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Jülke EM, Fischer JP, Els-Heindl S, Bierer D, Flamme I, Köbberling J, Riedl B, Beck-Sickinger AG. Rational design of highly stabilized and selective adrenomedullin analogs. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3530. [PMID: 37423610 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone adrenomedullin (ADM) consists of 52 amino acids with a disulfide bond and an amidated C-terminus. Due to the vasodilatory and cardioprotective effects, the agonistic activity of the peptide on the adrenomedullin 1 receptor (AM1 R) is of high pharmacological interest. However, the wild-type peptide shows low metabolic stability leading to rapid degradation in the cardiovascular system. Previous work by our group has identified proteolytic cleavage sites and demonstrated stabilization of ADM by lipidation, cyclization, and N-methylation. Nevertheless, these ADM analogs showed reduced activity and subtype selectivity toward the closely related calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR). Here, we report on the rational development of ADM derivatives with increased proteolytic stability and high receptor selectivity. Stabilizing motifs, including lactamization and lipidation, were evaluated regarding AM1 R and CGRPR activation. Furthermore, the central DKDK motif of the peptide was replaced by oligoethylene glycol linkers. The modified peptides were synthesized by Fmoc/t-Bu solid-phase peptide synthesis and receptor activation of AM1 R and CGRPR was measured by cAMP reporter gene assay. Peptide stability was tested in human blood plasma and porcine liver homogenate and analyzed by RP-HPLC and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Combination of the favorable lactam, lipidation, ethylene glycol linker, and previously described disulfide mimetic resulted in highly stabilized analogs with a plasma half-life of more than 144 h. The compounds display excellent AM1 R activity and wild-type-like selectivity toward CGRPR. Additionally, dose-dependent vasodilatory effects of the ADM derivatives lasted for several hours in rodents. Thus, we successfully developed an ADM analog with long-term in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Jülke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Donald Bierer
- Division Pharmaceuticals, Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ingo Flamme
- Division Pharmaceuticals, Research & Early Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Johannes Köbberling
- Division Pharmaceuticals, Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bernd Riedl
- Division Pharmaceuticals, Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
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Savla C, Palmer AF. Structural Stability and Biophysical Properties of the Mega-Protein Erythrocruorin Are Regulated by Polyethylene Glycol Surface Coverage. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2081-2093. [PMID: 33821616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been designed for use as red blood cell (RBC) substitutes in transfusion medicine, ex vivo organ perfusion, oxygen delivery to hypoxic tissues, and a myriad of other applications. However, hemoglobin (Hb) derived from annelids (erythrocruorins [Ecs]) comprise a natural class of HBOC, since they are larger in size (30 nm in diameter) and contain more heme groups per molecule (144 heme groups) compared to human Hb (hHb; 5 nm in diameter and 4 heme groups). The larger size of Ec compared to hHb reduces tissue extravasation from the vascular space, thus, reducing vasoconstriction, systemic hypertension, and tissue oxidative injury when used as an RBC substitute. In addition, prior research has shown that Ecs possess slower auto-oxidation rates than hHb at physiological temperature, thus, making them attractive candidates for use as RBC substitutes. Unfortunately, it was also observed that Ecs have a much lower circulatory half-life in vivo compared to other HBOCs. Hence, conjugating polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the surface of Ec was proposed as a simple strategy to increase Ec circulatory half-life. Therefore, in order to inform future in vivo studies with PEGylated Ec, we decided to investigate the structural stability and biophysical properties of variable PEG surface coverage on Ec compared to native Ec. We observed an increase in PEG-Ec diameter and molecular weight (MW) and changes to the quaternary structure, secondary structure, and surface hydrophobicity after PEGylation. There was also an increase in oxygen binding affinity, reduction in oxygen offloading rate, and increase in auto-oxidation rate for increasing PEGylation ratios. Weak dissociation of Ec was also observed after dense PEGylation caused by steric repulsion of the conjugated PEG chains. Hence, we determined an optimum Ec PEGylation ratio that resulted in a substantial size and MW increase along with preservation of oxygen binding properties. In future studies, these materials will be tested in animal models to evaluate pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, tissue oxygenation, microcirculatory responses, and overall safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Savla
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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3
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Bi W, Xu W, Cheng L, Xue J, Wang Q, Yu F, Xia S, Wang Q, Li G, Qin C, Lu L, Su L, Jiang S. IgG Fc-binding motif-conjugated HIV-1 fusion inhibitor exhibits improved potency and in vivo half-life: Potential application in combination with broad neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008082. [PMID: 31805154 PMCID: PMC6894747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of conventional peptide drugs, such as the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide, is limited by their short half-life in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we developed a new strategy to extend the in vivo half-life of a short HIV-1 fusion inhibitory peptide, CP24, by fusing it with the human IgG Fc-binding peptide (IBP). The newly engineered peptide IBP-CP24 exhibited potent and broad anti-HIV-1 activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.2 to 173.7 nM for inhibiting a broad spectrum of HIV-1 strains with different subtypes and tropisms, including those resistant to enfuvirtide. Most importantly, its half-life in the plasma of rhesus monkeys was 46.1 h, about 26- and 14-fold longer than that of CP24 (t1/2 = 1.7 h) and enfuvirtide (t1/2 = 3 h), respectively. IBP-CP24 intravenously administered in rhesus monkeys could not induce significant IBP-CP24-specific antibody response and it showed no obvious in vitro or in vivo toxicity. In the prophylactic study, humanized mice pretreated with IBP-CP24 were protected from HIV-1 infection. As a therapeutic treatment, coadministration of IBP-CP24 and normal human IgG to humanized mice with chronic HIV-1 infection resulted in a significant decrease of plasma viremia. Combining IBP-CP24 with a broad neutralizing antibody (bNAb) targeting CD4-binding site (CD4bs) in gp120 or a membrane proximal external region (MPER) in gp41 exhibited synergistic effect, resulting in significant dose-reduction of the bNAb and IBP-CP24. These results suggest that IBP-CP24 has the potential to be further developed as a new HIV-1 fusion inhibitor-based, long-acting anti-HIV drug that can be used alone or in combination with a bNAb for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Bi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guangming Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (LS); (SJ)
