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Novel imino-thiazoloquinoxaline derivatives against renal cell carcinoma: less radiation-damaging approach. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most fatal tumor in the urinary system. Resistance development and unmet effective responses, request new anticancer agents with better therapeutic index. Ten new imino-thiazolo-quinoxaline derivatives (5a-j) were synthesized and preliminary evaluated for downregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) activity taking sorafenib as a reference drug. Compounds 5d & 5h showed potent inhibition to VEGFR-2 activity at IC50 89.35 nM & 60.64 nM, respectively, then they both were further evaluated in-vitro against urinary bladder cancer cell line T-24 taking sorafenib as a reference drug. Compound 5h displayed nearly anticancer activity to sorafenib against T-24 cell line in all concentrations tested except at concentration 10 µM where it highly suppressed cell viability to 6.71 % compared to 15.15% of sorafenib. Compound 5h was then evaluated for its ameliorative efect against radiation induced renal tissue injury. Assessment of pro-angiogenic (VEGFR-2), pro-fibrotic (transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)) and apoptotic (caspase-3) markers, as well as histopathological examinations were performed on kidney of irradiated mice. Results showed ability of compound 5h to downregulate VEGFR-2 activity and its cytotoxic effect against RCC, in addition to mitigation of radiation induced renal tissue injury. Ethyl imino-thiazoloquinoxaline carboxylate derivative 5h showed a potential cytotoxic activity against RCC and could be considered a promosing alleviative candidate when employed post radiotherapy regimen.
Graphical Abstract
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Wang J, Li X, Chang H, Si N. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics study on the treatment of renal fibrosis with persicae semen-carthami flos drug pair. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32946. [PMID: 36827014 PMCID: PMC11309690 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To use network pharmacology and bioinformatics technology to reveal the mechanism of persicae semen-carthami flos drug pair in the treatment of renal fibrosis (RF). Compounds in traditional Chinese medicine were obtained through the Herb database. Appropriate compounds and corresponding drug targets were screened out based on the 5 rules of Lipinski and pharmacokinetics. Screening of suitable disease miRNAs by microarray chips in the GEO database. Find differentially expressed genes by analyzing miRNAs. Protein-protein interaction analysis and enrichment analysis of therapeutic targets were performed using String database and Omicshare platform. Molecular docking via the DockThor platform. A total of 28 drug compounds and 228 drug targets were screened in this study. A total of 9 miRNAs and 6649 disease targets were obtained by GEO2R software analysis. Finally, 97 therapeutic targets were obtained. A total of 1124 Gene Ontology enrichment analysis results were obtained. Therapeutic targets play multiple roles in biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular organization. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that the persicae semen-carthami flos drug pair played a role in the treatment of RF mainly through calcium signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, cAMP signaling pathway, and other pathways. Molecular docking showed that the traditional Chinese medicine compounds had good binding ability to the target. Persicae semen and carthami flos play a role in the treatment of RF through multiple targets and multiple pathways. It provides ideas and references for follow-up research and new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Na Si
- Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Zhang Y, Zhu X, Huang X, Wei X, Zhao D, Jiang L, Zhao X, Du Y. Advances in Understanding the Effects of Erythropoietin on Renal Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:47. [PMID: 32154256 PMCID: PMC7046585 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common manifestation of the pathogenesis of end-stage renal disease that results from different types of renal insult, and is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main pathologic characteristics of renal fibrosis are renal interstitial fibroblast hyperplasia and the aberrant and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, pathologies that lead to the destruction of normal renal tubules and interstitial structures. However, the biological significance of fibrosis during the progression of CKD is not clear, and there are no approved clinical treatments for delaying or reversing renal fibrosis. Studies of the mechanism of renal fibrosis and of potential measures of prevention and treatment have focused on erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone best known as a regulator of red blood cell production. These recent studies have found that EPO may also provide efficient protection against renal fibrosis. Future therapeutic approaches using EPO offer new hope for patients with CKD. The aim of the present review is to briefly discuss the role of EPO in renal fibrosis, to identify its possible mechanisms in preventing renal fibrosis, and to provide novel ideas for the use of EPO in future treatments of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yujun Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Pallio G, Micali A, Benvenga S, Antonelli A, Marini HR, Puzzolo D, Macaione V, Trichilo V, Santoro G, Irrera N, Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Minutoli L. Myo-inositol in the protection from cadmium-induced toxicity in mice kidney: An emerging nutraceutical challenge. