical contact between infiltrating lymphocytes and cells that have the ultrastructural morphologic characteristics of dendritic cells. The origin of graft dendritic cells was sought in nine sex-mismatched recipients using XY fluorescence in situ hybridization. Whereas donor dendritic cells predominated initially, the majority of dendritic cells in late allograft biopsy samples were of recipient origin. Our data highlight the prognostic value of dendritic cell density in allograft biopsy samples, suggest a new role for these cells in shaping graft inflammation, and provide a rationale for targeting dendritic cell recruitment to promote long-term allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Batal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sacha A De Serres
- Renal Division, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Kassem Safa
- Renal Division, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Vanesa Bijol
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takuya Ueno
- Renal Division, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Maristela L Onozato
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan M Herter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tanya N Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Indira Guleria
- Renal Division, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Helmut G Rennke
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nader Najafian
- Renal Division, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Renal Division, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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15
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Fractalkine-CX3CR1-dependent recruitment and retention of human CD1c+ myeloid dendritic cells by in vitro-activated proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int 2015; 87:1153-63. [PMID: 25587706 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play pivotal roles in tissue recruitment and retention of leukocytes, with CX3CR1 recently identified as a chemokine receptor that selectively targets mouse kidney dendritic cells (DCs). We have previously demonstrated increased tubulointerstitial recruitment of human transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-producing DCs in renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about the mechanism of human DC recruitment and retention within the renal interstitium. We identified CD1c+ DCs as the predominant source of profibrotic TGF-β and highest expressors of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 within the renal DC compartment. Immunohistochemical analysis of diseased human kidney biopsies showed colocalization of CD1c+ DCs with fractalkine-positive proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). Human primary PTEC activation with interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α induced both secreted and surface fractalkine expression. In line with this, we found fractalkine-dependent chemotaxis of CD1c+ DCs to supernatant from activated PTECs. Finally, in comparison with unactivated PTECs, we showed significantly increased adhesion of CD1c+ DCs to activated PTECs via a fractalkine-dependent mechanism. Thus, TGF-β-producing CD1c+ DCs are recruited and retained in the renal tubulointerstitium by PTEC-derived fractalkine. These cells are then positioned to play a role in the development of fibrosis and progression of chronic kidney disease.
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16
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Rogers NM, Ferenbach DA, Isenberg JS, Thomson AW, Hughes J. Dendritic cells and macrophages in the kidney: a spectrum of good and evil. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:625-43. [PMID: 25266210 PMCID: PMC4922410 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages represent a constitutive, extensive and contiguous network of innate immune cells that provide sentinel and immune-intelligence activity; they induce and regulate inflammatory responses to freely filtered antigenic material and protect the kidney from infection. Tissue-resident or infiltrating DCs and macrophages are key factors in the initiation and propagation of renal disease, as well as essential contributors to subsequent tissue regeneration, regardless of the aetiological and pathogenetic mechanisms. The identification, and functional and phenotypic distinction of these cell types is complex and incompletely understood, and the same is true of their interplay and relationships with effector and regulatory cells of the adaptive immune system. In this Review, we discuss the common and distinct characteristics of DCs and macrophages, as well as key advances that have identified the renal-specific functions of these important phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells, and their roles in potentiating or mitigating intrinsic kidney disease. We also identify remaining issues that are of priority for further investigation, and highlight the prospects for translational and therapeutic application of the knowledge acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Rogers
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1544 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David A Ferenbach
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey S Isenberg
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1544 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1544 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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17
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Rogacev KS, Zawada AM, Hundsdorfer J, Achenbach M, Held G, Fliser D, Heine GH. Immunosuppression and monocyte subsets. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:143-53. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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18
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Kitching AR. Dendritic cells in progressive renal disease: some answers, many questions. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:2185-93. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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19