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LL); (LS); (SJ)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LL); (LS); (SJ)
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Adverse vacuolation in multiple tissues in cynomolgus monkeys following repeat-dose administration of a PEGylated protein. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:120-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Freches D, Rocks N, Patil HP, Perin F, Van Snick J, Vanbever R, Cataldo D. Preclinical evaluation of topically-administered PEGylated Fab' lung toxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100019. [PMID: 31517284 PMCID: PMC6733299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation is a promising approach to increase the residence time of antibody fragments in the lungs and sustain their therapeutic effects. However, concerns arise as to the potential pulmonary toxicity of antibody fragments conjugated to high molecular weight (HMW) polyethylene glycol (PEG), notably after repeated administrations, and the possibility of PEG accumulation in the lungs. The purpose of this proof-of-concept study is to give insights about the safety of lung administration of a Fab’ anti-IL17A antibody fragment conjugated to two-armed 40 kDa PEG (PEG40). The presence of the PEG40 moiety inside alveolar macrophages remained stable for at least 24 h after intratracheal administration of PEG40-Fab’ to mice. PEG40 was then progressively cleared from alveolar macrophages. Incubation of PEG40 alone with macrophages in vitro did not significantly harm macrophages and did not affect phagocytosis or the production of inflammatory markers. After acute or chronic administration of PEG40-Fab’ to mice, no signs of significant pulmonary toxicity or inflammatory cell accumulation were observed. A vacuolization of alveolar macrophages not associated with any inflammation was noticed when PEG40, PEG40-Fab’, or unPEGylated Fab’ were administered. To conclude this preliminary proof of concept study, acute or repeated pulmonary administrations of PEGylated Fab’ appear safe in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Freches
- Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Natacha Rocks
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Harshad P Patil
- Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Perin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jacques Van Snick
- Ludwig Cancer Research Ltd, Brussels Branch, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCLouvain, 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Cataldo
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Liege and CHU Liege, Liege, Belgium
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6
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Holm R, Schwiertz D, Weber B, Schultze J, Kuhn J, Koynov K, Lächelt U, Barz M. Multifunctional Cationic PeptoStars as siRNA Carrier: Influence of Architecture and Histidine Modification on Knockdown Potential. Macromol Biosci 2019; 20:e1900152. [PMID: 31430057 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference provides enormous potential for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer. Nevertheless, successful therapies based on siRNA require overcoming various challenges, such as poor pharmacokinetic characteristics of the small RNA molecule and inefficient cytosolic accumulation. In this respect, the development of functional siRNA carrier systems is a major task in biomedical research. To provide such a desired system, the synthesis of 3-arm and 6-arm PeptoStars is aimed for. The different branched polypept(o)idic architectures share a stealth-like polysarcosine corona for efficient shielding and a multifunctional polylysine core, which can be independently varied in size and functionality for siRNA complexation-, transport and intra cellular release. The special feature of star-like polypept(o)ides is in their uniform small size (<20 nm) and a core-shell structure, which implies a high stability and stealth-like properties and thus, they may combine long circulation times and a deep penetration of cancerous tissue. Initial toxicity and complement studies demonstrate well tolerated cationic PeptoStars with high complexation capability toward siRNA (N/P ratio up to 3:1), which can lead to potent RNAi for optimized systems. Here, the synthetic development of 3-arm and 6-arm polypept(o)idic star polymers, their modification with endosomolytic moieties, and first in vitro insights on RNA interference are reported on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Holm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Schwiertz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schultze
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Estep TN. Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and myocardial infarction. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:593-601. [PMID: 30849245 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1573181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of investigator diagnosed myocardial infarction (MI) is greater in patients treated with haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) than controls. Clinical trials and literature pertaining to possible HBOC toxicity mechanisms have been analyzed in order to identify possible reasons for this imbalance. MI diagnosis is hampered by potential interference of troponin assays by haemoglobin, haemolysis and bilirubin. Nevertheless, insofar as the reported incidence correlates with actual occurrence, there is a positive relationship between MI and HBOC dose and size. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that direct cardiac toxicity and coronary vasoconstriction are unlikely. More probable are detrimental intravascular interactions between HBOCs and components of the coagulation cascade, particularly dysfunctional endothelium. Elucidation of mechanisms is impeded by a lack of clinical data. Measurement of relevant biomarkers would be extremely useful in this regard and in improving patient selection criteria. Conduct of clinical trials in carefully selected patient populations after the development of improved protocols for MI diagnosis, along with concomitant biomarker data collection, is recommended.