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110675. [PMID: 31306689 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) induces functional and morphological changes in kidney. Therefore, the effects of a natural nutraceutical antioxidant, myo-inositol (MI), were evaluated in mice kidneys after Cd challenge. Twenty-eight C57 BL/6 J mice were divided into these groups: 0.9% NaCl; MI (360 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 (2 mg/kg/day) plus vehicle; CdCl2 (2 mg/kg/day) plus MI (360 mg/kg/day). After 14 days, kidneys were processed for structural, biochemical and morphometric evaluation. Treatment with CdCl2 increased urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum and augmented tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Furthermore, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) immunoreactivity, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells number were significantly higher than control and MI groups. Glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were reduced and structural changes were evident. The treatment with MI significantly lowered urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, TNF-α and iNOS expression, MCP-1, KIM-1 and MIOX immunoreactivity and TUNEL positive cells number, increased GSH content and GPx activity and preserved kidney morphology. A protection of MI against Cd-induced damages in mice kidney was demonstrated, suggesting a strong antioxidant role of this nutraceutical against environmental Cd harmful effects on kidney lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Micali
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Herbert R Marini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Macaione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Trichilo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santoro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121, Messina, Italy
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Uchida M, Miyoshi T, Miyamoto Y. Pharmacological effects of a vitamin K 1 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) inhibitor, 3-acetyl-5-methyltetronic acid, on cisplatin-induced fibrosis in rats. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1507-1515. [PMID: 28717059 PMCID: PMC5627320 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used in the treatment of lymphomas and solid malignancies. However, its clinical usage is limited by its severe side effects in the kidneys. Glomerular and tubular
injuries in the kidneys commonly progress to interstitial fibrosis and, ultimately, the end stage of renal failure. We previously reported that 3-acetyl-5-methyltetronic acid (AMT) had inhibitory effects on rat renal vitamin
K1 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) in vitro and also suppressed mesangial cell proliferation and, consequently, the formation of fibrosis via the vitamin K-dependent activation of the growth
arrest-specific 6 (Gas6)/Axl pathway in anti-Thy-1 glomerulonephritis (Thy-1 GN) in rats. In the present study, we demonstrated that AMT alleviated the progression of renal fibrosis in CDDP-treated rats. The repeated intravenous
administration of AMT for 28 days dose-dependently suppressed increases in plasma urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine levels as well as creatinine clearance in CDDP-treated rats. Furthermore, the treatment suppressed the
expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive cells and ameliorated the extracellular matrix accumulation of collagen III, indicating an antifibrotic effect. In conclusion, our toxicological and histopathological results
demonstrated quantitatively the pharmacological inhibitory effects of AMT on the progression of renal fibrosis in CDDP-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Uchida
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Miyoshi
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyamoto
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Clinical Research Department, Toray Industries, Inc., 1-1, Nihonbashi-muromachi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8666, Japan
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Shahzad M, Small DM, Morais C, Wojcikowski K, Shabbir A, Gobe GC. Protection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in kidney epithelium by Angelica and Astragalus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:412-9. [PMID: 26719285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragalus membranaceus either alone or in combination with Angelica sinensis has been used traditionally for kidney disease in East Asia and China for thousands of years. Previous studies using in vivo animal models have shown the benefits of these medicinal herbs in kidney diseases that involve oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms by which these medicinal herbs protect kidney cells remain largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the mechanisms by which ethanol, methanol and aqueous crude extracts of roots of A. membranaceus and A. sinensis afford protection to human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells, using an in vitro model of oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of roots of A. membranaceus and A. sinensis were prepared by a three-solvent sequential process. HK2 human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells were treated with H2O2 alone (0.5mM) or in combination with different concentrations of extracts. Cell mitosis and death (microscopy) and cell viability (MTT assay) were compared. Western immunoblot was used to study expression of apoptosis-related proteins (pro-apoptotic Bax andanti-apoptotic Bcl-XL), and cell survival (NFκB subunits p65 and p50), pro-inflammatory (TNF-α) and protective (TGFβ1) proteins. RESULTS H2O2-induced oxidative stress significantly increased apoptosis and reduced cell survival; upregulated pro-apoptotic and down-regulated Bcl-XL; increased NFκB (p65, p50); increased TNFα and decreased TGFβ1. All changes indicated kidney damage and dysfunction. All were modulated by all extracts of both plant species, except for NFκB which was only modulated by extracts of A. membranaceus. