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Kaur H, Hazarey V, Sharma G, Gosavi S, Pal RAGK, Gupta V. p53, Cytokeratin 19 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Correlation with Histopathologic Grading: An Immunohistochemical Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:103-111. [PMID: 38440427 PMCID: PMC10909024 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the immunohistochemical expression of p53 and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) in normal oral mucosa (NOM) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their association with histopathological differentiation grade. The secondary goal was to see if there was any correlation between p53 and CK19 expression in NOM and OSCC. A hospital-based retrospective analysis was conducted in which 40 NOM and 45 OSCC samples were acquired from archives and stained with mouse monoclonal antibodies p53 and CK19. For both the NOM and OSCC groups, the proportion of positively stained cells, staining intensity, and staining index were calculated. p53 immunoexpression revealed that 85% of positively stained cells in the NOM basal layer had a low staining index (mean ± SD 1.87 ± 0.34), whereas 66.7% of positively stained cells in the OSCC had a high staining index (mean ± SD 5.63 ± 3.02). When NOM and OSCC were compared, there was a statistically significant difference in staining intensity. However, despite a linear increase in the percentage of positive cells from well to poorly differentiated, the comparison between histopathological grades was non-significant. CK19 exhibited 18.5% positively stained cells in the NOM basal layer with a low staining index (mean ± SD 1.57 ± 0.53), whereas OSCC samples showed 4.44% immunopositivity with a high staining index. p53 is a marker of oral carcinogenesis independent of histological grade and CK19 expression. Further, CK19 is a marker of dysfunctional epithelial differentiation but lacks sensitivity and specificity; however, it demands further multicentric studies with a large sample size to draw definitive conclusions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-023-04092-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Hazarey
- Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Wardha, India
- Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Gitika Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Suchitra Gosavi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Rana AGK Pal
- Department of Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Division of Periodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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Prime SS, Cirillo N, Parkinson EK. Escape from Cellular Senescence Is Associated with Chromosomal Instability in Oral Pre-Malignancy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010103. [PMID: 36671795 PMCID: PMC9855962 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An escape from cellular senescence through the development of unlimited growth potential is one of the hallmarks of cancer, which is thought to be an early event in carcinogenesis. In this review, we propose that the molecular effectors of senescence, particularly the inactivation of TP53 and CDKN2A, together with telomere attrition and telomerase activation, all lead to aneuploidy in the keratinocytes from oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Premalignant keratinocytes, therefore, not only become immortal but also develop genotypic and phenotypic cellular diversity. As a result of these changes, certain clonal cell populations likely gain the capacity to invade the underlying connective tissue. We review the clinical implications of these changes and highlight a new PCR-based assay to identify aneuploid cell in fluids such as saliva, a technique that is extremely sensitive and could facilitate the regular monitoring of OPMD without the need for surgical biopsies and may avoid potential biopsy sampling errors. We also draw attention to recent studies designed to eliminate aneuploid tumour cell populations that, potentially, is a new therapeutic approach to prevent malignant transformations in OPMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. Prime
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Correspondence: (S.S.P.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanson Street, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - E. Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Correspondence: (S.S.P.); (E.K.P.)
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Deshmukh AV, Gupta A, Chaudhari AG, Gangane NM. Correlation of p53 expression with Clinical Presentation and Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: A Pilot Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:1836-1840. [PMID: 36452655 PMCID: PMC9702386 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-01859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of p53 gene is one of the most common events in human cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, its role in carcinogenesis and association with regard to prognosis is still under investigation and unclear. The aim was to study the expression of p53 in patients of OSCC and correlation with clinical presentation and prognosis. In this retrospective observational pilot study, we examined expression of p53 in 50 histologically diagnosed cases of OSCC and correlated it with initial clinical presentation and clinical events in follow up period. p53 expression was significantly negative (94%) in patients with history of only oral tobacco consumption while cases with additional history of smoking or alcohol were positive (p = 0.0001 and 0.011). On the other hand, aggressive course of the disease was found to be significant with p53 positivity in the form of lymph nodal extension (13 out of 17 cases) (p = 0.011) and recurrence (6 out of 10 cases) (p = 0.024). p53 was overexpressed (positive) in predisposing factors like smoking and alcohol but not in OSCC associated with chewing tobacco. p53 overexpression is also associated with advanced TNM stage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where association of p53 overexpression and oral tobacco consumption associated OSCC was not observed and we recommend that carcinogenic events in chewing tobacco induced OSCC should be studied separately for its unique set of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Vilas Deshmukh
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, 442102 Maharashtra India
| | - Anupama Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, 442102 Maharashtra India
| | | | - Nitin M. Gangane
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, 442102 Maharashtra India
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Prime SS, Cirillo N, Cheong SC, Prime MS, Parkinson EK. Targeting the genetic landscape of oral potentially malignant disorders has the potential as a preventative strategy in oral cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:102-114. [PMID: 34139286 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reviews the molecular landscape of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). We examine the impact of tumour heterogeneity, the spectrum of driver mutations (TP53, CDKN2A, TERT, NOTCH1, AJUBA, PIK3CA, CASP8) and gene transcription on tumour progression. We comment on how some of these mutations impact cellular senescence, field cancerization and cancer stem cells. We propose that OPMD can be monitored more closely and more dynamically through the use of liquid biopsies using an appropriate biomarker of transformation. We describe new gene interactions through the use of a systems biology approach and we highlight some of the first studies to identify functional genes using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. We believe that this information has translational implications for the use of re-purposed existing drugs and/or new drug development. Further, we argue that the use of digital technology encompassing clinical and laboratory-based data will create relevant datasets for machine learning/artificial intelligence. We believe that therapeutic intervention at an early molecular premalignant stage should be an important preventative strategy to inhibit the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma and that this approach is applicable to other aerodigestive tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Prime
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - N Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanson Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3053, Australia.