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Jiang X, Tian W, Sung YK, Qian J, Nicolls MR. Macrophages in solid organ transplantation. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24612731 PMCID: PMC3975229 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic hematopoietic cells with diversified functions related to their anatomic location and differentiation states. A number of recent studies have examined the role of macrophages in solid organ transplantation. These studies show that macrophages can induce allograft injury but, conversely, can also promote tissue repair in ischemia-reperfusion injury and acute rejection. Therapeutic strategies that target macrophages to improve outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients are being examined in preclinical and clinical models. In this review, we discuss the role of macrophages in different types of injury and rejection, with a focus on macrophage-mediated tissue injury, specifically vascular injury, repair and remodeling. We also discuss emerging macrophage-centered therapeutic opportunities in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Organ transplantation appears today to be the best alternative to replace the loss of vital organs induced by various diseases. Transplants can, however, also be rejected by the recipient. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and the cells/molecules involved in acute and chronic rejections. T cells and B cells mainly control the antigen-specific rejection and act either as effector, regulatory, or memory cells. On the other hand, nonspecific cells such as endothelial cells, NK cells, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear cells are also crucial actors of transplant rejection. Last, beyond cells, the high contribution of antibodies, chemokines, and complement molecules in graft rejection is discussed in this article. The understanding of the different components involved in graft rejection is essential as some of them are used in the clinic as biomarkers to detect and quantify the level of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moreau
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, CHU de Nantes 44093, France
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21
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Hochheiser K, Heuser C, Krause TA, Teteris S, Ilias A, Weisheit C, Hoss F, Tittel AP, Knolle PA, Panzer U, Engel DR, Tharaux PL, Kurts C. Exclusive CX3CR1 dependence of kidney DCs impacts glomerulonephritis progression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4242-54. [PMID: 23999431 DOI: 10.1172/jci70143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DCs and macrophages both express the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Here we demonstrate that its ligand, CX3CL1, is highly expressed in the murine kidney and intestine. CX3CR1 deficiency markedly reduced DC numbers in the healthy and inflamed kidney cortex, and to a lesser degree in the kidney medulla and intestine, but not in other organs. CX3CR1 also promoted influx of DC precursors in crescentic glomerulonephritis, a DC-dependent aggressive type of nephritis. Disease severity was strongly attenuated in CX3CR1-deficient mice. Primarily CX3CR1-dependent DCs in the kidney cortex processed antigen for the intrarenal stimulation of T helper cells, a function important for glomerulonephritis progression. In contrast, medullary DCs played a specialized role in inducing innate immunity against bacterial pyelonephritis by recruiting neutrophils through rapid chemokine production. CX3CR1 deficiency had little effect on the immune defense against pyelonephritis, as medullary DCs were less CX3CR1 dependent than cortical DCs and because recruited neutrophils produced chemokines to compensate for the DC paucity. These findings demonstrate that cortical and medullary DCs play specialized roles in their respective kidney compartments. We identify CX3CR1 as a potential therapeutic target in glomerulonephritis that may involve fewer adverse side effects, such as impaired anti-infectious defense or compromised DC functions in other organs.
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22
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Regulatory macrophages as therapeutic targets and therapeutic agents in solid organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 17:332-42. [PMID: 22790067 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328355a979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a basic introduction to human macrophage biology and an appreciation of the diverse roles played by macrophage subsets in allograft damage and repair. Current and future strategies for therapeutically manipulating macrophage behaviour are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Macrophages are extremely versatile effector cells that exert both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. This adaptability cannot be explained by differentiation into committed sublineages, but instead reflects the ability of macrophages to rapidly transition between states of functional polarisation. Consequently, categorisation of macrophage subpopulations is not straightforward and this, in turn, creates difficulties in studying their pathophysiology. Nevertheless, particular macrophage subpopulations have been implicated in exacerbating or attenuating ischaemia-reperfusion injury, rejection reactions and allograft fibrosis. Three general strategies for therapeutically targeting macrophages can be envisaged, namely, depletional approaches, in-situ repolarisation towards a regulatory or tissue-reparative phenotype, and ex-vivo generation of regulatory macrophages (M reg) as a cell-based therapy. SUMMARY As critical determinants of the local and systemic immune response to solid organ allografts, macrophage subpopulations represent attractive therapeutic targets. Rapid progress is being made in the implementation of novel macrophage-targeted therapies, particularly in the use of ex-vivo-generated M regs as a cell-based medicinal product.
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23
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Macrophages: contributors to allograft dysfunction, repair, or innocent bystanders? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 17:20-5. [PMID: 22157320 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32834ee5b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Macrophages are members of the innate immune response. However, their role in the adaptive immune response is not known. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current understanding of macrophage structure and function and how they may participate in allograft injury. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in acute kidney injury models identify macrophages as key mediators of inflammatory injury, while more recent studies indicate that they may play a reparative role, depending on phenotype - M1 or M2 type macrophages. Mregs, generated in vitro, appear to have immune suppressive abilities and a unique phenotype. In solid-organ transplant, the emphasis of studies has been on acute or chronic injury. These data are derived from animal models using depletion of macrophages or antagonizing their activation and inflammatory responses. The relative contribution of macrophage phenotype in transplantation has not been explored. SUMMARY These studies suggest that macrophages play an injurious role in acute cellular allograft rejection, as well as in chronic injury. Infiltration of an allograft with macrophages is also associated with worse graft function and poor prognosis. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated injury, explore their potential reparative role, and determine if they or their functional products are biomarkers of poor graft outcomes.