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in a model of oxidative stress that might occur after nephrotoxicity, the plant extracts were protective via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - David M Small
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ken Wojcikowski
- Department of Natural and Complementary Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| | - Arham Shabbir
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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Elsherbiny NM, Eladl MA, Al-Gayyar MM. Renal protective effects of arjunolic acid in a cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model. Cytokine 2016; 77:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kim MG, Kim SC, Ko YS, Lee HY, Jo SK, Cho W. The Role of M2 Macrophages in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease following Acute Kidney Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143961. [PMID: 26630505 PMCID: PMC4667939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major risk factor in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the mechanisms linking AKI to CKD remain unclear. We examined the alteration of macrophage phenotypes during an extended recovery period following ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and determine their roles in the development of fibrosis. Methods The left renal pedicle of mice was clamped for 40 min. To deplete monocyte/macrophage, liposome clodronate was injected or CD11b-DTR and CD11c-DTR transgenic mice were used. Results Throughout the phase of IRI recovery, M2-phenotype macrophages made up the predominant macrophage subset. On day 28, renal fibrosis was clearly shown with increased type IV collagen and TGF-β. The depletion of macrophages induced by the liposome clodronate injection improved renal fibrosis with a reduction of kidney IL-6, type IV collagen, and TGF-β levels. Additionally, the adoptive transfer of the M2c macrophages partially reversed the beneficial effect of macrophage depletion, whereas the adoptive transfer of the M1 macrophages did not. M2 macrophages isolated from the kidneys during the recovery phase expressed 2.5 fold higher levels of TGF-β than the M1 macrophages. The injection of the diphtheria toxin into CD11b or CD11c-DTR transgenic mice resulted in lesser depletion or no change in M2 macrophages and had little impact on renal fibrosis. Conclusion Although M2 macrophages are known to be indispensible for short-term recovery, they are thought to be main culprit in the development of renal fibrosis following IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Gyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyung Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Wonyong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
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Zhao XF, Liu YH, Han ZM, Xu YU. Effect of erythropoietin on the expression of dynamin-related protein-1 in rat renal interstitial fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2065-2071. [PMID: 26136937 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to observe the expression of dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1) in the renal interstitium in a rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). In addition, the renoprotective effect of erythropoietin in this model was investigated. A total of 81 rats were randomly assigned to sham surgery, UUO model and treatment groups. Following surgery, the rats in the treatment group were subcutaneously administered erythropoietin at a dose of 3,000 IU/kg once a week until the time of sacrifice. Rats in the sham surgery and UUO model groups were administered an identical volume of normal saline. In each group, nine rats were chosen randomly for sacrifice on days 7, 14 and 21 after surgery for histological examination of renal tissue. Renal tissue specimens were examined by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the expression of Drp-1 in the renal interstitium. Renal function damage, as evaluated by the measurement of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, was less severe in the treatment group compared with that in the model group at day 21 (P<0.01). Compared with the UUO model group, the renal interstitial injury score and fibrotic area of the treatment group were decreased markedly at the three time points (P<0.05). The expression level of Drp-1 in the treatment group was decreased markedly at the three time points compared with that in the model group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the expression of Drp-1 is increased in rat renal interstitial fibrosis, and erythropoietin may alleviate the degree of renal interstitial fibrosis by downregulating the expression of Drp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Ming Han