| | - S C Cheong
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Malaysia, 1 Jalan SS12/1A, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M S Prime
- Roche Diagnostics Information Solutions, Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - E K Parkinson
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Teófilo CR, Ferreira Junior AEC, Batista AC, Fechini Jamacaru FV, Sousa FB, Lima Mota MR, Silva MFE, Barros Silva PGD, Alves APNN. Mast Cells and Blood Vessels Profile in Oral Carcinogenesis: An Immunohistochemistry Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1097-1102. [PMID: 32334476 PMCID: PMC7445991 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.4.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The objectives of the present study were to evaluate angiogenesis and mast cell density in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: This was an observational, retrospective and quantitative study. The samples consisted of 60 tissue specimens from patients with squamous cell carcinoma, epithelial dysplasia and controls (n=20/group). Immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti-tryptase antibody to mast cells and anti-CD31 and anti-CD34 for blood vessels and we count the number of mast cells and determine the percentage of CD31 and CD34 antibody staining (vascular density). Results: The mast cells had lower density in OSCC compared to control and dysplasia (p = 0.009). In angiogenesis, the expression of CD31 showed a higher percentage of blood vessels in OSCC (p < 0.001), however, CD34 showed no difference between groups (p=0.092). The CD31 antibody presented as a high immunostaining in oral mucosa than CD34. Conclusions: The increased vascularity in squamous cell carcinoma suggests that angiogenesis begins when malignant transformation starts that seems to be inversely associated with the number of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodrigues Teófilo
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Oral Rehabilitation and Preventive Department, Dental School, Federal University of Goias, Goiana, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Bitu Sousa
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mário Rogério Lima Mota
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Malena Freitas E Silva
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paulo Goberlânio De Barros Silva
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes Alves
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Evaluation of Proinflammatory, NF-kappaB Dependent Cytokines: IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in Tissue Specimens and Saliva of Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030867. [PMID: 32245251 PMCID: PMC7141524 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a life-threatening disease. It could be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). It was confirmed that chronic inflammation can promote carcinogenesis. Cytokines play a crucial role in this process. The aim of the study was to evaluate interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in tissue specimens and saliva of patients with OSCC and OPMDs. Methods: Cytokines were evaluated in 60 tissue specimens of pathological lesions (OSCCs or OPMDs) and in 7 controls (normal oral mucosa, NOM) by immunohistochemistry and in saliva of 45 patients with OSCC or OPMDs and 9 controls (healthy volunteers) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly higher expression of IL-8 in OSCC specimens and TNF-α in OSCCs and OPMDs with dysplasia as compared to NOM. Moreover, expression of TNF-α was significantly higher in oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus without dysplasia, whereas expression of IL-8 only in oral leukoplakia without dysplasia in comparison with NOM. Salivary concentrations of all evaluated cytokines were significantly higher in patients with OSCC than in controls. Moreover, levels of IL-8 were significantly higher in saliva of patients with OPMDs with dysplasia as compared to controls and in OSCC patients as compared to patients with dysplastic lesions. There was also significant increase in salivary concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in patients with OSCC as compared to patients with OPMDs without dysplasia. Conclusion: The study confirmed that proinflammatory, NF-kappaB dependent cytokines are involved in pathogenesis of OPMDs and OSCC. The most important biomarker of malignant transformation process within oral mucosa among all assessed cytokines seems to be IL-8. Further studies on a larger sample size are needed to corroborate these results.
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Abstract
Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are two entities under the moniker of "oral potentially malignant disorders" that are highly associated with the presence of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) at first biopsy, while lesions of submucous fibrosis develop OED after being present for years. Importantly, traumatic/frictional keratoses are often mistaken clinically for leukoplakia and it is important for the pathologist to recognize and report them as such. The features of OED have been well-described and other architectural features will be discussed here, in particular verrucous and papillary architecture, bulky epithelial proliferation and epithelial atrophy. Proliferative leukoplakia, verrucous or otherwise, often show only hyperkeratosis in early lesions, with development of OED occurring over time, and squamous cell carcinoma developing in the majority of cases over time. The concept of hyperkeratosis without features of OED and that is not reactive, is likely a precursor to the dysplastic phenotype. Many cases of leukoplakia exhibiting OED are associated with a band of lymphocytes at the interface and these should not be mistaken for oral lichen planus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Bin Woo
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA ,Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 1620 Tremont Street, Suite 3-028, Boston, MA 02120 USA ,StrataDx, Lexington, MA USA
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8
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Hashmi AA, Hussain ZF, Hashmi SK, Irfan M, Khan EY, Faridi N, Khan A, Edhi MM. Immunohistochemical over expression of p53 in head and neck Squamous cell carcinoma: clinical and prognostic significance. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:433. [PMID: 29970180 PMCID: PMC6029369 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Immunohistochemical over expression of p53 is considered as a marker of poor prognosis in many cancers. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate immunohistochemical overexpression of p53 in 121 cases of head and neck Squamous cell carcinoma and its association with various clinicopathologic features and survival. Results Total 66.1% (80 cases) expressed positive p53 expression, 34% (29 cases) revealed no p53 expression, while focal positive p53 expression was noted in 9.9% (12 Cases). Moreover, high p53 expression (> 70%) was noted in 26.4% (32 cases), while 19% (23 cases) showed 51–70% p53 expression. On the basis of intensity of p53 staining; strong p53 expression was noted in 39.7% (48 cases), while 24.8% (30 cases) and 10.7% (13 cases) revealed intermediate and weak p53 expression respectively. Significant association of p53 intensity of expression with extranodal extension and higher tumor grade (grades II and III) was noted. p53 is useful prognostic biomarker in head and neck Squamous cell carcinoma and therefore we suggest that more large scale studies are needed to evaluate its prognostic significance in our population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3547-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ali Hashmi
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Erum Yousuf Khan
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naveen Faridi
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amir Khan
- Kandahar University, Kandahar, 3802, Afghanistan.
