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Zanini F, Che X, Knutsen C, Liu M, Suresh NE, Domingo-Gonzalez R, Dou SH, Zhang D, Pryhuber GS, Jones RC, Quake SR, Cornfield DN, Alvira CM. Developmental diversity and unique sensitivity to injury of lung endothelial subtypes during postnatal growth. iScience 2023; 26:106097. [PMID: 36879800 PMCID: PMC9984561 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
At birth, the lung is still immature, heightening susceptibility to injury but enhancing regenerative capacity. Angiogenesis drives postnatal lung development. Therefore, we profiled the transcriptional ontogeny and sensitivity to injury of pulmonary endothelial cells (EC) during early postnatal life. Although subtype speciation was evident at birth, immature lung EC exhibited transcriptomes distinct from mature counterparts, which progressed dynamically over time. Gradual, temporal changes in aerocyte capillary EC (CAP2) contrasted with more marked alterations in general capillary EC (CAP1) phenotype, including distinct CAP1 present only in the early alveolar lung expressing Peg3, a paternally imprinted transcription factor. Hyperoxia, an injury that impairs angiogenesis induced both common and unique endothelial gene signatures, dysregulated capillary EC crosstalk, and suppressed CAP1 proliferation while stimulating venous EC proliferation. These data highlight the diversity, transcriptomic evolution, and pleiotropic responses to injury of immature lung EC, possessing broad implications for lung development and injury across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zanini
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xibing Che
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carsten Knutsen
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nina E. Suresh
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steve H. Dou
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gloria S. Pryhuber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Robert C. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David N. Cornfield
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cristina M. Alvira
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Mammoto T, Hunyenyiwa T, Kyi P, Hendee K, Matus K, Rao S, Lee SH, Tabima DM, Chesler NC, Mammoto A. Hydrostatic Pressure Controls Angiogenesis Through Endothelial YAP1 During Lung Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:823642. [PMID: 35252132 PMCID: PMC8896883 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.823642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery (PA) pressure increases during lung growth after unilateral pneumonectomy (PNX). Mechanosensitive transcriptional co-activator, yes-associated protein (YAP1), in endothelial cells (ECs) is necessary for angiogenesis during post-PNX lung growth. We investigate whether increases in PA pressure following PNX control-angiogenesis through YAP1. When hydrostatic pressure is applied to human pulmonary arterial ECs (HPAECs), the expression of YAP1, transcription factor TEAD1, and angiogenic factor receptor Tie2 increases, while these effects are inhibited when HPAECs are treated with YAP1 siRNA or YAP1S94A mutant that fails to bind to TEAD1. Hydrostatic pressure also stimulates DNA synthesis, cell migration, and EC sprouting in HPAECs, while YAP1 knockdown or YAP1S94A mutant inhibits the effects. Gene enrichment analysis reveals that the levels of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion, regeneration, or angiogenesis are altered in post-PNX mouse lung ECs, which interact with YAP1. Exosomes are known to promote tissue regeneration. Proteomics analysis reveals that exosomes isolated from conditioned media of post-PNX mouse lung ECs contain the higher levels of ECM and cell-adhesion proteins compared to those from sham-operated mouse lung ECs. Recruitment of host lung ECs and blood vessel formation are stimulated in the fibrin gel containing exosomes isolated from post-PNX mouse lung ECs or pressurized ECs, while YAP1 knockdown inhibits the effects. These results suggest that increases in PA pressure stimulate angiogenesis through YAP1 during regenerative lung growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tendai Hunyenyiwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Priscilla Kyi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kathryn Hendee
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kienna Matus
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sang H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Diana M. Tabima
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Naomi C. Chesler
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Akiko Mammoto,
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3
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Blanding WM, Gibney BC. Commentary: Engineering Organs: The Science of the Future, Remains in the Future. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 34:760-761. [PMID: 34004303 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2021.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walker M Blanding
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Barry C Gibney
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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4