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Irizarry Rovira AR, Bennet BM, Bolon B, Braendli-Baiocco A, Chandra S, Fleurance R, Garman R, Hutto D, Lane J, Romeike A, Sargeant A, Zimmerman B. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Histopathologic Evaluation in Safety Assessment Studies for PEGylated Pharmaceutical Products. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:616-635. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318791801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorless, intracytoplasmic vacuoles occur in multiple tissues in animals following repeated administration of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated molecules. The extent of vacuolation depends on physical characteristics and molecular backbone of the PEG and the dose, product, drug target/pharmacology, and duration of exposure. The collective experience gathered from multiple nonclinical toxicology studies of PEGylated biopharmaceuticals indicates that in general, PEG-related vacuolation is not associated with demonstrable cell and tissue damage or dysfunction and is reversible with sufficient duration of drug-free periods. Existing data are insufficient to predict whether nonclinical animal species differ in their sensitivity to develop PEG-associated vacuoles; however, recent data suggest that there may be species differences. Recent comprehensive reviews have addressed the basic challenges in developing PEGylated pharmaceutical products, including general reference to and description of PEG-associated tissue findings. These manuscripts have identified gaps in our current understanding of PEG-associated vacuolation, including the lack of a widely accepted standardized histological terminology and criteria to record and grade the severity of vacuolation as well as insufficient knowledge regarding the nature of the contents of these vacuoles. The goal of this article is to help address some of the gaps identified above by providing points to consider, including a pictorial review of PEG-associated microscopic findings, when evaluating and reporting the extent, severity, and significance (adversity or lack of adversity) of PEG-associated cytoplasmic vacuolation in safety assessment studies. [Box: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robert Garman
- Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Murrysville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Hutto
- Shire Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joan Lane
- Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Birke A, Ling J, Barz M. Polysarcosine-containing copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, self-assembly, and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Erak M, Bellmann-Sickert K, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide chemistry toolbox - Transforming natural peptides into peptide therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2759-2765. [PMID: 29395804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of solid phase peptide synthesis has released tremendous opportunities for using synthetic peptides in medicinal applications. In the last decades, peptide therapeutics became an emerging market in pharmaceutical industry. The need for synthetic strategies in order to improve peptidic properties, such as longer half-life, higher bioavailability, increased potency and efficiency is accordingly rising. In this mini-review, we present a toolbox of modifications in peptide chemistry for overcoming the main drawbacks during the transition from natural peptides to peptide therapeutics. Modifications at the level of the peptide backbone, amino acid side chains and higher orders of structures are described. Furthermore, we are discussing the future of peptide therapeutics development and their impact on the pharmaceutical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Erak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Comparison of the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:jfb8010011. [PMID: 28335469 PMCID: PMC5371884 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is an ideal material for use in the development of an oxygen carrier in view of its innate biological properties. However, the vascular retention of free Hb is too short to permit a full therapeutic effect because Hb is rapidly cleared from the kidney via glomerular filtration or from the liver via the haptogloblin-CD 163 pathway when free Hb is administered in the blood circulation. Attempts have been made to develop alternate acellular and cellular types of Hb based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), in which Hb is processed via various routes in order to regulate its pharmacokinetic properties. These HBOCs have been demonstrated to have superior pharmacokinetic properties including a longer half-life than the Hb molecule in preclinical and clinical trials. The present review summarizes and compares the pharmacokinetic properties of acellular and cellular type HBOCs that have been developed through different approaches, such as polymerization, PEGylation, cross-linking, and encapsulation.
