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Aviv S, Alin Y, Neta L, Yael H, Lada Z, Avia FN, Diana R, Moti M, David P. Elimination of E. faecalis with NaOCl versus chlorhexidine gluconate from primary molar root canal systems: an ex vivo model study. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:265. [PMID: 38652209 PMCID: PMC11039510 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This ex vivo human study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of NaOCl and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) irrigations in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the RCS of primary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disinfected extracted primary molars were inoculated with E. faecalis for 24 h. Then, the RCS samples were then irrigated with either 2.5% NaOCl, 0.2% and 2% CHG, or sham saline. The samples were collected immediately after irrigation; and 24 h later, the bacterial viability and counts were measured using blood agar and qRT-PCR, respectively. Histological sections were used to measure E. faecalis penetration and viability in dentin tubules using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The recovery of viable E. faecalis after the irrigation of the primary molars showed more significant bactericidal effects of NaOCl and 0.2% and 2% CHG than of saline. Immediately after the irrigation, the NaOCl group showed the greatest reduction in E. faecalis; and 24 h later, all the groups had lower viable E. faecalis than the saline control. The bacterial penetration was also lowest in the NaOCl group, although there was no difference in bacterial viability in the tubules between the groups. CONCLUSION In primary teeth, NaOCl and CHG showed similar degrees of bacterial elimination efficacy in terms of E.faecalis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Within the limitations of this study, NaOCl and CHG have the similar ability to perform endodontic irrigation of primary ex vivo teeth regarding the elimination of E.faecalis, but NaOCl penetrates dentin tubules better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmueli Aviv
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yaya Alin
- "Bina" Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- In private practice, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lam Neta
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Haim Yael
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Zamsky Lada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Fux Noy Avia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ram Diana
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moskovitz Moti
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Polak David
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Li M, Wong W, Xiong H, Chen K. In vitro antibacterial effects of photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis in root canals of deciduous teeth. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:554. [PMID: 36457124 PMCID: PMC9714005 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on planktonic E. faecalis and its biofilm in the root canal of infected deciduous teeth. METHODS Forty root canals of maxillary deciduous anterior teeth were enlarged up to #35 K-file and inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days. The root canals were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 10): The normal saline group (control), 1% NaClO group, PDT group, and the 1% NaClO + PDT group. Paper point samples were obtained at baseline (S1) and after treatment (S2). The colony-forming units (CFU) were counted, and the bacterial growth rate calculated. From each subgroup, 5 samples were randomly selected after treatment and a scanning laser confocal microscope (CLSM) used to determine the distribution of dead / living bacteria on the biofilm surface of each subgroup. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe bacterial morphologies in the root canal walls of the remaining 5 samples in each subgroup. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn test with boferroni adjustment were used to analyze the effect of the different treatment techniques on the E. faecalis in root canals. RESULTS Compared to the saline group, PDT significantly reduced bacterial counts in the root canal (p < 0.05). The CFU counts were lowest (p < 0.05) in the 1% NaClO and in 1% NaClO + PDT groups. The rate of bacterial death on the surface of the biofilm in the PDT group was significantly increased after treatment (p < 0.05), and the rate of bacterial death was highest in 1%NaClO group and 1%NaClO + PDT group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION PDT has an antibacterial activity against E. faecalis in the root canal of deciduous teeth. Its activity against planktonic E. faecalis is better than the activity on the intact biofilm. The antibacterial activity of PDT on E. faecalis in root canals of deciduous teeth is lower compared to that of 1% NaClO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Li
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - WenChee Wong
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huacui Xiong
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Hachem CE, Chedid JCA, Nehme W, Kaloustian MK, Ghosn N, Sahnouni H, Mancino D, Haikel Y, Kharouf N. Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Conventional and Two Premixed Root Canal Filling Materials in Primary Teeth. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040177. [PMID: 36278646 PMCID: PMC9589963 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, some physicochemical and antibacterial properties of three root canal filling materials for primary teeth, Calplus “CP” (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA), Bio-C Pulpecto “Bio-CP” (Angelus, Basil, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil), and Zinc Oxide and Eugenol “ZOE” (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA) were compared. For each material, the pH, solubility, contact angle, and crystalline microstructure under SEM were evaluated. Their antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was determined through direct tests. The Kruskal−Wallis test was used to analyze the results using a one-way analysis of variance on ranks. All the materials had an alkaline pH at 3, 24, and 72 h, with CalPlus having the highest (p < 0.05). Bio-CP was more soluble during the evaluation period (24 h) than ZOE and CalPlus (p < 0.05). Bio-CP and ZOE demonstrated the creation of crystallite structures on their surfaces after immersion in PBS at 37 °C, whereas CalPlus showed none. The lowest contact angle was observed for Bio-CP (53 ± 1.5°); contact angles of (86 ± 4°) and (96 ± 1°), respectively, were observed after 10 s of the deposition of the water drop for CalPlus and ZOE. In conclusion, according to this study, there is still a need to develop new filling materials for primary teeth. ZOE, CalPlus and Bio-CP demonstrated different physicochemical and antibacterial properties, but none of the materials had optimal properties and could be considered the most suitable filling material for primary teeth pulpectomy. Bioceramics in their current state are not an alternative. The physicochemical and antibacterial properties still need improvement to fit the intricate anatomy of primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire El Hachem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Jean Claude Abou Chedid
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Walid Nehme
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, 155 5th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Marc Krikor Kaloustian
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Nabil Ghosn
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Hafsa Sahnouni
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-667522841
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Astorga J, Hernández M, Bravo D, Hoare A. Evaluation of PCR primers to identify Porphyromonas endodontalis in apical periodontitis clinical samples. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:652. [PMID: 36173466 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate whether two commonly used PCR primers are effective to identify P. endodontalis and discriminate from other prevalent black-pigmented bacteria in apical periodontitis (AP). Endodontic canal samples from patients with asymptomatic AP (n = 20) were collected and cultured in anaerobiosis. Two primer sets to detect P. endodontalis were selected from the literature and first analyzed for their specificity in silico; and then tested on clinical isolates in vitro and finally, in apical exudates ex vivo. The identity of P. endodontalis was verified by PCR and Sanger sequencing with universal primers for bacterial V3-V6 regions 16S rDNA. Only one primer set showed specificity only for P. endodontalis clones in silico and also was specific for P. endodontalis in vitro and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Astorga
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, 8380492, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, 8380492, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, 8380492, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Bravo
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Olivos 943, 8380492, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Hoare
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Olivos 943, 8380492, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.