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Y U Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Gobe GC, Bennett NC, West M, Colditz P, Brown L, Vesey DA, Johnson DW. Increased progression to kidney fibrosis after erythropoietin is used as a treatment for acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F681-92. [PMID: 24402097 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00241.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) reduces acute kidney injury and improves function. We aimed to investigate whether progression to chronic kidney disease associated with acute injury was also reduced by rhEPO treatment, using in vivo and in vitro models. Rats were subjected to bilateral 40-min renal ischemia, and kidneys were studied at 4, 7, and 28 days postreperfusion for renal function, tubular injury and repair, inflammation, and fibrosis. Acute injury was modulated using rhEPO (1,000 or 5,000 IU/kg, intraperitoneally) at the time of reperfusion. Renal tubular epithelial cells or fibroblasts in culture were subjected to hypoxia or oxidative stress, with or without rhEPO (200 IU/ml), and fibrogenesis was studied. The results of the in vivo model confirmed functional and structural improvement with rhEPO at 4 days post-IR (P < 0.05). At 7 days post-IR, fibrosis and myofibroblast stimulation were increased with IR with and without rhEPO (P < 0.01). However, at 28 days post-IR, renal fibrosis and myofibroblast numbers were significantly greater with IR plus rhEPO (P < 0.01) compared with IR only. Mechanistically, rhEPO stimulated profibrotic transforming growth factor-β, oxidative stress (marker 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine), and phosphorylation of the signal transduction protein extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In vitro, rhEPO protected tubular epithelium from apoptosis but stimulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and also protected and activated fibroblasts, particularly with oxidative stress. In summary, although rhEPO was protective of renal function and structure in acute kidney injury, the supraphysiological dose needed for renoprotection contributed to fibrogenesis and stimulated chronic kidney disease in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, Univ. of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent St., Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia 4102..
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Gobe GC, Morais C, Vesey DA, Johnson DW. Use of high-dose erythropoietin for repair after injury: A comparison of outcomes in heart and kidney. J Nephropathol 2013; 2:154-65. [PMID: 24475445 DOI: 10.12860/jnp.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a need to define the exact benefits and contraindications of use of high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) for its non-hematopoietic function as a cytokine that enhances tissue repair after injury. This review compares the outcomes from use of EPO in the injured heart and kidney, two organs that are thought, traditionally, to have intrinsically-different repair mechanisms. EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONS Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar, Pubmed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO) and Web of Science have been searched. RESULTS Ongoing work by us on EPO protection of ischemia-reperfusion-injured kidneys indicated, first, that EPO acutely enhanced kidney repair via anti-apoptotic, pro-regenerative mechanisms, and second, that EPO may promote chronic fibrosis in the long term. Work by others on the ischaemia-injured heart has also indicated that EPO promotes repair. Although myocardial infarcts are made up mostly of necrotic tissue, many publications state EPO is anti-apoptotic in the heart, as well as promoting healing via cell differentiation and stimulation of granulation tissue. In the case of the heart, promotion of fibrosis may be advantageous where an infarct has destroyed a zone of cardiomyocytes, but if EPO stimulates progressive fibrosis in the heart, this may promote cardiac failure. CONCLUSIONS A major concern in relation to the use of EPO in a cytoprotective role is its stimulation of long-term inflammation and fibrosis. EPO usage for cytoprotection is undoubtedly advantageous, but it may need to be offset with an anti-inflammatory agent in some organs, like kidney and heart, where progression to chronic fibrosis after acute injury is often recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Park JS, Jo CH, Kim S, Kim GH. Acute and chronic effects of dietary sodium restriction on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in cisplatin-treated rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:592-602. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Small DM, Coombes JS, Bennett N, Johnson DW, Gobe GC. Oxidative stress, anti-oxidant therapies and chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2012; 17:311-21. [PMID: 22288610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common and serious problem that adversely affects human health, limits longevity and increases costs to health-care systems worldwide. Its increasing incidence cannot be fully explained by traditional risk factors. Oxidative stress is prevalent in CKD patients and is considered to be an important pathogenic mechanism. Oxidative stress develops from an imbalance between free radical production often increased through dysfunctional mitochondria formed with increasing age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammation, and reduced anti-oxidant defences. Perturbations in cellular oxidant handling influence downstream cellular signalling and, in the kidney, promote renal cell apoptosis and senescence, decreased regenerative ability of cells, and fibrosis. These factors have a stochastic deleterious effect on kidney function. The majority of studies investigating anti-oxidant treatments in CKD patients show a reduction in oxidative stress and many show improved renal function. Despite heterogeneity in the oxidative stress levels in the CKD population, there has been little effort to measure patient oxidative stress levels before the use of any anti-oxidants therapies to optimize outcome. This review describes the development of oxidative stress, how it can be measured, the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and the molecular pathways that are altered, the role of oxidative stress in CKD pathogenesis and an update on the amelioration of CKD using anti-oxidant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Small