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Zhu H, Chen Y, Yan FJ, Chen J, Tao XF, Ling J, Yang B, He QJ, Mao ZW. Polysarcosine brush stabilized gold nanorods for in vivo near-infrared photothermal tumor therapy. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:534-545. [PMID: 28027959 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are suitable candidates for photothermal therapy in vivo, because of their excellent ability to transfer near-infrared (NIR) light into heat. However, appropriate surface should be generated on AuNRs before their in vivo application because of the low colloidal stability in complicate biological environment and relatively strong toxicity compared to their pristine stabilizer cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. In the current study, polysarcosine (PS), a non-ionic hydrophilic polypeptoid whose structure is similar to polypeptides, bearing repeating units of natural α-amino acid, was used to stabilize AuNRs due to its excellent hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Polysarcosine with optimized molecular weight was synthesized and used to modify AuNRs by traditional ligand exchange. The grafting of PS on AuNRs was evidenced by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the alternation of surface zeta potential. The polysarcosine coated AuNRs (Au@PS) showed good stabilities in wide pH range and simulated physiological buffer with the ligand competition of dithiothreitol (DTT). The Au@PS NRs had neglectable cytotoxicity and showed efficient ablation of tumor cells in vitro. Moreover, Au@PS NRs had a longer circulation time in body that resulted in a higher accumulation in solid tumors after intravenous injection, compared to AuNRs capped with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Photothermal therapy in vivo demonstrated that the tumors were completely destroyed by single-time irradiation of NIR laser after one-time injection of the polysarcosine capped AuNRs. The Au@PS NRs did not cause obvious toxicity in vivo, suggesting promising potential in cancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In current study, polysarcosine (PS), a non-ionic hydrophilic polypeptoid whose structure is similar to polypeptides, bearing repeating units of natural α-amino acid, was used to stabilize AuNRs due to its excellent hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. The polysarcosine coated AuNRs (Au@PS) showed good stabilities in wide pH range and simulated physiological buffer. The Au@PS NRs had very low cytotoxicity and showed high efficacy for the ablation of cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, Au@PS NRs had a longer circulation time in blood that led to a higher accumulation in tumors after intravenous injection, compared to AuNRs capped with polyethylene glycol (PEG). In vivo photothermal therapy showed that tumors were completely cured without reoccurrence by one-time irradiation of NIR laser after a single injection of the polysarcosine modified AuNRs.
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Chen Y, Xu Z, Zhu D, Tao X, Gao Y, Zhu H, Mao Z, Ling J. Gold nanoparticles coated with polysarcosine brushes to enhance their colloidal stability and circulation time in vivo. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 483:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yu SM, Gonzalez-Moragas L, Milla M, Kolovou A, Santarella-Mellwig R, Schwab Y, Laromaine A, Roig A. Bio-identity and fate of albumin-coated SPIONs evaluated in cells and by the C. elegans model. Acta Biomater 2016; 43:348-357. [PMID: 27427227 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanoparticles which surface adsorb proteins in an uncontrolled and non-reproducible manner will have limited uses as nanomedicinal products. A promising approach to avoid nanoparticle non-specific interactions with proteins is to design bio-hybrids by purposely pre-forming a protein corona around the inorganic cores. Here, we investigate, in vitro and in vivo, the newly acquired bio-identity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) upon their functionalization with a pre-formed and well-defined bovine serum albumin (BSA) corona. Cellular uptake, intracellular particle distribution and cytotoxicity were studied in two cell lines: adherent and non-adherent cells. BSA decreases nanoparticle internalization in both cell lines and protects the iron core once they have been internalized. The physiological response to the nanoparticles is then in vivo evaluated by oral administration to Caenorhabditis elegans, which was selected as a model of a functional intestinal barrier. Nanoparticle biodistribution, at single particle resolution, is studied by transmission electron microscopy. The analysis reveals that the acidic intestinal environment partially digests uncoated SPIONs but does not affect BSA-coated ones. It also discloses that some particles could enter the nematode's enterocytes, likely by endocytosis which is a different pathway than the one described for the worm nutrients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Unravelling meaningful relationships between the physiological impact of engineered nanoparticles and their synthetic and biological identity is of vital importance when considering nanoparticles biomedical uses and when establishing their nanotoxicological profile. This study contributes to better comprehend the inorganic nanoparticles' behavior in real biological milieus. We synthesized a controlled pre-formed BSA protein corona on SPIONs to lower unspecific cell uptake and decrease nanoparticle fouling with other proteins. Such findings may be of relevance considering clinical translation and regulatory issues of inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, we have advanced in the validation of C. elegans as a simple animal model for assessing biological responses of engineering nanomaterials. The physiological response of BSA coated SPIONs was evaluated in vivo after their oral administration to C. elegans. Analyzing ultra-thin cross-sections of the worms by TEM with single-particle precision, we could track NP biodistribution along the digestive tract and determine unambiguously their translocation through biological barriers and cell membranes.