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Chianca GC, Antunes LAA, Ornellas PO, Neves FPG, Póvoa HCC, Iorio NLPP. Virulence of Lactobacillus spp. misidentified as Enterococcus faecalis from children's carious dentine. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:21-28. [PMID: 34107230 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1934534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to search for Enterococcus faecalis in children's deep carious dentine and characterize their virulence traits.Material and Methods: Eight isolates from 15 carious molars identified by 16S rDNA species-specific PCR as E. faecalis were included. These eight isolates were subject to identification by MALDI-TOF and characterized regarding: (i) bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation on polystyrene and glass, with/without saliva, as single or dual-species (associated to Streptococcus mutans); (ii) environmental pH measurement before and after 24 h incubation; (iii) acidogenicity; (iv) gelatinase production; (v) macrophage adherence; and (vi) toxicity towards Caenorhabditis elegans. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA/Tukey or Fisher's exact tests.Results: All isolates initially identified as E. faecalis by PCR were correctly identified as Lactobacillus by MALDI-TOF, being designated as Lactobacillus misidentified as Enterococcus (LME). These isolates produced biofilm in the presence of saliva and in the dual-species assays. Bacterial aggregation was only observed in the dual-species model. After 24 h, environmental pH dropped from 7.5 to 4.5 for seven of eight isolates, and to 4.0 in all dual-species models. LME isolates were acidogenic, none of them produced gelatinase or adhered to macrophages, but all presented toxicity towards C. elegans.Conclusions: No E. faecalis were identified in the children's caries lesions. All LME isolates presented important virulence traits, including biofilm formation and high acidogenicity, which cause enamel demineralization, that might increase the risk of dental caries in children carrying LME. Thus, the correct identification and in-depth virulence characterization of microorganisms isolated from dental caries are important to understand the dynamics of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ceccon Chianca
- Department of Basic Science, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- Department of Specific Formation, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Oliveira Ornellas
- Department of Specific Formation, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Alberti A, Corbella S, Taschieri S, Francetti L, Fakhruddin KS, Samaranayake LP. Fungal species in endodontic infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255003. [PMID: 34293029 PMCID: PMC8297845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence of fungi, particularly Candida species in endodontic infections, albeit in relatively small numbers in comparison to its predominant anaerobic bacteriome. Here, we review the fungal biome of primary and secondary endodontic infections, with particular reference to the prevalence and behavior of Candida species. Meta-analysis of the available data from a total of 39 studies fitting the inclusion criteria, indicate the overall weighted mean prevalence (WMP) of fungal species in endodontic infections to be 9.11% (from a cumulative total of 2003 samples), with 9.0% in primary (n = 1341), and 9.3% in secondary infections (n = 662). Nevertheless, WMP for fungi in primary and secondary infections which were 6.3% and 7.5% for culture-based studies, increased to 12.5% and 16.0% in molecular studies, respectively. The most prevalent fungal species was Candida spp. The high heterogeneity in the reported fungal prevalence suggests the need for standardized sampling, and speciation methods. The advent of the new molecular biological analytical platforms, such as the next generation sequencing (NGS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), that enables identification and quantitation of a broad spectrum of hitherto unknown organisms in endodontic infections should radically alter our understanding of the endodontic mycobiome in the future. Candida spp. appear to be co-pathogens with bacteria in approximately one in ten patients with endodontic infections. Hence, clinicians should comprehend the importance and the role of fungi in endodontic infections and be cognizant of the need to eradicate both bacteria and fungi for successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Alberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Corbella
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luca Francetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
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Mann S, Park MS, Johnston TV, Ji GE, Hwang KT, Ku S. Oral probiotic activities and biosafety of Lactobacillus gasseri HHuMIN D. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:75. [PMID: 33757506 PMCID: PMC7986493 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus spp. have been researched worldwide and are used in probiotics, but due to difficulties with laboratory cultivation of and experimentation on oral microorganisms, there are few reports of Lactobacillus spp. being isolated from the oral cavity and tested against oral pathogens. This research sought to isolate and determine the safety and inhibitory capabilities of a Lactobacillus culture taken from the human body. Results One organism was isolated, named “L. gasseri HHuMIN D”, and evaluated for safety. A 5% dilution of L. gasseri HHuMIN D culture supernatant exhibited 88.8% inhibition against halitosis-producing anaerobic microorganisms and the organism itself exhibited powerful inhibitory effects on the growth of 11 oral bacteria. Hydrogen peroxide production reached 802 μmol/L after 12 h and gradually diminished until 24 h, it efficiently aggregated with P. catoniae and S. sanguinis, and it completely suppressed S. mutans-manufactured artificial dental plaque. L. gasseri HHuMIN D’s KB cell adhesion capacity was 4.41 cells per cell, and the cell adhesion of F. nucleatum and S. mutans diminished strongly in protection and displacement assays. Conclusion These results suggest that L. gasseri HHuMIN D is a safe, bioactive, lactobacterial food ingredient, starter culture, and/or probiotic microorganism for human oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyon Mann
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | | | - Tony V Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd, Hongcheon, 25117, Korea
| | - Keum Taek Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA.
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Mann S, Park MS, Johnston TV, Ji GE, Hwang KT, Ku S. Isolation, Characterization and Biosafety Evaluation of Lactobacillus Fermentum OK with Potential Oral Probiotic Properties. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1363-1386. [PMID: 33715113 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that certain probiotic bacteria have inhibitory effects against oral pathogens. Lactobacillus spp. have been studied and used as probiotics globally, but due to difficulties with laboratory cultivation and experimentation with oral microorganisms, there are few studies on Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the oral cavity being used against oral pathogens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biosafety and inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum OK as a potential oral biotherapeutic probiotic against oral pathogens. L. fermentum OK was evaluated based on microbial and genetic characteristics. A 5% dilution of L. fermentum OK culture supernatant showed that 60% inhibition against the growth of S. mutans and L. fermentum OK displayed significant inhibitory effects against the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus sanguinis. However, proliferation of L. fermentum OK, when co-cultured with harmful oral bacteria, was retarded. L. fermentum OK was shown to produce 1130 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide, aggregate efficiently with Streptococcus sobrinus, S. gordonii, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and P. gingivalis, and reduce S. mutans that produced artificial dental plaque by 97.9%. The in vitro cell adhesion capacity of L. fermentum OK to an oral epithelial cell line was 3.1 cells per cell and the cell adhesion of F. nucleatum and S. mutans decreased strongly in protection and displacement assays. L. fermentum OK was evaluated for safety using ammonia production, biogenic amine production, hemolytic property, mucin degradation testing, antibiotic susceptibility, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Based on this study, L. fermentum OK appears to be a safe and bioactive lactobacterial food ingredient, starter culture, and/or probiotic microorganism for human oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyon Mann
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | | | - Tony V Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd, Hongcheon, 25117, Korea
| | - Keum Taek Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA.
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Intracanal Medicaments against E. Faecalis Bacteria in Infected Primary Molars by Using Real-Time PCR: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Dent 2021; 2020:6669607. [PMID: 33414827 PMCID: PMC7769640 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6669607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide (CH) and triple antibiotic paste (TAP) against E. faecalis bacteria in infected primary molars. Methods and Materials Thirty-nine 4–6-year-old children with an infected primary molar were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 13) to receive either CH or TAP and an untreated control group. Following access cavity preparation, the first microbiological samples (S1) were collected by using absorbent paper points. The canals were prepared and rinsed. Then, CH or TAP was applied in the root canals. Seven days later, the second microbiological samples (S2) were collected. DNA extraction was performed to count E. faecalis bacteria by using real-time PCR for S1 and S2 samples. Data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results E. faecalis bacteria counts decreased significantly in CH and TAP groups compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference existed between these two groups (P=0.698). Conclusion Both TAP and CH have significant antimicrobial effects as intracanal medicament between the treatment sessions in infected primary teeth.