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Basheer S, Shameena PM, Sudha S, Varma S, Vidyanath S, Varekar A. Expression of survivin and p53 in oral lichen planus, lichenoid reaction and lichenoid dysplasia: An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:456-457. [PMID: 29391729 PMCID: PMC5763877 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_39_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The malignant transformation potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) and related lesions is a subject of great controversy. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the expression of proteins related to apoptosis and tumour suppressor gene processes in OLP, oral lichenoid reaction (OLR) and oral lichenoid dysplasia (OLD). Materials and Methods The immunohistochemical study was carried out to investigate the expressions of survivin and p53 in a total of 30 lesional biopsy specimens - 10 cases each of OLP, OLR and OLD. The expression rates were further compared with 10 control specimens of normal oral mucosa (NORM). Results: Immunoreactivity for p53 was seen in 7 cases (70%) of OLD, 4 cases (40%) of OLP and 2 cases (20%) of OLR and none of NORM. We obtained a significant difference (P = 0.01) in mean p53 expression between the different entities. The positive staining rate of survivin was found to be significantly different between OLD (50%), OLP (10%), OLR (0%), and normal mucosa (0%) (P = 0.004). There was a positive correlation between p53 and survivin expression in OLP and OLD using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Conclusion: Lichenoid dysplasia has shown p53 and survivin expression in the range of not OLP, but leukoplakia. On the other hand, OLR seems to be an innocuous lesion. The study results with OLP are inconclusive but points toward a small but important malignant potential in OLP. This kind of comparative study highlights the importance of biopsying OLP and related lesions for proper diagnosis and appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P M Shameena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - S Sudha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Sujatha Varma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - S Vidyanath
- Century International Institute of Dental Science And Research Centre, Kasargod, Kerala, India
| | - Aniruddha Varekar
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
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The amplification of c-erb-B2 in cancer-free surgical margins is a predictor of poor outcome in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 45:700-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Dave KV, Chalishazar M, Dave VR, Panja P, Singh M, Modi TG. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and its clinicopathological correlation with modified Anneroth's histological grading system. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:29-35. [PMID: 27194859 PMCID: PMC4860931 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.180922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an epithelial neoplasm generally beginning as focal overgrowth of altered stem cells near the basement membrane, moving upward and laterally, replacing the normal epithelium. Histopathological grading has been used for many decades in an attempt to predict the clinical behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma. In the present study, Forty biopsies were studied for histological grading and p53 expression. The p53 expression was studied in relation to clinical parameters such as age, sex of patient and site of tumors. Relation between histological grade of malignancy and p53 protein expression was analysed. All cases were classified according to Anneroth's histological malignancy grading system (1987). Materials and Methods: 40 cases of OSCC were assessed for clinical parameters, Anneroth's histological grading and immunohistochemically stained with p53 protien. Statistical Analysis: The results obtained were analyzed using Spearman's Co-relation. Observations and Results: The positive expression of p53 was found in 62% of carcinomas studied. Positivity of p53 showed correlation with histological grade of malignancy and with individual parameters like degree of keratinization, nuclear polymorphism, number of mitoses and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration while showed a negative correlation with pattern of invasion. Conclusion: Our study showed a significant correlation between parameters of tumor cell population, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and p53 expression. A significant association between high grade of malignancy and p53 overexpression and insignificant correlation of p53 with age, sex of the patient and site of the tumor was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal V Dave
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Monali Chalishazar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital, Gujarat University, Santej, Gujarat, India
| | - Vishal R Dave
- Department of ENT, GCS Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pritam Panja
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, K M Shah Dental College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Buddha Institute of Dental Science, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Tapan G Modi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Kumar VV, Krishanappa SJ, Prakash SG, Channabasaviah GH, Murgod S, Pujari R, Kamat MS. Quantification and Correlation of Angiogenesis with Macrophages by Histomorphometric Method in Central and Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma: An Immunohistochemical Analysis. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC01-5. [PMID: 27134990 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/15657.7349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis is a fundamental process that affects physiologic reactions and pathological processes such as tumour development and metastasis. It is the process of formation of new microvessel from the preexisting vessels. AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate angiogenesis, macrophage index and correlate the impact of macrophages on angiogenesis in the central and peripheral giant cell granulomas by evaluating immunohistochemically microvessel density, microvessel perimeter and macrophage index. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was carried on 20 cases of central and peripheral giant cell granulomas each for CD34 and CD68 proteins expression. Inferential statistical analysis was performed using Independent student t-test to assess the microvessel density, microvessel perimeter and macrophage index on continuous scale between Group I and Group II. Level of significance was determined at 5%. Further bivariate analysis using Pearson correlation test was carried out to see the relationship between microvessel density and macrophage index in each group. RESULTS Microvessel density, micro vessel perimeter and macrophage index was higher in central giant cell granuloma compared to that of peripheral giant cell granuloma. Correlation between microvessel density and macrophage index among these two lesions was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION Angiogenesis as well as the number of macrophages appeared to increase in Central Giant Cell Granuloma in present study. These findings suggest that macrophages may up regulate the angiogenesis in these giant cell granulomas and angiogenesis do have a role in clinical behaviour. However, we could not establish a positive correlation between microvessel density and macrophage index as the values were statistically insignificant. This insignificance may be presumed due to fewer samples taken for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Vimal Kumar