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15
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Immunogenicity of long-lasting recombinant factor VIII products. Cell Immunol 2016; 301:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Klinker K, Barz M. Polypept(o)ides: Hybrid Systems Based on Polypeptides and Polypeptoids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1943-57. [PMID: 26398770 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polypept(o)ides combine the multifunctionality and intrinsic stimuli-responsiveness of synthetic polypeptides with the "stealth"-like properties of the polypeptoid polysarcosine (poly(N-methyl glycine)). This class of block copolymers can be synthesized by sequential ring opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxy-anhydrides (NCAs) and correspondingly of the N-substituted glycine N-carboxyanhydride (NNCA). The resulting block copolymers are characterized by Poisson-like molecular weight distributions, full end group integrity, and dispersities below 1.2. While polysarcosine may be able to tackle the currently arising issues regarding the gold standard PEG, including storage diseases in vivo and immune responses, the polypeptidic block provides the functionalities for a specific task. Additionally, polypeptides are able to form secondary structure motives, e.g., α-helix or β-sheets, which can be used to direct self-assembly in solution. In this feature article, we review the relatively new field of polypept(o)ides with respect to synthesis, characterization, and first data on the application of block copolypept(o)ides in nanomedicine. The summarized data already indicates the great potential of polypept(o)ides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Klinker
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
PEGylation is the covalent conjugation of PEG to therapeutic molecules. Protein PEGylation is a clinically proven approach for extending the circulation half-life and reducing the immunogenicity of protein therapeutics. Most clinically used PEGylated proteins are heterogeneous mixtures of PEG positional isomers conjugated to different residues on the protein main chain. Current research is focused to reduce product heterogeneity and to preserve bioactivity. Recent advances and possible future directions in PEGylation are described in this review. So far protein PEGylation has yielded more than 10 marketed products and in view of the lack of equally successful alternatives to extend the circulation half-life of proteins, PEGylation will still play a major role in drug delivery for many years to come.
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A head-to-head comparison of poly(sarcosine) and poly(ethylene glycol) in peptidic, amphiphilic block copolymers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cocco E, Marrosu MG. Profile of PEGylated interferon beta in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:759-66. [PMID: 26056458 PMCID: PMC4431469 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s69123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several treatments are currently available for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Among them, interferon (IFN) beta remains a valid treatment approach because of its good benefit/risk profile. Due to the need for frequent administration (weekly, at a minimum), the use of IFN beta is limited by uncomfortable side effects that could reduce adherence to and persistence with the treatment. The use of subcutaneous polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated interferon beta-1a (PEG-IFN) has been proposed to offer a better combination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and therapy-related side effects. A 125 μg dose of PEG-IFN given every 2 or 4 weeks was tested in two Phase I studies and shown to be as safe and efficient as IFN beta-1a but with a longer half-life. A Phase III trial (ADVANCE) comparing 125 μg of PEG-IFN given every 2 or 4 weeks with placebo in 1,512 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis showed significant reductions in both the annualized relapse rate (ARR) and the occurrence of new or newly enlarged T2 brain lesions in both experimental groups versus placebo after the first year. Moreover, 38% fewer patients showed progression of disability (P=0.04) in the PEG-IFN groups. During the second year, the ARR was further reduced in the PEG-IFN 2-week treatment group (0.230 at 1 year versus 0.178 at 2 years) and was maintained in the 4-week treatment group. Patients who received immediate PEG-IFN treatment showed improved clinical efficacy (ARR, risk of relapse, 12-week disability progression) and magnetic resonance imaging parameters (new T2 and newly enlarging lesions, gadolinium-positive lesions) compared with those with delayed treatment. The effects were more evident with the 2-week dose for all endpoints considered. Furthermore, PEG-IFN was well tolerated, and no new safety concerns arose. In conclusion, PEG-IFN has good efficacy and a good safety profile. The available data support the use of PEG-IFN as a suitable therapeutic option in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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21
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Liebner R, Meyer M, Hey T, Winter G, Besheer A. Head to head comparison of the formulation and stability of concentrated solutions of HESylated versus PEGylated anakinra. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:515-26. [PMID: 25445200 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although PEGylation of biologics is currently the gold standard for half-life extension, the technology has a number of limitations, most importantly the non-biodegradability of PEG and the extremely high viscosity at high concentrations. HESylation is a promising alternative based on coupling to the biodegradable polymer hydroxyethyl starch (HES). In this study, we are comparing HESylation with PEGylation regarding the effect on the protein's physicochemical properties, as well as on formulation at high concentrations, where protein stability and viscosity can be compromised. For this purpose, the model protein anakinra is coupled to HES or PEG by reductive amination. Results show that coupling of HES or PEG had practically no effect on the protein's secondary structure, and that it reduced protein affinity by one order of magnitude, with HESylated anakinra more affine than the PEGylated protein. The viscosity of HESylated anakinra at protein concentrations up to 75 mg/mL was approximately 40% lower than that of PEG-anakinra. Both conjugates increased the apparent melting temperature of anakinra in concentrated solutions. Finally, HESylated anakinra was superior to PEG-anakinra regarding monomer recovery after 8 weeks of storage at 40°C. These results show that HESylating anakinra offers formulation advantages compared with PEGylation, especially for concentrated protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Liebner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
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22
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Liebner R, Mathaes R, Meyer M, Hey T, Winter G, Besheer A. Protein HESylation for half-life extension: Synthesis, characterization and pharmacokinetics of HESylated anakinra. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:378-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Challenges for PEGylated Proteins and Alternative Half-Life Extension Technologies Based on Biodegradable Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1135.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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24