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Microbiological Analysis of Primary Infected Root Canals with Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis of Young Permanent Teeth. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background/Aim: Understanding the composition of bacteria in infected root canals is important for ameliorating the treatment strategies that lead to the elimination of pathogens and infection control, but also prevent reinfection. Aim of this study was to investigate microbial composition of primary infected root canals with apical periodontitis of young permanent teeth, originating form school children in Serbia, and its association with clinical symptoms.
Material and Methods: To determine the bacterial composition of infected root canals in children, 35 endodontic samples were obtained. The identification of cultured bacteria was performed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The presence or absence of clinical symtoms were recorded.
Results: Facultative anaerobes were 2,2 times more frequent than obligate anaerobes. The most common facultative anaerobes belonged to following genera, Streptococcus (58 isolates), Actinomyces (10) and Enterococcus (8), while predominant obligate anaerobes, belonged to genera Veillonella (15), Prevotella (9) and Fusobacterium (8). The most common clinical isolates recovered from infected root canals with symptomatic apical periodontitis were Veillonella parvula (10) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (7), while from the asymptomatic ones, they were Streptococcus mitis/Streptococcus oralis (5). Prevalence of Parvimonas micra, Prevotella buccae and Streptococcus constellatus within the root canals might be associated to clinical symptoms.
Conclusions: Species of genera Streptococcus and Veillonella were the most common isolates from primary infected root canals with apical periodontitis in Serbian school children. Facultative anaerobes were predominant over obligate anaerobes. The prevalence of obligate anaerobes was much higher in symptomatic compared to asymptomatic root canal infections. No specific bacterial strain might be associated to a single examined clinical symptom (pain, tenderness to percussion or swelling), but majority of the strains are associated to all of the examined three symptoms.
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Salas-López EK, Casas-Flores S, López-Lozano NE, Layseca-Espinosa E, García-Sepúlveda CA, Niño-Moreno PD, Pozos-Guillén A. Analysis of bacterial communities of infected primary teeth in a Mexican population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e668-e674. [PMID: 32851984 PMCID: PMC7473434 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to describe the bacterial communities associated with pediatric patients with endodontic infections of temporal teeth by targeting the 16S rRNA gene using pyrosequencing.
Material and Methods Microbiological samples were obtained from the lower primary molars of thirteen 13 pediatric patients with dental infections. An aspiration method for microbiological sampling was used. The identification of microbiota employing the pyrosequencing method by targeting the 16S gene was performed.
Results Ribosomal 16S RNA gene sequences were amplified, obtaining a total of 16,182 sequences from 13 primary infected molars (13 different individuals) by pyrosequencing. Bacteroidetes phyla (35.15%) were the most abundant followed by Firmicutes (33.3%) and Fusobacteria (10.05%); the presence of specific pathogenic bacteria was determined as well.
Conclusions The infected root canal of primary teeth contains a high diversity of anaerobic bacteria, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria phyla were the most abundant; Prevotella and Streptococcus genera were the most prevalent. Key words:Pyrosequencing, deciduous teeth, oral bacterial microbiota, 16S rRNA, taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-K Salas-López
- Facultad de Estomatología Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Av. Dr. Manuel Nava #2, Zona Universitaria C.P. 78290, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México
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12
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Lemos SS, Cesar DE, ProcÓpio SW, Machado FC, Ribeiro LC, Ribeiro RA. Qualitative and quantitative molecular analysis of bacteria in root canals of primary teeth with pulp necrosis. Braz Oral Res 2020; 34:e093. [PMID: 32785473 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about bacterial diversity, such as the number of each species in the root canals of primary teeth, contributes to improving our effective management of infections of endodontic origin in primary teeth. This study made a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the bacteria in the root canals of primary teeth with necrotic pulp, using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Thirty-one primary teeth with pulp necrosis from 31 children were evaluated using the FISH technique, to detect the presence and density of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Streptococcus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Descriptive measures explained the data related to density, and Student's t-test assessed the differences among the densities of each bacterium, according to signs and symptoms. The bacterial density was paired and correlated. All bacteria tested were detected and identified in all the samples. The average number of bacterial individuals from each species ranged from 1.9 x 108 cells/mL (S. mutans) to 3.1 x 108 cells/mL (F. nucleatum) (p > 0.05). The sum of the mean counts of each bacterium represented almost 80% of the entire microbial community. Patients with pain had significantly more T. denticola, and those with edema showed a greater density of Streptococcus and P. nigrescens (p < 0.05). This study revealed that all 12 bacteria evaluated were found in all primary teeth with pulp necrosis. There was no predominance among the species studied; all species had a similar number of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salomão Lemos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Dionéia Evangelista Cesar
- Department of Ecology and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Stefânia Werneck ProcÓpio
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Campos Machado
- Department of Social and Child Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Ribeiro
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Almeida Ribeiro
- Department of Social and Child Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Prevalence of Bacteria of Genus Actinomyces in Persistent Extraradicular Lesions-Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020457. [PMID: 32046071 PMCID: PMC7074192 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomyces are anaerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria. They are associated with persistent extraradicular endodontic infections, with possible involvement of the soft tissues of the maxillofacial district. Many studies reported conflicting data on the presence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in endodontic infections. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to determine the real prevalence of such bacteria in primary and/or secondary endodontic infections and in cases of persistence with extraradicular involvement. This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA protocol. A search was carried out through the Scopus and PubMed databases of potentially eligible articles through the use of appropriate keywords. The literature research resulted in preliminary 2240 records which, after the elimination of overlaps and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to the inclusion of 46 articles focusing on three outcomes (primary outcome: number of teeth with the presence of a persistent extraradicular infection in which the presence of Actinomyces was ascertained; secondary outcome: number of teeth with endodontic infection in which the presence of Actinomyces was assessed; tertiary outcome: difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections). Results of the meta-analysis show how bacteria of the genus Actinomyces are present in primary and secondary intraradicular infections and in those with persistence with a prevalence (ratio between teeth with actinomyces and teeth with infection) ranging from 0.091 up to 0.130 depending on the subgroups analyzed.