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, RRDCH , Bangalore, India
| | | | - Smitha Gowdra Prakash
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, RRDCH , Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sanjay Murgod
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, RRDCH , Bangalore, India
| | - Ravikumar Pujari
- Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, RRDCH , Bangalore, India
| | - Mamata Sharad Kamat
- Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bharathiya Vidyapeet Dental College and Hospital , Sangali, India
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Kim RH, Kang MK, Kim T, Yang P, Bae S, Williams DW, Phung S, Shin K, Hong C, Park N. Regulation of p53 during senescence in normal human keratinocytes. Aging Cell 2015; 14:838-46. [PMID: 26138448 PMCID: PMC4568971 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p53, the guardian of the genome, is a tumor suppressor protein and critical for the genomic integrity of the cells. Many studies have shown that intracellular level of p53 is enhanced during replicative senescence in normal fibroblasts, and the enhanced level of p53 is viewed as the cause of senescence. Here, we report that, unlike in normal fibroblasts, the level of intracellular p53 reduces during replicative senescence and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs). We found that the intracellular p53 level was also decreased in age-dependent manner in normal human epithelial tissues. Senescent NHKs exhibited an enhanced level of p16INK4A, induced G2 cell cycle arrest, and lowered the p53 expression and transactivation activity. We found that low level of p53 in senescent NHKs was due to reduced transcription of p53. The methylation status at the p53 promoter was not altered during senescence, but senescent NHKs exhibited notably lower level of acetylated histone 3 (H3) at the p53 promoter in comparison with rapidly proliferating cells. Moreover, p53 knockdown in rapidly proliferating NHKs resulted in the disruption of fidelity in repaired DNA. Taken together, our study demonstrates that p53 level is diminished during replicative senescence and OIS and that such diminution is associated with H3 deacetylation at the p53 promoter. The reduced intracellular p53 level in keratinocytes of the elderly could be a contributing factor for more frequent development of epithelial cancer in the elderly because of the loss of genomic integrity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben H. Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry Los Angeles CA 90095USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles CA 90095USA
| | - Mo K. Kang
- UCLA School of Dentistry Los Angeles CA 90095USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles CA 90095USA
| | - Terresa Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry Los Angeles CA 90095USA
| | - Paul Yang
- UCLA School of Dentistry Los Angeles CA 90095USA
| | - Susan Bae
- UCLA School of Dentistry Los Angeles CA 90095USA
| | | | | | - Ki‐Hyuk Shin
- UCLA School of Dentistry Los Angeles CA 90095USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles CA 90095USA
| | | | - No‐Hee Park
- UCLA School of Dentistry Los Angeles CA 90095USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles CA 90095USA
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine Los Angeles CA 90095USA
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14
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Angiogenesis, Proliferative Activity and DNA Ploidy in Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: A Comparative Study Including Verrucous Hyperplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1249-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Toptaş O, Baykul T, Başak K. Does Smoking Affect the Ki67 and p53 Expressions in Asymptomatic Fully Impacted Lower Third Molar Follicles? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:819-26. [PMID: 25544297 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Toptaş
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Timuçin Baykul
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Kayhan Başak
- Pathologist, Department of Pathology, Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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16
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Shay S, Choy W, Christensen RE, St John MA. Extensive carcinoma cuniculatum of the mandible. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36:446-50. [PMID: 25659461 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma cuniculatum (CC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma first described in 1954. Cases of CC in the head and neck are exceedingly rare, with 66 cases reported since 1977. These tumors are generally low-grade, well-differentiated and locally aggressive malignancies. Patients are often subjected to a long period of misdiagnoses given the clinical similarity of these entities to odontogenic cysts and abscesses. We report a case of a carcinoma cuniculatum of the mandible with very advanced local involvement of disease, highlighting the unusual characteristics of this rare tumor that are important for clinicians to recognize. Clinical presentation, histology, risk factors, treatment options, and prognosis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Shay
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 62-142, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Winward Choy
- David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 62-142, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Russell E Christensen
- University of California Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Ave, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Maie A St John
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 62-142, Los Angeles, CA; University of California Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 8-684 Factor Building, Box 951781, Los Angeles, CA; UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
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17
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Güneri P, Epstein JB. Late stage diagnosis of oral cancer: components and possible solutions. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:1131-6. [PMID: 25255960 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stage of disease at the diagnosis of oral cancer is thought to be a significant factor in prognosis and outcome (International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, 2014). Unfortunately, we continue to diagnose almost 2/3 of these cancers at advanced stages of disease despite the ongoing research for devices/methods to aid the clinicians in detection and accurate oral mucosal lesion diagnosis. This paper explores both the nature of oral cancer and the adjuncts available for detection, and presents the current issues in diagnostic delays of oral cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Güneri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Ege University, School of Dentistry, Bornova 35100, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Joel B Epstein