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Rudmann DG, Alston JT, Hanson JC, Heidel S. High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Glycol Cellular Distribution and PEG-associated Cytoplasmic Vacuolation Is Molecular Weight Dependent and Does Not Require Conjugation to Proteins. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:970-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312474726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of therapeutic proteins with high molecular weight polyethylene glycols (HMW PEGs) is used to extend the half-life of biologics. To evaluate the effects of HMW PEGs in animals, we used an immunohistochemical procedure to study the tissue distribution and toxicity of unconjugated HMW PEGs in rats given 100 mg/kg 10KPEG, 20KPEG, or 40KPEG intravenously. Both the PEG cellular distribution and the histology were different between groups. In 10KPEG and 20KPEG groups, PEG immunoreactivity was most prominent in the renal tubule epithelium and in alveolar macrophages and hepatic Kupffer cells and cellular vacuolation was absent. In contrast, rats given 40KPEG had strong PEG immunoreactivity in splenic subcapsular red pulp macrophages, renal interstitial macrophages, and choroid plexus epithelial cells that was frequently associated with cytoplasmic vacuolation. While the vacuolation appeared to be an adaptive response, there was focal renal tubular epithelial degeneration associated with strong PEG immunoreactivity in one rat given 40KPEG. These data indicate that both the tissue distribution and the vacuolation observed with unconjugated HMW PEGs are markedly influenced by the molecular weight of the PEG and that when vacuolation is observed it is likely an adaptive change that is associated with PEG cytoplasmic immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Rudmann
- Translational Sciences and Investigative Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James T. Alston
- Translational Sciences and Investigative Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Hanson
- Translational Sciences and Investigative Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shawn Heidel
- Preclinical Services, Covance Inc., Greenfield, Indiana, USA
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25
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Reuss R. PEGylated interferon beta-1a in the treatment of multiple sclerosis - an update. Biologics 2013; 7:131-8. [PMID: 23807836 PMCID: PMC3686537 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s29948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current standard immunomodulatory therapy with interferons (IFNs) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits proven, but limited, efficacy and increased side effects due to the need of frequent application of the drug. Therefore, there is a need for more effective and tolerable drugs. Due to their small size, optimization of therapy with IFNs in MS by PEGylation is feasible. PEGylation of an IFN means that at least one molecule of polyethylene glycol (PEG) is covalently added. This modification is a standard procedure to increase the stability, solubility, half-life, and efficacy of a drug, and is applied in several drugs and diseases. Currently, a therapy regimen applying PEG-IFN beta-1a in MS is being developed to achieve an optimized relationship between therapy-related side effects and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic efficacy. Phase I studies demonstrated that subcutaneous PEG-IFN beta-1a at a dose of 125 μg every 2 or 4 weeks might be at least as efficient and safe as the current standard therapy with IFN beta-1a. A global Phase III clinical study is investigating the efficacy of PEG-IFN beta-1a in terms of reduction of the relapse rate in relapsing-remitting MS patients. The latest primary safety and efficacy analysis after 1 year has revealed a favorable risk-benefit profile with no significant difference between dosing regimens. Compared to placebo, the annualized relapse rate was reduced by about one-third and new or newly enlarging T2 brain lesions were reduced by about one-third when dosing every 4 weeks or by two-thirds when dosing every 2 weeks. This presents a significant effect of the dosing interval, favoring administration every 2 weeks. Chronic administration of PEGylated proteins mostly at toxic concentrations causes vacuolation of renal epithelium in animals, which - along with the issue of occurrence of anti-PEG antibodies - has to be addressed by Phase IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Reuss
- Department of Neurology, BKH Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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26
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Ananthakrishnan R, Li Q, O’Shea KM, Quadri N, Wang L, Abuchowski A, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. Carbon monoxide form of PEGylated hemoglobin protects myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic and normal mice. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 41:428-36. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2012.762370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Ivens IA, Baumann A, McDonald TA, Humphries TJ, Michaels LA, Mathew P. PEGylated therapeutic proteins for haemophilia treatment: a review for haemophilia caregivers. Haemophilia 2012; 19:11-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2012.02931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Ivens
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals; San Francisco; CA; USA
| | | | - T. A. McDonald
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals; San Francisco; CA; USA
| | | | - L. A. Michaels
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals; San Francisco; CA; USA
| | - P. Mathew
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals; San Francisco; CA; USA
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28
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Duncan R, Richardson SCW. Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking as gateways for nanomedicine delivery: opportunities and challenges. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2380-402. [PMID: 22844998 DOI: 10.1021/mp300293n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 40 nanomedicines are already in routine clinical use with a growing number following in preclinical and clinical development. The therapeutic objectives are often enhanced disease-specific targeting (with simultaneously reduced access to sites of toxicity) and, especially in the case of macromolecular biotech drugs, improving access to intracellular pharmacological target receptors. Successful navigation of the endocytic pathways is usually a prerequisite to achieve these goals. Thus a comprehensive understanding of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking pathways in both the target and bystander normal cell type(s) is essential to enable optimal nanomedicine design. It is becoming evident that endocytic pathways can become disregulated in disease and this, together with the potential changes induced during exposure to the nanocarrier itself, has the potential to significantly impact nanomedicine performance in terms of safety and efficacy. Here we overview the endomembrane trafficking pathways, discuss the methods used to determine and quantitate the intracellular fate of nanomedicines, and review the current status of lysosomotropic and endosomotropic delivery. Based on the lessons learned during more than 3 decades of clinical development, the need to use endocytosis-relevant clinical biomarkers to better select those patients most likely to benefit from nanomedicine therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Duncan
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Duncan
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab., Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Av. Autopista del Saler 16 E-46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rogerio Gaspar
- Nanomedicine & Drug Delivery Systems Group, iMed, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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30