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14
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Zhang W, Chen Y, Shi Q, Hou B, Yang Q. Identification of bacteria associated with periapical abscesses of primary teeth by sequence analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries. Microb Pathog 2019; 141:103954. [PMID: 31891793 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to detect the predominant bacteria in acute periapical abscesses of primary teeth using culture-independent molecular methods based on 16S ribosomal DNA cloning. METHODS Purulent material was collected from nine children diagnosed with abscesses of endodontic origin. DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene amplified with universal primer pairs 27F and 1492R. Amplified genes were cloned, sequenced by Applied Biosystems, and identified by comparison with known 16S rRNA gene sequences. RESULTS Bacterial DNA was present in all nine purulence samples. A total of 681 clones were classified into 8 phyla, 78 genera, and 125 species/phylotypes. The phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Spirochaetes. The most dominant genera were Streptococcus (13.3%), Fusobacterium (11.8%), Parvimonas (7.8%), Prevotella (6.7%), Sphingomonas (5.8%), and Hafnia (5.2%). Fusobacterium nucleatum (11.5%), Parvimonas micra (7.8%), Streptococcus intermedius (6.6%), Sphingomonas echinoides (5.3%), Hafnia alvei (5.2%), and Citrobacter freundii (4.9%) were the most common species/phylotypes. Among these species/phylotypes, F.nucleatum was the most prevalent (7/9). C. freundii, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, and H. alvei were seldom detected species in acute periapical abscesses but had relatively high abundance and prevalence. CONCLUSION Acute periapical abscesses are polymicrobial with certain prevalent bacteria, especially anaerobic bacterium. The most predominant and prevalent bacteria of acute periapical abscesses in children was F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University, School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University, School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University, School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Benxiang Hou
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University, School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiubo Yang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University, School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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15
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Rørslett Hardersen L, Enersen M, Kristoffersen AK, Ørstavik D, Sunde PT. Maintenance of the aseptic working field during endodontic treatment. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:502-507. [PMID: 31094270 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1606935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this clinical quality study was to determine whether the aseptic working field is maintained during the endodontic procedure. Materials and methods: Bacterial samples were collected from the rubber dam of 27 patients during endodontic treatment performed by postgraduate students at the Department of Endodontics, University of Oslo. A bacterial sample was first obtained immediately after disinfection of the working field (A), and the second sample was collected just before obturation or dressing with calcium hydroxide cement (B). Aerobic cultivation technique and PCR were used for detection of bacterial growth and species. Results: All samples were negative on culturing except in one case, which showed positive results with cultivation in both sample A and B. Specie detected with cultivation technique were Streptococcus mitis. With PCR technique, 6 samples in 5 patients (11%), showed positive results. Species detected with PCR technique were Bacteroidales spp. Propionibacterium spp., Bacteroidetes spp., Prevotella nigrescens, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Neisseria elongata, Alloprevotella tannerae, Capnocytophaga granulosa, Cardiobacterium hominis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus mitis. Conclusion: The present study showed that an aseptic working field was maintained throughout the endodontic procedure in 81% (22/27) of the cases after disinfection of the rubber dam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Rørslett Hardersen
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Enersen
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dag Ørstavik
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pia Titterud Sunde
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Loyola-Rodriguez JP, Franco-Miranda A, Loyola-Leyva A, Perez-Elizalde B, Contreras-Palma G, Sanchez-Adame O. Prevention of infective endocarditis and bacterial resistance to antibiotics: A brief review. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2019; 39:603-609. [PMID: 31464005 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this statement is to debate the recommendations of the American Heart Association (AHA) for the prevention of infective endocarditis through an antibiotic prophylaxis protocol and its relation with bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Since dental infections involve biofilms that include several bacterial species (Gram-negative and Gram-positive), it is essential, from the dental point of view, to consider the frequency, magnitude, and duration of bacteremia associated with active dental infections before applying antibiotic prophylaxis. The actual guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis should be revised according to recent evidence of bacterial resistance. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and moxifloxacin should be considered due to their effectiveness against bacteria associated with oral, GU, and GI infections and the low rates of antibiotic resistance associated with these antibiotics, instead of the actual protocol, which includes amoxicillin (2 g) or clindamycin (600 mg) administered an hour before the dental procedures. The breaking point to test the antibiotic bacterial resistance (ABR) had a wide range in the different studies that were analyzed, which could explain the widely varied ABR percentages reported for the various antibiotics used for antibiotic prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales y Bionanotecnología, Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
| | | | - Alejandra Loyola-Leyva
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomedicas Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Bulfrano Perez-Elizalde
- Medicina Translacional, Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
| | - Guillermo Contreras-Palma
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales y Bionanotecnología, Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
| | - Oscar Sanchez-Adame
- Medicina Translacional, Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
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Ramos TN, Borsanelli AC, Saraiva JR, Vaccari J, Schweitzer CM, Gaetti-Jardim Jr E, Dutra IS. Efficacy of virginiamycin for the control of periodontal disease in calves. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Periodontal diseases are multifactorial infectious processes caused by complexes of microorganisms, with damage to health, production, and animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of virginiamycin in the prevention and control of two early forms of periodontal disease: gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis. Ten weaned calves, aged four to six months, were permanently kept in a single lot under the same rotational grazing regime in a newly reformed area of Panicum maximum. Five of the calves were orally administered 340mg of virginiamycin (Virginiamycin Group) daily for a period of 18 weeks, while the remaining five calves (Control Group) remained under the same food management but did not receive virginiamycin. During this period, animals underwent 18 weekly evaluations regarding periodontal health, with monitoring and recording of clinical parameters of the eight deciduous incisor teeth on the labial and lingual faces. At approximately two-week intervals, nine collections of subgingival sulcus material from five sites of the four right incisor teeth of each animal were performed and subjected to microbiological evaluation using polymerase chain reaction with primers of 25 microorganisms considered potentially pathogenic. After 1440 periodontal clinical evaluations of incisor teeth of the 10 calves, a total of 395 episodes of gingivitis were recorded, of which 267 occurred in the Control Group and 128 in the Virginiamycin Group. Similarly, 89 episodes of necrotizing gingivitis were recorded; 58 in the Control Group and 31 in the Virginiamycin Group. Comparison of between-group means found significant differences for teeth with gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis (t test; p<0.05). The total number of teeth with gingivitis (p<0.01) and necrotizing gingivitis (p<0.01) in Control Group was significantly higher than that of gingivitis (p<0.01) and necrotizing gingivitis (p<0.05) in the Virginiamycin Group. There was a positive correlation between total occurrence of gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis in the Virginiamycin Group by Pearson’s test. Virginiamycin had a protective effect on treated animals compared with the Control Group (OR = 0.36: CI (95%) = 0.27-0.43). In the Control Group, Actinomyces israelli (4.74%), domain Archaea (1.58%), Eikenella corrodens (1.05%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (27.37%), class Mollicutes (5.26%); Porphyromonas endodontalis(5.26%); Porphyromonas gulae(0.53%), Prevotella buccae (6.32%), Prevotella loescheii (3.68%), Prevotella nigrescens (8.42%), Prevotella oralis (1.58%), Tannerella forsythia (0.53%), and Treponema denticola (4.21%) were detected at healthy sites, and gingivitis or necrotizing gingivitis samples. In the Virginiamycin Group, A. israelli (3.41%), domain Archaea (0.98%), F. nucleatum (9.27%), class Mollicutes(4.39%), P. endodontalis (4.39%), P. gulae (0.49%), P. buccae (8.29%), P. loescheii (6.83%), P. nigrescens (15.61%), P. oralis (1.46%), Selenomonas sputigena (0.49%), T. forsythia (0.49%), and T. denticola (2.44%) were detected. In conclusion, virginiamycin administered at a dosage of 340mg/animal/day significantly reduced the occurrence of gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis in cattle maintained on reformed pastures, and was revealed to have action against periodontal bacterial microbiota considered to be potentially pathogenic.