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA, 8500 Whilshire Blvd, Suite 800, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA
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18
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Falci SGM, Mesquita ATM, Andrade BABD, Miranda JLD, Leon JE, Almeida OPD, Santos CRRD. FASN expression, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in central and peripheral giant cell lesions. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:131-7. [PMID: 24676584 PMCID: PMC3956405 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Central giant cell lesion (CGCL) and peripheral giant cell lesion (PGCL) are
non-neoplastic proliferative processes of the jaws. PGCL is a reactive process
induced by irritant local factors and CGCL is an intra-osseous lesion of unknown
etiology. Both lesions exhibit similar histologic features showing abundant
mononuclear cells, admixed with a large number of multinucleated giant cells and a
rich vascularized stroma with extravasated erythrocytes, hemosiderin deposition, and
blood-filled pools. Recent studies have linked fatty acid synthase (FASN) with
angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Gabriel Moreira Falci
- Department of Dentistry, College of Basic Sciences and Health, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Terezinha Marques Mesquita
- Department of Dentistry, College of Basic Sciences and Health, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Joao Luiz de Miranda
- Department of Dentistry, College of Basic Sciences and Health, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Jorge Esquiche Leon
- Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassio Roberto Rocha dos Santos
- Department of Dentistry, College of Basic Sciences and Health, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
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19
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Dionne KR, Warnakulasuriya S, Zain RB, Cheong SC. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity: current practice and future directions in the clinic and laboratory. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:503-15. [PMID: 24482244 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite commendable progress in the prevention, detection, and treatment of a wide variety of solid tumor types, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a significant health burden across the globe. OSCC carcinogenesis involves accumulation of genetic alterations that coincide with the multistep malignant transformation of normal oral epithelium. OSCC is often first diagnosed at late stages of the disease (advanced regional disease and/or metastasis). Delayed diagnosis precludes successful treatment and favorable outcomes. In clinical practice, opportunities exist to identify patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which precede the development of cancer. This review addresses the current status of laboratory and clinical research on OPMDs, with emphasis on leukoplakia and erythroplakia. OSF is also presented, though there is a paucity of published studies on this disorder. We focus on findings that could translate into earlier diagnosis and more efficacious treatment of those lesions with significant malignant potential. We explore how markers of OPMD malignant transformation might be implemented into current diagnostic practice to help clinicians objectively stratify patients into treatment/follow-up groups according to relative risk. We provide an overview of recently concluded and ongoing OPMD chemoprevention trials. We describe laboratory OPMD models that can be used to not only to reveal the genetic and molecular intricacies of oral cancer but also to develop novel screening methods and therapeutic approaches. Finally, we call for targeted screening programs of at-risk populations in order to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of OPMD and early OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalen R Dionne
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre (OCRCC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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20
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Abdulmajeed AA, Farah CS. Can immunohistochemistry serve as an alternative to subjective histopathological diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia? BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:49-60. [PMID: 24179398 PMCID: PMC3798313 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to identify objective molecular biomarkers to diagnose and prognosticate oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) because histopathological interpretation is subjective and lacks sensitivity. The majority of these efforts describe changes in gene expression at protein level in OED as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, the literature on these putative markers of oral cancer progression is vast and varied. The main purpose of this article is to review current knowledge on biomarkers of protein expression for OED by IHC approaches. We further discuss these findings in terms of the proposed essential hallmarks of cancer cells to better understand their role in oral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abdulmajeed
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Silva Júnior JDA, Camisasca DR, Bernardo V, Ribeiro GS, Dias FL, de Faria PAS, de Amorim LMDF, Lourenço SQC. The significance of p53 immunoexpression with different clones (DO-7 and PAb-240) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2013; 75:82-90. [PMID: 23817043 DOI: 10.1159/000349978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The TP53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Its product is a nuclear protein that regulates cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. Anti-p53 clones DO-7 and PAb-240 recognize the amino acid sequences 21-25 and 213-217, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of these clones and their relationship with clinicopathological features and survival analysis in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). METHODS Information on 53 primary OSCC was collected at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. An immunohistochemical method was applied to evaluate p53 expression (DO-7 and PAb-240). Their expression was analyzed quantitatively and correlated with clinicopathological features. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log rank test were used. RESULTS Immunopositivity for DO-7 was present in 64% of the cases, while 58% were positive for PAb-240. There was no correlation between immunoexpression of both antibodies and clinicopathological features or survival analysis. DO-7 expression was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that of PAb-240. CONCLUSIONS There were quantitative differences between the expression of the antibodies studied, which may reflect a different specificity of each one. To confirm immunohistochemical results and estimate the true prognostic role of TP53 in OSCC, it is important to perform mutation analysis.