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Klaus JA, Kibler KK, Abuchowski A, Koehler RC. Early treatment of transient focal cerebral ischemia with bovine PEGylated carboxy hemoglobin transfusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 38:223-9. [PMID: 20486873 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2010.488635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of transfusion of PEGylated hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) was evaluated in anesthetized rats subjected to 2 hours of focal cerebral ischemia and 1 day of reperfusion. PEG-Hb was stored in the carboxy state (PEG-COHb) to reduce autooxidation and increase the shelf life. Transfusion of 10 ml/kg of PEG-COHb at 20 minutes of ischemia did not alter arterial blood pressure or increase red cell flux in the ischemic core. Plasma hemoglobin increased to only 0.6 g/dL, yet infarct volume was markedly decreased and neurological deficits were improved. We conclude that early topload transfusion of PEG-COHb protects the brain from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Klaus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University/JHMI, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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31
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Li T, Jing X, Huang Y. Polymer/hemoglobin assemblies: biodegradable oxygen carriers for artificial red blood cells. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:865-75. [PMID: 21312333 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In routine clinical procedures, blood transfusion is now suffering from the defects of the blood products, like cross-matching, short storage time and virus infection. Various blood substitutes have been designed by researchers through continual efforts. With recent progress in nanotechnology, new types of artificial red blood cells with cellular structure are available. This article aims to describe some artificial red blood cells which encapsulate or conjugate hemoglobin molecules through various approaches, especially the nanoscale self-assembly technique, to mitigate the adverse effects of free hemoglobin molecules. These types of artificial red blood cell systems, which make use of biodegradable polymers as matrix materials, show advantages over the traditional types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers: research and reality towards an alternative to blood transfusions. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2010; 8 Suppl 3:s59-68. [PMID: 20606751 DOI: 10.2450/2010.010s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The safety and efficacy of protein therapeutics are limited by three interrelated pharmaceutical issues, in vitro and in vivo instability, immunogenicity and shorter half-lives. Novel drug modifications for overcoming these issues are under investigation and include covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polysialic acid, or glycolic acid, as well as developing new formulations containing nanoparticulate or colloidal systems (e.g., liposomes, polymeric microspheres, polymeric nanoparticles). Such strategies have the potential to develop as next generation protein therapeutics. This review includes a general discussion on these delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak S. Pisal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY14260, USA
| | - Matthew P. Kosloski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY14260, USA
| | - Sathy V. Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY14260, USA
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Li D, Hu T, Manjula BN, Acharya SA. Extension Arm Facilitated Pegylation of αα-Hemoglobin with Modifications Targeted Exclusively to Amino Groups: Functional and Structural Advantages of Free Cys-93(β) in the PEG-Hb Adduct. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2062-70. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Li
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Tao Hu
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Belur N. Manjula
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Seetharama A. Acharya
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Goertz O, Kirschner MH, Lilienfein H, Babilas P, Steinau HU, Andree C, Daigeler A, Stachon A, Homann H, Langer S. Effects of maleimide-polyethylene glycol-modified human hemoglobin (MP4) on tissue necrosis in SKH1-hr hairless mice. Eur J Med Res 2009; 14:123-9. [PMID: 19380283 PMCID: PMC3352061 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-14-3-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue hypoxia after blood loss, replantation and flap reperfusion remains a challenging task in surgery. Normovolemic hemodilution improves hemorheologic properties without increasing oxygen carrying capacity. Red blood cell transfusion is the current standard of treatment with its attendant risks. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of the chemically modified hemoglobin, MP4, to reduce skin flap necrosis and its effect on selected blood markers and kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue ischemia was induced in the ear of hairless mice (n=26). Hemodilution was performed by replacing one third of blood volume with the similar amount of MP4, dextran, or blood. The extent of non-perfused tissue was assessed by intravital fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Of all groups, MP4 showed the smallest area of no perfusion (in percentage of the ear +/- SEM: 16.3% +/- 2.4), the control group the largest (22.4% +/- 3.5). Leukocytes showed a significant increase in the MP4 and dextran group (from 8.7 to 13.6 respectively 15.4*109/l). On histology no changes of the kidneys could be observed. CONCLUSION MP4 causes an increase of leukocytes, improves the oxygen supply of the tissue and shows no evidence of renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Goertz
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Fluid resuscitation with artificial oxygen carriers in hemorrhaged rats: profiles of hemoglobin-vesicle degradation and hematopoiesis for 14 days. Shock 2009; 31:192-200. [PMID: 18520699 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31817d4066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified hemoglobin (Hb) vesicles (HbVs) are artificial oxygen carriers encapsulating a concentrated Hb solution in phospholipid vesicles. In our previous studies, HbV showed a sufficient resuscitative effect comparable to that of red blood cells in hemorrhagic shock animal models during several hours' observation. However, the profiles of the recovery, including hematopoiesis and elimination of HbV, remain unknown. This study conducted 14-day observations of Wistar rats after hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation with HbV suspended in recombinant human serum albumin. Shock was induced by 50% blood withdrawal from a femoral artery. The rats showed hypotension, metabolic acidosis, and hyperventilation. After 15 min, they received HbV or shed autologous blood through a femoral vein. Both groups showed rapid recovery of hemodynamic and blood gas parameters. No meaningful difference was found between groups. After decannulation and awakening, the rats were housed in cages. The reduced hematocrit of the HbV group returned to the original level in 7 days. Plasma enzyme levels were slightly higher in both groups at 1 day because of systemic reperfusion injury. Splenomegaly was considerable in the HbV group because of the HbV accumulation and extramedullar hematopoiesis, but it subsided within 14 days. Along with the HbV elimination in the spleen and liver, immunohistochemistry with anti-PEG antibody revealed that PEG-conjugated lipid had disappeared within 14 days. In conclusion, HbV showed a sufficient resuscitative effect comparable to that of red blood cell transfusion. Phagocytized HbV disappeared within 14 days. Elevated hematopoiesis contributed to complete hematocrit recovery within 7 days.