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Cuppini M, Zatta KC, Mestieri LB, Grecca FS, Leitune VCB, Guterres SS, Collares FM. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drug-delivery systems at endodontic reparative material: Synthesis and characterization. Dent Mater 2019; 35:457-467. [PMID: 30642636 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize an experimental endodontic paste. METHODS An experimental endodontic paste (EX) was characterized by its particle size, zeta potential, drug content and morphology. The powder of EX is composed of amoxicillin microspheres, calcium tungstate and α-tricalcium phosphate, mixed with an indomethacin nanocapsules suspension. Ultracal® (Ultradent), an iodoform-based paste (GP) and the EX were evaluated by its physical properties (flow, film thickness and radiopacity). The cytocompatibility was performed by MTT and SRB-colorimetric assays; the cell-migration was tested with scratch assay and cell-ability to remineralization with ALP and Alizarin Red S, with fibroblastic cell line. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the formation of inhibition zones and against planktonic bacteria. RESULTS The EX and UL flow achieved ISO6876 standard, and GP was lower than 17mm. All pastes achieved the film thickness required. Radiopacity was equivalent to 1.81±0.25mmAl for EX, which did not differ from GP group 1.39±0.33mmAl (p>0.05). The UL presented 3.04±0.33mmAl. The values for SRB showed better citocompatibility in comparison with MTT for all materials. The ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules demonstrated the remineralization potential for UL and EX. Cell migration showed continuous wound closure until complete cell healing, however, the EX accelerated the process (p<0.05). The EX showed the greatest inhibition zone (p<0.05) and was the only group with antibacterial activity against planktonic bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE The synthesized endodontic paste demonstrated reliable physical and biological properties and could be a promising material for periapical tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Cuppini
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Kelly Cristine Zatta
- Cosmetology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Letícia Boldrin Mestieri
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Cosmetology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil.
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Thimmegowda U, Thomas J, Bilichodmath S, Preethi N. Identification of Specific Anaerobic Bacteria in Endodontic Infections of Primary Teeth-A PCR Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 12:1-4. [PMID: 31496562 PMCID: PMC6710938 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Invasion of microorganisms and their multiplication in root canals (RCs) results in endodontic infections of primary teeth. Acute and chronic inflammation may be present in the periapical area and are based on the amount and virulence of microorganisms, especially anaerobic bacteria present in the RC. To identify microorganisms very precisely in endodontic infections, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used. Aim The aim of the present study is to identify the specific anaerobic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Actinomyces naeslundii in the RCs of primary teeth using real-time PCR. Methodology Fifteen subjects aged 3–8 years who had endodontic infections in primary molars were selected. The cases who had been selected did not receive any endodontic treatment and antibiotics within 3 months, and children with systemic diseases were not included. Sample collection Samples were taken by placing absorbent paper points into the largest canals of maxillary and mandibular molars for 60 seconds and are then transferred to a sterile Eppendorf tube with tris-hydochloride EDTA (TE) buffer. The samples were stored at −80°C. All samples were subjected to PCR analysis. Result The specific anaerobes detected in the samples were A. naeslundii (93.3%), Prevotella intermedia (53.3%), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (13.3%). Conclusion The results suggested a high bacterial diversity in the RCs of infected primary teeth. How to cite this article Thimmegowda U, Thomas J, et al. Identification of Specific Anaerobic Bacteria in Endodontic Infections of Primary Teeth—A PCR Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(1):1–4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umapathy Thimmegowda
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Joseph Thomas
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivaprasad Bilichodmath
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveena Preethi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Prevalence of Candida Species in Endodontic Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2018; 44:1616-1625.e9. [PMID: 30241680 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida in endodontic infections has been investigated in a large number of studies, but its role as an endodontic pathogen is still debatable. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of Candida species in root canal infections. METHODS Extensive literature research was performed in the most important electronic biomedical databases, and additional studies have been identified from references from relevant articles. Studies were critically appraised using a modified version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. RESULTS From 2225 unique records, 2118 were excluded on the basis of title and abstract. Of the remaining 107 studies, 50 were excluded after full-text review, and 57 were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The overall prevalence of Candida spp. in root canal infections was 8.20% (95% confidence interval, 5.56%-11.21%). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species. Significant heterogeneity among studies was observed (P < .001, I2 = 86.07%). Subgroup analyses revealed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. from African samples. All studies considered, a high or unclear risk of bias was prevalent regarding 6 out of the 8 items considered in the critical appraisal. CONCLUSIONS Candida spp. occurred in a small proportion of root canal infections. Further and better designed research is needed to investigate the real contribution of Candida spp. to the microbial ecology in infected root canals.
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de Lima BR, Nicoloso GF, Fatturi-Parolo CC, Ferreira MBC, Montagner F, Casagrande L. Prevotella
strains and lactamic resistance gene distribution in different oral environments of children with pulp necrosis. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1196-1204. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. R. de Lima
- Post-Graduate Program in Dental Clinics; Division of Pediatric Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - G. F. Nicoloso
- Post-Graduate Program in Dental Clinics; Division of Pediatric Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - C. C. Fatturi-Parolo
- Division of Cariology; Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - M. B. C. Ferreira
- Department of Farmacology; Institute of Basic Health Sciences; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - F. Montagner
- Post-Graduate Program in Dental Clinics; Division of Endodontics; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - L. Casagrande
- Post-Graduate Program in Dental Clinics; Division of Pediatric Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
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Sangalli J, Júnior EGJ, Bueno CRE, Jacinto RC, Sivieri-Araújo G, Filho JEG, Cintra LTÂ, Junior ED. Antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum associated with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2273-2279. [PMID: 29318387 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dentin specimens obtained from extracted bovine incisors were infected during 14 days with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and C. albicans ATCC 10231. The specimens were filled with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with the following vehicles: Psidium cattleianum ethanolic, Psidium cattleianum propylene glycolic, distilled water, and saline as control. After 24 h, 3, 7, and 14 days, the canals were irrigated with sterile saline and dried. Dentin samples were collected from the canals with burs of increasing diameters. To determine the number of colony-forming units (CFU), samples were inoculated onto BHI agar supplemented with yeast extract (0.5%), at 37 °C, for 48 h, in CO2 enriched atmosphere. Comparisons among the groups for the variation factors were performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Ethanolic and propylene glycolic extracts showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis (p < 0.01) when compared with distilled water. The ethanolic extract exhibited in 24 h the same antibacterial activity that propylene glycolic extract and distilled water after 7 and 14 days. For C. albicans, all were effective in reducing the number of CFU at all periods. CONCLUSION The P. cattleianum ethanolic extract presented the fastest and highest antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, significantly reducing the microbial load in 24 h. All medications were effective against C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The antibacterial potential of P. cattleianum and its biological compatibility associated with calcium hydroxide indicate promising applications in the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgiana Sangalli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Elerson Gaetti Jardim Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Imunology, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Emerenciano Bueno
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Rogério Castilho Jacinto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sivieri-Araújo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Ângelo Cintra
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Eloi Dezan Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil.