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22
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Jayaraman B, Valiathan GM, Jayakumar K, Palaniyandi A, Thenumgal SJ, Ramanathan A. Lack of mutation in p53 and H-ras genes in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth suggests its non cancerous nature. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5535-8. [PMID: 23317213 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been case reports of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising from gingival overgrowth induced by phenytoin--an antiepileptic drug. However, a detailed analysis for the presence of mutations in p53 and ras genes, which are the two most frequently mutated genes in cancers, in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth tissues has hitherto not been performed. METHODS Cellular DNA isolated from twenty gingival overgrowth tissues collected from patients undergoing phenytoin therapy were amplified using primers for p53 (exons 5-8) and H-ras (exons 1-2) genes. The PCR amplicons were then gel purified and subjected to direct sequencing analysis to screen for mutations. RESULTS Direct sequencing of twenty samples of phenytoin induced gingival growth did not identify mutations in any of the exons of p53 and H-ras genes that were analyzed. CONCLUSION Our result indicates that mutational alteration of p53 and H-ras genes is infrequent in phenytoin induced gingival growth, which thus suggests a non malignant nature of this pathology. The findings in the present study are clinically significant as a large number of epileptic patients are treated with phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Jayaraman
- Department of Periodontia, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Narayanapuram, Chennai, India
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23
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PIVA MARTARABELLO, DE SOUZA LÉLIABATISTA, MARTINS-FILHO PAULORICARDOSAQUETE, NONAKA CASSIANOFRANCISCOWEEGE, DE SANTANA SANTOS THIAGO, DE SOUZA ANDRADE EMANUELSÁVIO, PIVA DIOGO. Role of inflammation in oral carcinogenesis (Part II): CD8, FOXP3, TNF-α, TGF-β and NF-κB expression. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1909-1914. [PMID: 23833665 PMCID: PMC3700985 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the frequent presence of inflammation in cases of carcinoma and its use as a parameter for the assessment of tumor aggressiveness, the role of inflammation in oral carcinogenesis was investigated. This was performed by evaluating the expression of cellular markers, cytokines and nuclear transcription factors that identify the cells that participate in the antitumor defense in cases of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was performed for the transcription factors cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nuclear factor κ-light chain enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB), in cases of OED and OSCC. CD8, TGF-β, TNF-α and NF-κB participated in the processes of tumor transformation and progression. The presence of inflammatory infiltrate in cases of OED favors the transformation and invasion process when stromal TNF-α and NF-kB are overexpressed, as NF-kB activated by TNF-α during inflammation predisposes the lesion to transformation, functioning as a link between inflammation and cancer. The control of these inflammatory mediators may prevent malignant transformation in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARTA RABELLO PIVA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sanatório, Aracaju 49060-100, Sergipe
| | - LÉLIA BATISTA DE SOUZA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Rio Grande do Norte
| | | | | | - THIAGO DE SANTANA SANTOS
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, São Paulo
| | | | - DIOGO PIVA
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062,
Brazil
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Mashhadiabbas F, Mahjour F, Mahjour SB, Fereidooni F, Hosseini FS. The immunohistochemical characterization of MMP-2, MMP-10, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and podoplanin in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 114:240-50. [PMID: 22769410 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP- 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and podoplanin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Immunohistochemical staining of podoplanin-positive lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was also assessed. STUDY DESIGN Forty cases of OSCC were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MMP-2, MMP-10, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and podoplanin were detected in each of the 40 OSCC cases. The expression of MMP-2 was significantly correlated with histologic grade. The expression of podoplanin was positively correlated with gender and negatively correlated with tumor size. A significant positive correlation was also detected between LVD and the presence of lymph node metastases, gender, age, and diameter of the lymph node (if involved), as well as histologic grade. CONCLUSIONS The results are suggestive of important roles that MMP-2, MMP-10, TIMP-2, and podoplanin play in pathologic processes of OSCC, including invasion. Our findings also suggest that LVD may play a role in lymphatic metastasis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mashhadiabbas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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25
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Sathyakumar M, Sriram G, Saraswathi T, Sivapathasundharam B. Immunohistochemical evaluation of mast cells and vascular endothelial proliferation in oral precancerous lesion-leukoplakia. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012; 16:343-8. [PMID: 23248463 PMCID: PMC3519206 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral leukoplakia is the best-known precursor lesion. Although a morphologic feature of oral epithelial dysplasia is well described, less is known about the pathobiologic changes within the cells and over the cell surfaces for malignant transformation. Aims: The present study is aimed at comparing and correlating the mast cell density (MCD) and micro vascular density (MVD) in Normal Mucosa (NM) and different grades of dysplasia and to analyze their role in disease progression. Materials and Methods: MCD was assessed using anti mast cell tryptase and MVD was assessed immunohistochemically using anti-Factor VIII related von Willibrand factor. Results: The Results of the present study showed an exponential increase in microvessel density as mast cell density increased. Conclusion: The role of mast cells in angiogenesis as it progresses from normal mucosa to dysplasia is in concordance with the study. The number of mast cells and microvessel can be used as indictors of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sathyakumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM, Kattankulathur Dental College, Tamil Nadu, India
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Humayun S, Prasad VR. Expression of p53 protein and ki-67 antigen in oral premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinomas: An immunohistochemical study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2012; 2:38-46. [PMID: 22442608 PMCID: PMC3304220 DOI: 10.4103/0975-5950.85852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To study expression of p53 protein and ki-67 antigen in normal, non-dysplastic, dysplastic, premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral mucosa. Materials and Methods: The standard immunohistochemical method along with MIB-1 and DO-7; DAKO antibodies was used to study the expression of p53 and ki-67 in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Results: All samples studied showed positive staining for p53 and ki-67. Only one case each from leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) groups showed negative staining for ki-67. The staining was confined to basal layer in most of the cases except OSCC in which it was seen in all layers. The intensity of staining was moderate to intense. The percentage of p53-positive cells in normal mucosa was 15-25% which was increased to 95% in malignant mucosa. Statistical analysis revealed that the expression of p53 and ki-67 increases as normal oral mucosa becomes dysplastic and undergoes malignant transformation. Conclusion: These results emphasize the potential use of p53 protein and ki-67 antigen as markers of malignant transformation and carcinogenesis in oral premalignant lesions, conditions and OSCC, respectively; and in future they may serve as prognostic tools in the early detection of malignant transformation in oral premalignant lesions and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Humayun
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Durg, India