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24
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Abstract
Large numbers of macrophage lineage cells are present in transplants undergoing ischemia-reperfusion injury and rejection, and their presence correlates with a high probability of rejection. However, the extent to which monocytes and macrophages contribute to kidney graft rejection is poorly understood. The heterogeneity of the monocyte/macrophage lineage cells could be one of the reasons why these cells have been neglected up to now. Circulating monocytes can be divided into various subsets, which are able to give rise to tissue macrophages and dendritic cells. Macrophages are believed to be highly plastic cells that can respond to environmental signals by changing their phenotype and function. Macrophages have established roles in early and late kidney graft inflammation, tissue homeostasis, remodeling, and repair. In kidney transplantation, macrophages are believed to play a role in both damage and repair of the graft, depending on the type of macrophages involved, the environmental drive, and the time after transplantation. The heterogeneity and plasticity of monocytes and macrophages are obstacles to translating the functional relevance of this cell lineage to diagnostic and prognostic clinical parameters and to defining specific, macrophage-related, therapeutic targets. Recent evidence has indicated an immunomodulatory role for the so-called regulatory macrophages in induction of tolerance in kidney transplant recipients. In this article, we summarize current views on monocyte/macrophage immunobiology in kidney transplantation. Key issues for ongoing research are discussed.
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25
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Todorova D, Sabatier F, Doria E, Lyonnet L, Vacher Coponat H, Robert S, Despoix N, Legris T, Moal V, Loundou A, Morange S, Berland Y, George FD, Burtey S, Paul P. Fractalkine expression induces endothelial progenitor cell lysis by natural killer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26663. [PMID: 22039526 PMCID: PMC3200359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating CD34+ cells, a population that includes endothelial progenitors, participate in the maintenance of endothelial integrity. Better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate their survival is crucial to improve their regenerative activity in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Chemokine-receptor cross talk is critical in regulating cell homeostasis. We hypothesized that cell surface expression of the chemokine fractalkine (FKN) could target progenitor cell injury by Natural Killer (NK) cells, thereby limiting their availability for vascular repair. Methodology/Principal Findings We show that CD34+-derived Endothelial Colony Forming Cells (ECFC) can express FKN in response to TNF-α and IFN-γ inflammatory cytokines and that FKN expression by ECFC stimulates NK cell adhesion, NK cell-mediated ECFC lysis and microparticles release in vitro. The specific involvement of membrane FKN in these processes was demonstrated using FKN-transfected ECFC and anti-FKN blocking antibody. FKN expression was also evidenced on circulating CD34+ progenitor cells and was detected at higher frequency in kidney transplant recipients, when compared to healthy controls. The proportion of CD34+ cells expressing FKN was identified as an independent variable inversely correlated to CD34+ progenitor cell count. We further showed that treatment of CD34+ circulating cells isolated from adult blood donors with transplant serum or TNF-α/IFN-γ can induce FKN expression. Conclusions Our data highlights a novel mechanism by which FKN expression on CD34+ progenitor cells may target their NK cell mediated killing and participate to their immune depletion in transplant recipients. Considering the numerous diseased contexts shown to promote FKN expression, our data identify FKN as a hallmark of altered progenitor cell homeostasis with potential implications in better evaluation of vascular repair in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyana Todorova
- Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de l'Endothélium –UMR-S 608 INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Sabatier
- Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de l'Endothélium –UMR-S 608 INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Evelyne Doria
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Lyonnet
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Henri Vacher Coponat
- Centre de Néphrologie et de Transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de l'Endothélium –UMR-S 608 INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Despoix
- Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de l'Endothélium –UMR-S 608 INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Tristan Legris
- Centre de Néphrologie et de Transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Moal
- Centre de Néphrologie et de Transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Anderson Loundou
- Unité d'Aide méthodologique à la Recherche Clinique et Epidémiologique, DRRC, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Morange
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Yvon Berland
- Centre de Néphrologie et de Transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Francoise Dignat George
- Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de l'Endothélium –UMR-S 608 INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Burtey
- Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de l'Endothélium –UMR-S 608 INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre de Néphrologie et de Transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Paul
- Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de l'Endothélium –UMR-S 608 INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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