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Moradi F, Haghgoo R. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Nanosilver Solution, Sodium Hypochlorite and Normal Saline in Root Canal Irrigation of Primary Teeth. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:S227-S232. [PMID: 30294149 PMCID: PMC6169276 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_95_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacteria are the main etiological factors in the development of dentinal caries and its progression to pulpal and periapical disease. Enterococcus faecalis is the bacterial species most frequently recovered from the root-filled teeth. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of nanosilver (NS) solution as an endodontic irrigation solution of primary teeth against E. faecalis. Settings and Design: Thirty-six canals of primary teeth were selected for this ex vivo study. Methods and Materials: Thirty-six canals of primary teeth were prepared up to the file #35 and all of the specimens were sterilized. Then, root canals were inoculated with a suspension containing E. faecalis bacteria. The teeth were then randomly divided into three groups. Antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated immediately after dividing into groups by counting colony-forming units on brain heart infusion broth plates. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Welch, and Dunnett's T3 tests. Results: Sodium hypochlorite showed the highest antimicrobial effectiveness against E. faecalis and showed significant differences compared with normal saline and NS solution (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, solution of NS particles can be used as an alternative to other root canal irrigating solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farasat Moradi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roza Haghgoo
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Forghani M, Afshari E, Parisay I, Garajian R. Effect of a passive sonic irrigation system on elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from root canal systems of primary teeth, using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite: An in vitro evaluation. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2017; 11:177-182. [PMID: 29184634 PMCID: PMC5666218 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2017.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This in vitro study aimed to compare the antibacterial effect of
different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on elimination of Enterococcus faecalis
from root canal systems of primary teeth with or without a passive sonic
irrigation system (EndoActivator).
Methods. The root canals of 120
extracted single-rooted primary incisors were prepared using the crown-down
technique. The teeth were autoclaved and inoculated with E. faecalis.
The infected samples were then randomly divided into 6 experimental groups of
15 and positive and negative control groups as follows: group 1: 0.5% sodium
hypochlorite solution; group 2: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 3:
5% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 4: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution +
sonic activation; group 5: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution + sonic
activation; and group 6: 5% sodium hypochlorite solution + sonic activation.
Microbiological samples were collected before and after disinfection
procedures and the colony-forming units were counted. Statistical analyses
were performed using the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Duncan's tests in cases
of significant difference.
Results.
There were no significant differences between the
groups in any of the variables (concentration of antiseptic or use of
sonic irrigation system).
Conclusion.
Use of passive sonic irrigation systems in
endodontic treatment of single-rooted primary teeth is of no benefit compared
to regular needle irrigation. The results of this study also recommends use
of lower concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5%) for irrigation
of the root canal system rather than higher concentrations given
approximately equal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Forghani
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Endodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Afshari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Parisay
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Dental Materials Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Garajian
- Food Quality and Safety Research Center, Jahad Daneshgahi of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Bahrololoomi Z, Poursina F, Birang R, Foroughi E, Yousefshahi H. The Effect of Er:YAG Laser on Entroccocus faecalis Bacterium in the Pulpectomy of Anterior Primary Teeth. J Lasers Med Sci 2017; 8:166-171. [PMID: 29071021 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Successful root canal therapy depends on the complete elimination of microorganisms such as Entroccocus faecalis, which is impossible to achieve with the traditional methods. Lasers are recently introduced as a new method to solve the problem. The present study is planned and performed to examining the antibacterial effect of Er: YAG laser. Methods: Sixty extracted anterior primary teeth were prepared and sterilized. E. faecalis bacterium was cultured in canals. Samples were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was disinfected by NaOCl 5/25% and Er: YAG laser and the second group just by NaOCl 5/25%. Samples of canal contents were cultured and colony counts were calculated. The results were analyzed statistically by SPSS software and Mann Whitney test. Results: There was no significant difference between colony counts in both groups (P=0.142). But the number of colonies in the first group was lower than in the second group. Conclusion: Although, Er: YAG laser cannot completely eliminate E. faecalis bacterium, its simultaneous use with NaOCl decreases E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahrololoomi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Poursina
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Birang
- Periodontology Department, Dental Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elnaz Foroughi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hazhir Yousefshahi
- Students Research Center, Dental Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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26
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Cancio V, Carvalho Ferreira DD, Cavalcante FS, Rosado AS, Teixeira LM, Braga Oliveira Q, Barcelos R, Gleiser R, Santos HF, dos Santos KRN, Primo LG. Can the Enterococcus faecalis identified in the root canals of primary teeth be a cause of failure of endodontic treatment? Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:423-428. [PMID: 28580816 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1328742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the presence of Enterococcus faecalis in primary teeth with primary root canal infections and related to the possible failure of pulpectomy outcome after 36 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS Root canal samples were obtained from 25 out of 244 patients using the sterile paper cone method. The identification of E. faecalis was done with culture and molecular tests using species-specific 16S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After 36 months, the pulpectomy outcome was evaluated. RESULTS Enterococcus faecalis was found in five (20%) samples, and dental caries were the cause of primary infection in all of them. Pulpectomy outcome was evaluated only in teeth that completed the entire clinical protocol and were followed up to 36 months (n = 8). From these, 75% (n = 6) were successful and 25% (n = 2) failed. E. faecalis was present in 50% of both successful and failed cases. CONCLUSIONS Enterococcus faecalis was not related to the failure of endodontic treatment of primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Cancio
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculty of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University and Estacio de Sa University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sampaio Cavalcante
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Soares Rosado
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Martins Teixeira
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Queila Braga Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Barcelos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Nova Friburgo, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Gleiser
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fragoso Santos
- Center for Ecology and Socio-Environmental Development of Macaé (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia Regina Netto dos Santos