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Monteiro LS, Diniz-Freitas M, Garcia-Caballero T, Warnakulasuriya S, Forteza J, Fraga M. Combined cytoplasmic and membranous EGFR and p53 overexpression is a poor prognostic marker in early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:559-67. [PMID: 22417132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the expression of several molecules that regulate growth, the cell cycle and signalling pathways including EGFR, p53, p16 and p27 in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). We examined their utility as prognostic markers by relating to clinicopathological characteristics and the clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using tissue microarray technology, we analysed 67 primary OSCC and examined immunohistochemical expression of EGFR, p53, p16 and p27. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine their role in survival. RESULTS Many of the markers were highly expressed in these cancers. Membranous EGFR expression in 95.2%, both membrane and cytoplasm expression in 35%, p53 expression in 61.6%, p27 expression in 89.5% and p16 expression in 27.9% of cases. In the multivariate analysis, independent prognostic influence of a lower overall survival was determined only for advanced tumour stage (P < 0.001), p53 overexpression (P = 0.004), EGFR cytoplasm and membrane co-expression location (P = 0.002) and p16 reduced expression (P = 0.002). When considering a subgroup of early stage tumours, p53 overexpression (P = 0.028) and combined membranous and cytoplasm EGFR co-expression (P = 0.039) were indicators of a lower overall survival. For disease-free survival, in addition to these three factors, the histological grade (P = 0.011) showed independent prognostic values. CONCLUSION The independent value of EGFR subcellular location (cytoplasm and membrane) and p53 overexpression in overall survival even in early stages of OSCC suggests that these markers may serve as reliable biological markers to identify high-risk subgroups and to guide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Silva Monteiro
- Medicine and Oral Surgery Department, Dental Sciences Group-Health Sciences Research Centre, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Norte, Paredes, Portugal.
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28
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PIVA MARTARABELLO, DE SOUZA LÉLIABATISTA, MARTINS-FILHO PAULORICARDOSAQUETE, SOARES ROSILENECALAZANS, DE SANTANA SANTOS THIAGO, DE SOUZA ANDRADE EMANUELSÁVIO. Role of inflammation in oral carcinogenesis (Part I): Histological grading of malignancy using a binary system. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:1225-1231. [PMID: 22848292 PMCID: PMC3406493 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the suppressant role of the inflammatory infiltrate in oral carcinogenesis through the immunohistochemical expression of CD8 and FOXP3 and to discuss how representative this expression proved, as well as other parameters considered to be of prognostic value. A total of 20 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia and 40 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected. The criteria suggested by the World Health Organization were used for the histological grading of dysplasia. For carcinoma, a binary method was developed for the present study using parameters such as type of invasion, maturity, presence of epithelial masses and dysmorphism of the masses. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for assessment of the expression of anti-CD8 and anti-FOXP3 in cases of dysplasia and carcinoma. Although the inflammatory infiltrate was more intense in the majority of carcinomas, it exercised a protective role in the dysplasia cases, as CD8 expression was significantly greater. Although a correlation was found between CD8 and the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate in the carcinoma cases, CD8 demonstrated >5% expression in only 32.5% of the cases, compared to 80% of the dysplasia cases. Thus, we suggest that the inflammatory infiltrate should not be used as a parameter in routine examinations, as it plays different roles in the various stages of carcinogenesis. The histological grading system for malignancy employed in the present study is indicated for the assessment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARTA RABELLO PIVA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Bairro Sanatório, CEP 49060-100, Aracaju, Sergipe
| | - LÉLIA BATISTA DE SOUZA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, CEP 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte
| | | | - ROSILENE CALAZANS SOARES
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Bairro Sanatório, CEP 49060-100, Aracaju, Sergipe
| | - THIAGO DE SANTANA SANTOS
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pernambuco University, CEP 54753-220, Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil
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29
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Minicucci E, Ribeiro D, da Silva G, Pardini M, Montovani J, Salvadori D. The role of the TP53 gene during rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Thavaraj S, Cobb A, Kalavrezos N, Beale T, Walker DM, Jay A. Carcinoma cuniculatum arising in the tongue. Head Neck Pathol 2011; 6:130-4. [PMID: 21643820 PMCID: PMC3311953 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-011-0270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma cuniculatum (CC) is a rare, distinct clinico-pathological variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that is defined histologically by the characteristic infiltrative pattern of a deep, broad, and complex proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium with keratin cores and keratin-filled crypts. Herein, we present a case report of CC of the oral tongue and discuss its diagnosis, management, and outcome, as well as briefly review the world literature. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of CC of the tongue to be reported in the English literature. We draw attention to its clinico-pathological features and highlight that awareness of this entity as a distinct variant of SCC facilitates its correct management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvam Thavaraj
- Oral Pathology, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King’s College London Dental Institute, Floor 28 Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Alistair Cobb
- Head & Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 1st Floor East Wing, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG UK
| | - Nicholas Kalavrezos
- Head & Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 1st Floor East Wing, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG UK
| | - Timothy Beale
- Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU UK
| | - Donald Murray Walker
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Rockefeller Building, University Street, London, WC1E 6JJ UK
| | - Amrita Jay
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Rockefeller Building, University Street, London, WC1E 6JJ UK
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Lo J, McNaughtan J, Rani V, Maric D, Smith A, McCullough M, Chandu A. An immunohistochemical analysis of cell cycle markers in oral mucosal dysplastic lesions treated by laser therapy. A pilot study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2011; 10:190-4. [PMID: 22942585 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-011-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 15 years, dysplastic oral mucosal lesions have been treated by laser ablation with variable success. A recent study have shown that the type of laser utilized may be important for patient outcome, however, it may also be changes at a cellular level that could be an important factor in determining recurrence outcome. The aims of this study were to assess cellular markers related to oral dysplastic lesions treated by two different laser types. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty patients with a histopathological diagnosis of dysplasia treated with laser ablation between the years 1992 and 2003 were assessed. Tissue blocks of the original diagnostic biopsy specimens were stained with specific cell cycle markers (Cyclin-D1 and Ki67) via immunohistochemistry and presence of the marker were analysed by virtual microscopy. Patients were assessed according to grade of dysplasia [(mild vs. moderate vs. severe) and the type of laser used (Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) vs. Carbon Dioxide (CO(2))]. RESULTS No significant difference in Cyclin-D1 and Ki67 levels were found between the two groups with different grades of dysplasia, however, decreased Cyclin-D1 was found in those patients treated with KTP laser (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study may indicate cell cycle makers such as Cyclin-D1, may be responsible for the behaviour of dysplastic lesions treated with laser therapy, rather than the type of laser itself, which was reported in previous studies.