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37
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Hu D, Kluger R. Functional Cross-Linked Hemoglobin Bis-tetramers: Geometry and Cooperativity. Biochemistry 2008; 47:12551-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bi801452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Hu
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Ronald Kluger
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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Cell-free oxygen carriers: scientific foundations, clinical development, and new directions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1382-6. [PMID: 18555029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The most significant hurdle to the development of a safe and effective hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier ("blood substitute") is generally thought to be its propensity to cause vasoconstriction in the microcirculation and hypertension. Two theories for this effect are currently being studied: in one, scavenging NO by hemoglobin reduces vasorelaxation; in the other, cell-free hemoglobin oversupplies O2 (a known vasoconstrictor) to vascular walls by facilitated diffusion. While both mechanisms might lead to reduction of local NO concentration, the important distinction between the two is that if the NO scavenging theory is correct, it greatly diminishes the prospects to develop any solution based on free hemoglobin. However, if the O2-oversupply theory is correct, modifications to the hemoglobin molecule can be envisioned that can prevent oversupply and reduce toxicity. This review summarizes the development of Hemospan, a novel modification of human hemoglobin whose design is based on the O2-oversupply theory. Because of its low P50 and increased molecular size, the release of O2 in resistance vessels (arterioles) by Hemospan is restricted, and vasoconstriction is greatly reduced.
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Young MA, Riddez L, Kjellström BT, Winslow RM. Effect of Maleimide-Polyethylene Glycol Hemoglobin (MP4) on Hemodynamics and Acid-Base Status After Uncontrolled Hemorrhage in Anesthetized Swine: Comparison With Crystalloid and Blood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 63:1234-44. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31815bd7b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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VANDEGRIFF KIMD, YOUNG MARKA, KEIPERT PETERE, WINSLOW ROBERTM. The safety profile of Hemospan®: a new oxygen therapeutic designed using maleimide poly(ethylene) glycol conjugation to human hemoglobin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1778-428x.2007.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Intaglietta M. Modulation of perfusion and oxygenation by red blood cell oxygen affinity during acute anemia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:354-61. [PMID: 17884988 PMCID: PMC2258455 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0292oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to exchange transfusion using red blood cells (RBCs) with modified hemoglobin (Hb) oxygen (O(2)) affinity were studied in the hamster window chamber model during acute anemia to determine its role on microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation. Allosteric effectors were introduced in the RBCs by electroporation. Inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5HMF) were used to decrease and increase Hb-O(2) affinity. In vitro P50s (partial pressure of O(2) at 50% Hb saturation) were modified to 10, 25, 45, and 50 mm Hg (normal P50 is 32 mm Hg). Allosteric effectors also decreased the Hill coefficient. Anemic condition was induced by isovolemic hemodilution exchanges using 6% dextran 70 kD to 18% hematocrit (Hct). Modified RBCs (at 18% Hct in 5% albumin solution) were infused by exchange transfusion of 35% of blood volume. Systemic parameters, microvascular perfusion, capillary perfusion (functional capillary density, FCD), and microvascular Po(2) levels were measured. RBcs with P50 of 45 mm Hg increased tissue Po(2) and decreased O(2) delivery (Do(2)) and extraction (Vo(2)) and RBCs with P50 of 60 mmHg reduced FCD, microvascular flow, tissue Po(2), Do(2) and Vo(2). Erythrocytes with increased Hb-O(2) affinity maintained hemodynamic conditions, Do(2) and decreased tissue Po(2). This study shows that in an anemic condition, maximal tissue Po(2) does not correspond to maximal Do(2) and Vo(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cabrales
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, 505 Coast Boulevard South, Suite #405, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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