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laura Guimarães Primo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Ran S, Liu B, Gu S, Sun Z, Liang J. Analysis of the expression of NLRP3 and AIM2 in periapical lesions with apical periodontitis and microbial analysis outside the apical segment of teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 78:39-47. [PMID: 28193569 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the distribution and expression levels of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and the absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes in periapical lesions and to analyse the possible microbial stimuli outside of teeth. DESIGN The distribution of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in sixteen periapical lesions was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, the relative gene expression levels of NLRP3 and AIM2 in sixteen periapical lesions and three health periodontal tissue were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, forty-seven teeth without sinus tracts were obtained in the clinic and included in bacterial analysis using PCR. Then, the mRNA levels of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), NLRP3 and AIM2 in THP-1-derived macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Porphyromonas were also quantified by real-time PCR, and the IL-1β secretion level was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS NLRP3 and AIM2 were positively expressed in periapical lesions and were mainly distributed in inflammatory cells. Most of the samples that demonstrated up-regulation of NLRP3 mRNA also demonstrated up-regulation of caspase-1 mRNA. Microbial analysis revealed that Porphyromonas endodontalis was the most commonly detected species and was detected in 27 of 47 cases (57.4%), followed by Fusobacterium nucleatum (20/47, 42.6%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (19/47, 40.4%), Tannerella forsythia (19/47, 40.4%), Actinomyces sp. (17/47, 36.17%), Treponema denticola (10/47,21.28%), Actinomyces israelii (9/47,19.15%), Prevotella intermedia (6/47, 12.77%), Enterococcus faecalis (1/47,2.13%) and Enterococcus faecium (0/47,0). Furthermore, we found that LPS of P. gingivalis induced THP-1 cells to produce IL-1β and to activate NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the NLRP3 and AIM2 proteins play a part in the pathogenesis of periapical periodontitis. Anaerobes, such as P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and T. forsythia, were the main detected microbial stimuli that might activate inflammasomes in periapical tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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28
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Persoon IF, Crielaard W, Özok AR. Prevalence and nature of fungi in root canal infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2017; 50:1055-1066. [PMID: 27987307 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of bacteria in causing apical periodontitis has been widely established, whilst the role of other microorganisms is studied less thoroughly. This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed the literature for the prevalence and diversity of fungi in root canal infections. An extensive literature search was carried out in the Cochrane databases, EMBASE, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and Web of Science. Additional studies were identified from six endodontic journals, four main endodontic textbooks and references of relevant papers. Selected clinical studies included sampling of necrotic pulps in permanent teeth and microbial analysis of these samples. Studies were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Checklist. Meta-analysis was performed using MetaXL. The screening of 1041 titles and abstracts and full-text reading yielded 54 studies. The overall prevalence of fungi in root canal infections was 7.5% (CI 95%: 3.6-11.8%) in the inverse variance fixed effect heterogeneity model. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species. Significant heterogeneity was observed (P < 0.001, I2 = 85.04%). Subgroup analyses based on geographical location, period of publication, type of infection, state of general health, communication with the oral cavity, type of sample and identification method revealed no factor influencing the prevalence. Better standardized techniques and a comprehensive analysis will reveal a more detailed and accurate representation of the prevalence and nature of fungi in root canal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Persoon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A R Özok
- Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Łysakowska ME, Ciebiada-Adamiec A, Sienkiewicz M, Sokołowski J, Banaszek K. The cultivable microbiota of primary and secondary infected root canals, their susceptibility to antibiotics and association with the signs and symptoms of infection. Int Endod J 2015; 49:422-30. [PMID: 26011084 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the presence of microbial species in primary and secondary infections and identify the signs and symptoms associated with them. METHODOLOGY A total number of 37 root canals from 33 patients undergoing root canal treatment were selected. Samples were taken using a sterile paper point following chemomechanical canal instrumentation. Microbiological identification was performed by macromorphological, micromorphological and commercial biochemical tests (ATB system). The antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolated Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium spp. was evaluated. RESULTS A total number of 54 species were isolated. The most common was E. faecalis followed by Propionibacterium acnes and Streptococcus spp. Five multidrug-resistant enterococcal strains were isolated. However, resistance to linezolid or glycopeptides was not found. Radiolucency was observed significantly more often in symptomatic infections (P = 0.0061) caused by Actinomyces spp. than in asymptomatic ones. CONCLUSIONS Enterococci and streptococci were the most commonly isolated bacteria from root canals. The resistance of enterococci to many antimicrobials may pose a problem in their eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Łysakowska
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Laboratory Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Ciebiada-Adamiec
- Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Center, Polish Mother's Memory Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Sienkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Sokołowski
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - K Banaszek
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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30
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Goztas Z, Onat H, Tosun G, Sener Y, Hadimli HH. Antimicrobial effect of ozonated water, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate in primary molar root canals. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:469-474. [PMID: 25512726 PMCID: PMC4253101 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the antimicrobial effect of ozonated water, ozonated water with ultrasonication, sodium hypochloride and chlorhexidine (CHX) in human primary root canals contaminated by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-eight extracted human primary molar teeth were used. Crowns were cut off using a diamond saw under water-cooling. One hundred roots were obtained and mechanically prepared. The roots were then sterilized by autoclaving in water for 15 min at 121°C. All samples were contaminated with E. faecalis for 24 h and the root canals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 20). Group I: 25 mg/L of Ozonated water (O3aq), Group II: 25 mg/L of O3aq with ultrasonication, Group III: 2.5% Sodium hypochloride (NaOCl), Group IV: 2% CHX and Group V: Positive control. The canal of each specimen was irrigated for 4 min and positive control was untreated. All root canals were agitated with sterile saline solution. The saline solution was collected from canals with sterile paper points. For each specimen, the paper points were transposed to eppendorf vials containing 2 ml of brain heart infusion. According to bacterial proliferation, the mean values of optical density were achieved by ELİSA (Biotek EL ×800, Absorbance Microplate Reader, ABD) and the data were analyzed. RESULTS NaOCI, CHX and two types of O3aq were found statistically different than positive control group. NaOCI irrigation was found significantly most effective. CONCLUSIONS NaOCl, CHX and O3aq applications provide antibacterial effect in vitro conditions in primary root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Goztas
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Halenur Onat
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Gul Tosun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Yagmur Sener
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkiye
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31
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Loyola-Rodriguez JP, Garcia-Cortes JO, Martinez-Martinez RE, Patiño-Marin N, Martinez-Castañon GA, Zavala-Alonso NV, Amano A. Molecular identification and antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from primary dentition infections. Aust Dent J 2014; 59:497-503. [PMID: 25091293 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a health problem in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria from dental infections and determine bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in dental care in the primary dentition. METHODS This cross-sectional study comprised 60 children who presented for dental treatment for active dental infections in the primary dentition. Samples from dental infections were collected and bacteria were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics was determined by colony forming units on agar plates containing amoxicillin, clindamycin and amoxillicin-clavulanic acid (A-CA) tested at 8 μg/ml or 16 μg/ml. RESULTS Clindamycin in both concentrations tested (8 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml) showed the highest bacterial resistance (85.9%), followed by amoxicillin (43.7%) and A-CA (12.0%). All comparisons among the three antibiotics used in the study exhibited statistical significance (p = <0.05) in both concentrations tested (8 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml), and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The most prevalent resistant species identified by PCR in primary dentition infections were: Streptococcus oralis and Prevotella intermedia (75.0%); Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis (48.3%); Streptococcus mutans (45.0%); Campylobacter rectus; and Streptococcus salivarius (40%). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that A-CA exhibited the lowest bacterial resistance for clinical isolates in primary dentition infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Loyola-Rodriguez