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Souza LR, Fonseca-Silva T, Santos CCO, Oliveira MVM, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Guimarães ALS, De Paula AMB. Association of mast cell, eosinophil leucocyte and microvessel densities in actinic cheilitis and lip squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2010; 57:796-805. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Popović B, Jekić B, Novaković I, Luković L, Konstantinović V, Babić M, Milasin J. Cancer genes alterations and HPV infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39:909-15. [PMID: 20579853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of cancer genes contributing to oral squamous cell (OSCC) development and progression and correlate genetic changes to clinical parameters. Human papilloma virus (HPV) 16 detection is also included in the study. 60 samples of OSCC were analysed for c-erbB2 and c-myc amplification by dPCR, H-ras and p53 point mutations by PCR/SSCP. HPV was detected via amplification of its E1 and E6 genes. c-erbB2 was altered in 45%, c-myc in 35%, H-ras in 22% and p53 in 60% of samples. HPV was detected in 10% of cases. The frequency of p53 gene mutations showed a statistically significant association with tumour stage. Patients with c-erbB2 and H-ras alterations had lower survival than patients without these alterations. The number of detected genetic changes was remarkable but statistical association with tumour natural history was poor, indicating high clonal heterogeneity and multiple pathways of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Popović
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Safadi RA, Jaber SZA, Hammad HM, Hamasha AAH. Oral lichen planus shows higher expressions of tumor suppressor gene products of p53 and p21 compared to oral mucositis. An immunohistochemical study. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Potential biomarkers in saliva for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:226-31. [PMID: 20138569 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable early diagnostic markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unavailable. Early identification of recurrence for OSCC is also a challenge. Unlike the other deep cancers, OSCC is located in oral cavity. The DNA, RNA, and protein derived from the living cancer cells and inflammatory cells then can be conveniently obtained from saliva. High-throughput genomic and proteomic approaches have been carried out to identify the potential biomarkers in body fluids such as saliva and blood for diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC. This article reviewed the recently identified biomarkers from saliva for OSCC. In addition, the biomarkers which have been correlated with OSCC tumor malignancy by molecular pathology analysis are also described. Finally, the potential biomarkers that have been demonstrated to associate with the malignant OSCC may be used for salivary screening for high-risk patients are suggested. This article may help to identify the potential biomarkers for screening and the molecular pathology analysis for high-risk patients of OSCC. Effective screening to identify high-risk patients can allow the clinician to provide the appropriate treatment without delay and to reduce the recurrence of OSCC.
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González-Moles MA, Bravo M, Ruiz-Ãvila I, Acebal F, Gil-Montoya JA, Brener S, Esteban F. Ki-67 expression in non-tumour epithelium adjacent to oral cancer as risk marker for multiple oral tumours. Oral Dis 2010; 16:68-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pitiyage G, Tilakaratne WM, Tavassoli M, Warnakulasuriya S. Molecular markers in oral epithelial dysplasia: review. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:737-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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38
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Kobayashi M, Shibuya Y, Takeuchi J, Murata M, Suzuki H, Yokoo S, Umeda M, Minami Y, Komori T. Ror2 expression in squamous cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia of the oral cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 107:398-406. [PMID: 19217015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the expressions of Ror2 in the normal mucosa, the epithelium dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity were investigated, and possible differences in the expression patterns of Ror2 and of p53, Ki67, or PCNA were examined. In Western blotting analyses, Ror2 expression in oral cancer was significantly higher than that in the normal oral mucosa. Immunohistochemically, Ror2 was localized on the plasmalemma and in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). The tissue area with an Ror2-positive expression tended to differ from the area with a positive expression of p53, ki67, or PCNA, and the number of cells with an Ror2 expression tended to increase as the degree of malignancy rose in the epithelial tissues. These results suggest that Ror2 was not related to cell proliferation, but rather associated with cell polarity and cell motility, and that it was also closely associated with the degree of malignancy in oral epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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Vered M, Allon I, Dayan D. Maspin, p53, p63, and Ki-67 in epithelial lesions of the tongue: from hyperplasia through dysplasia to carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:314-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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