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Sánchez-González PD, López-Hernández FJ, López-Novoa JM, Morales AI. An integrative view of the pathophysiological events leading to cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:803-21. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.602662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lin J, Hu FB, Mantzoros C, Curhan GC. Lipid and inflammatory biomarkers and kidney function decline in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2010; 53:263-7. [PMID: 19921505 PMCID: PMC2809803 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Potentially modifiable biomarkers may influence the decline in estimated GFR (eGFR), but few data are currently available in type 2 diabetic adults. METHODS We studied 516 women with type 2 diabetes in the Nurses' Health Study with data on lipid and inflammatory biomarkers from plasma collected in 1989 and plasma creatinine in samples collected in 1989 and 2000. An estimated GFR decline of >or=25% over 11 years was the outcome of interest. RESULTS Comparing the highest with the lowest quartile, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR-2) was independently associated with an eGFR decline of >or=25% (multivariate OR 5.81; 95% CI 2.90-11.65); this association was stronger in obese women (OR 16.76; 95% CI 4.69-59.90 for BMI >or=30 kg/m(2); OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.12-6.89 for BMI <30 kg/m(2); p for interaction = 0.02). No lipids (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, lipoprotein(a), or apolipoprotein B) or other markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, E-selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1, leptin or adiponectin) were significantly associated with eGFR decline after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Elevated sTNFR-2 levels may be an important and potentially modifiable risk factor for eGFR decline in type 2 diabetes, especially in those with a BMI of >or=30 kg/m(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- Renal Division, MRB-4, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kawai Y, Satoh T, Hibi D, Ohno Y, Kohda Y, Miura K, Gemba M. The Effect of Antioxidant on Development of Fibrosis by Cisplatin in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 111:433-9. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09185fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:729-35. [PMID: 18946335 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328317a234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wojcikowski K, Wohlmuth H, Johnson DW, Rolfe M, Gobe G. An in vitro investigation of herbs traditionally used for kidney and urinary system disorders: potential therapeutic and toxic effects. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008; 14:70-9. [PMID: 18808387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Renal fibrosis is central to progression of most chronic renal pathologies. Antioxidants that protect the tubular epithelium and anti-fibrotics that induce apoptosis of pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts without adversely affecting tubular epithelium may slow progression of renal fibrosis, while toxic substances may exacerbate renal scarring. We investigated 47 herbs for their in vitro toxic or antioxidant effects on normal renal mammalian fibroblasts (NRK49F) and tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E) to determine their potential value as therapeutic agents in renal fibrosis involving oxidative stress. METHODS Herbs were chosen because of their traditional use in kidney or urinary system disorders, or because of recent published interest in their therapeutic or toxic potential in kidney disease. Extracts of herbs were made using a sequential multi-solvent extraction process. Each extract was analysed separately. Extraction solvents were ethyl acetate, methanol and 50% aqueous methanol. Cells were treated with extracts with/without oxidative stress (1.0 mM hydrogen peroxide). Cellular changes (apoptosis, necrosis, mitosis, transdifferentiation) were identified and quantified using defined criteria. RESULTS All extracts of Dioscorea villosa showed significant toxicity to both cell lines. At low concentrations (5-50 microg/mL) they induced epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation, as demonstrated by increased immunohistochemistry staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-beta1 in treated versus control cells. Angelica sinensis, Centella asiatica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Scutellaria lateriflora, and Olea europaea demonstrated strong antioxidant effects in epithelial cells and/or apoptotic effects on fibroblasts. CONCLUSION This investigation has revealed renotoxicity of D. villosa and anti-fibrotic, oxidant potential of several herbal extracts, all of which require further study.
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