- Master's Degree in Dental Science Program with specialization in Advanced Education in General Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, Mexico
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32
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de Paula VAC, de Carvalho Ferreira D, Cavalcante FS, do Carmo FL, Rosado AS, Primo LG, dos Santos KRN. Clinical signs and bacterial communities of deciduous necrotic root canals detected by PCR-DGGE analysis: Research association. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:848-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Gomes GB, Sarkis-Onofre R, Bonow MLM, Etges A, Jacinto RC. An investigation of the presence of specific anaerobic species in necrotic primary teeth. Braz Oral Res 2013; 27:149-55. [PMID: 23538426 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242013000100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Different microbial identification methods have shown that the microbial community profiles in endodontic infections are diverse and assorted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of selected endodontic pathogens in the pulp chambers (PCs) and root canals (RCs) of infected primary teeth using PCR methods. Paired PC and RC samples were collected from 15 subjects and analyzed by PCR for the presence of Filifactor alocis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella tannerae, Tanerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Treponema socranskii. The frequency of each species was determined in the PC and RC of each case. The species most frequently detected in PCs were P. nigrescens (86.7%), P. gingivalis (73.3%), and F. alocis (73.3%). Of the PC samples, 13.3% contained P. micra and T. denticola, and 6.7% contained T. forsythia. The species most frequently detected in RCs were P. gingivalis (100%) and P. nigrescens (93.3%). P. tannerae, P. micra, and T. denticola were found in 40% of the RC samples; T. forsythia was found in 26.7% of the RC samples. The "red complex", which comprises P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia, was not found in the PC of any tooth but was found in 30% of the RC samples. The detection of P. nigrescens in the PC was statistically associated with the presence of P. nigrescens in the RC (p = 0.04). The results suggest high heterogeneity among the samples, even among those from the same subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genara Brum Gomes
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Univ Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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34
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Gondim JO, Avaca-Crusca JS, Valentini SR, Zanelli CF, Spolidorio DMP, Giro EMA. Effect of a calcium hydroxide/chlorhexidine paste as intracanal dressing in human primary teeth with necrotic pulp against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Paediatr Dent 2012; 22:116-24. [PMID: 21883559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2011.01174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracanal medication is important for endodontic treatment success as it eliminates microorganisms that persist after biomechanical preparation. Aim. To evaluate the effect of two intracanal medications against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis in the root canals of human primary teeth with necrotic pulp with and without furcal/periapical lesion, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). DESIGN Thirty-two teeth with necrotic pulp were used. Twelve teeth did not present lesion, and 20 teeth presented radiographically visible furca/periapical lesion. Microbiological samples were collected after coronal access and biomechanical preparation. The teeth were medicated with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with either polyethylene glycol or chlorhexidine. After 30days, the medication was removed and a third collection was performed. Microbiological samples were processed using qRT-PCR. Data were analysed by Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). RESULTS There was no significant difference in the microbiota present in the primary teeth with and without furcal/periapical lesion. Biomechanical preparation was effective in reducing the number of microorganisms (P<0.05). The intracanal medications had similar antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION The association of chlorhexidine with calcium hydroxide did not increase the antibacterial activity of the intracanal medication in the treatment of primary teeth with necrotic pulp with and without furcal/periapical lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O Gondim
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Tavares WLF, Neves de Brito LC, Teles RP, Massara MLA, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Teles FR. Microbiota of deciduous endodontic infections analysed by MDA and Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Int Endod J 2011; 44:225-35. [PMID: 21083570 PMCID: PMC3177302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the microbiota of endodontic infections in deciduous teeth by Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization after uniform amplification of DNA in samples by multiple displacement amplification (MDA). METHODOLOGY Forty samples from the root canal system of deciduous teeth exhibiting pulp necrosis with or without radiographically detectable periradicular/interradicular bone resorption were collected and 32 were analysed, with three individuals contributing two samples; these were MDA-amplified and analysed by Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for levels of 83 bacterial taxa. Two outcome measures were used: the percentage of teeth colonized by each species and the mean proportion of each bacterial taxon present across all samples. RESULTS The mean amount of DNA in the samples prior to amplification was 5.2 (±4.7) ng and 6.1 (±2.3) μg after MDA. The mean number of species detected per sample was 19 (±4) (range: 3-66) to the nearest whole number. The most prevalent taxa were Prevotella intermedia (96.9%), Neisseria mucosa (65.6%), Prevotella nigrescens (56.2%) and Tannerella forsythia (56.2%). Aggregatibacter (Haemophilus) aphrophilus and Helicobacter pylori were not detected. P. intermedia (10%), Prevotella tannerae (7%) and Prevotella nigrescens (4.3%) presented the highest mean proportions of the target species averaged across the positive samples. CONCLUSION Root canals of infected deciduous teeth had a diverse bacterial population. Prevotella sp. were commonly found with P. intermedia, Prevotella tannerae and Prevotella nigrescens amongst the most prominent species detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L F Tavares
- Federal University of Minas Gerais School of Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Endodontic photoactivated disinfection using a conventional light source: an in vitro and ex vivo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:634-41. [PMID: 20303060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial effect of photoactivated disinfection (PAD) using toluidine blue and an LED lamp was tested on endodontic pathogens in planktonic suspension and after inoculation into extracted teeth. Irradiation time was limited to 30 seconds. STUDY DESIGN The effect of PAD on planktonic suspensions of Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus intermedius was analyzed using Poisson regression. Moreover, cultures of S. intermedius were inoculated into prepared root canals of extracted molars. The effect of PAD performed immediately after inoculation or after overnight bacterial incubation was determined by a 2-sample t test. RESULTS Photoactivated disinfection yielded significant reductions (P < .001) in the viable counts of all organisms in planktonic suspension. The PAD treatment of S. intermedius in root canals yielded a mean log10 reduction of 2.60 (P < .001) immediately after inoculation and of 1.38 (P < .001) after overnight incubation. CONCLUSION Photoactivated disinfection using a conventional light source strongly reduces the number of viable endodontic pathogens in planktonic suspension and in root canals.
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Antibacterial efficacy of diode and Er:YAG laser irradiation in experimentally contaminated primary molar root canals. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2010; 34:43-8. [PMID: 19953808 DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.34.1.n4172034x4054336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vitro comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of Diode and Er:YAG laser irradiation with that of NaOCl irrigation in contaminated primary molar root canals. STUDY DESIGN 96 root canals prepared from 32 extracted primary molar teeth were mechanically enlarged and the teeth were randomly divided into 4 subgroups. The roots were inoculated with an overnight culture of Enterococcus faecalis in tryptic soy broth for 24 hours. The root canals irradiated with diode and Er:YAG laser and irrigated with NaOCl (5.25%) were experimental groups and untreated canals served as positive control group. Bacterial growth was analysed by counting viable E. faecalis on tryptic soy agar plates. RESULTS The number of bacteria was significantly reduced in experimental groups in comparison with the control group. Diode laser was determined to be more effective in reducing the number of bacteria when compared to Er:YAG laser NaOCl irrigation was found significantly most effective. CONCLUSIONS Diode laser irradiation and 5.25% NaOCl application provided a significant antibacterial effect in vitro, in contaminated primary molar root canals.
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