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Ruaro B, Salton F, Braga L, Wade B, Confalonieri P, Volpe MC, Baratella E, Maiocchi S, Confalonieri M. The History and Mystery of Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells: Focus on Their Physiologic and Pathologic Role in Lung. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2566. [PMID: 33806395 PMCID: PMC7961977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are a key structure of the distal lung epithelium, where they exert their innate immune response and serve as progenitors of alveolar type I (ATI) cells, contributing to alveolar epithelial repair and regeneration. In the healthy lung, ATII cells coordinate the host defense mechanisms, not only generating a restrictive alveolar epithelial barrier, but also orchestrating host defense mechanisms and secreting surfactant proteins, which are important in lung protection against pathogen exposure. Moreover, surfactant proteins help to maintain homeostasis in the distal lung and reduce surface tension at the pulmonary air-liquid interface, thereby preventing atelectasis and reducing the work of breathing. ATII cells may also contribute to the fibroproliferative reaction by secreting growth factors and proinflammatory molecules after damage. Indeed, various acute and chronic diseases are associated with intensive inflammation. These include oedema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibrosis and numerous interstitial lung diseases, and are characterized by hyperplastic ATII cells which are considered an essential part of the epithelialization process and, consequently, wound healing. The aim of this review is that of revising the physiologic and pathologic role ATII cells play in pulmonary diseases, as, despite what has been learnt in the last few decades of research, the origin, phenotypic regulation and crosstalk of these cells still remain, in part, a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruaro
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Salton
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Luca Braga
- ICGEB, Area Science Park, Padriciano, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Barbara Wade
- City of Health and Science of Turin, Department of Science of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Paola Confalonieri
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Concetta Volpe
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Elisa Baratella
- Department of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Serena Maiocchi
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
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Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to the external environment and are therefore vulnerable to insults that can cause infection and injury. Maintaining the integrity and barrier function of the lung epithelium requires complex interactions of multiple cell lineages. Elucidating the cellular players and their regulation mechanisms provides fundamental information to deepen understanding about the responses and contributions of lung stem cells. This Review focuses on advances in our understanding of mammalian alveolar epithelial stem cell subpopulations and discusses insights about the regeneration-specific cell status of alveolar epithelial stem cells. We also consider how these advances can inform our understanding of post-injury lung repair processes and lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Mammoto T, Muyleart M, Mammoto A. Endothelial YAP1 in Regenerative Lung Growth through the Angiopoietin-Tie2 Pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:117-127. [PMID: 30156429 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0105oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood capillaries, plays a key role in organ development and regeneration. Inhibition of lung angiogenesis through the blockade of angiogenic signaling pathways impairs compensatory and regenerative lung growth after unilateral pneumonectomy (PNX). The Hippo signaling transducer, Yes-associated protein (YAP) 1 binds to TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD) and controls organ size and regeneration. However, the role of endothelial YAP1 in lung vascular and alveolar morphogenesis remains unclear. In this report, we demonstrate that knockdown of YAP1 in endothelial cells (ECs) decreases angiogenic factor receptor Tie2 expression, and inhibits EC sprouting and epithelial cell budding in vitro and vascular and alveolar morphogenesis in the gel implanted on the mouse lung. The expression levels of YAP1, TEAD1, and Tie2 increase in ECs isolated from the remaining mouse lungs after unilateral PNX and vascular formation is stimulated in the post-PNX mouse lungs. Knockdown of endothelial YAP1 inhibits compensatory lung growth and vascular and alveolar morphogenesis after unilateral PNX. These findings suggest that endothelial YAP1 is required for lung vascular and alveolar regeneration and modulation of YAP1 in ECs may be novel interventions for the improvement of lung regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Muyleart
- 1 Department of Radiology and.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Ng-Blichfeldt JP, Gosens R, Dean C, Griffiths M, Hind M. Regenerative pharmacology for COPD: breathing new life into old lungs. Thorax 2019; 74:890-897. [PMID: 30940772 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health concern with few effective treatments. Widespread destruction of alveolar tissue contributes to impaired gas exchange in severe COPD, and recent radiological evidence suggests that destruction of small airways is a major contributor to increased peripheral airway resistance in disease. This important finding might in part explain the failure of conventional anti-inflammatory treatments to restore lung function even in patients with mild disease. There is a clear need for alternative pharmacological strategies for patients with COPD/emphysema. Proposed regenerative strategies such as cell therapy and tissue engineering are hampered by poor availability of exogenous stem cells, discouraging trial results, and risks and cost associated with surgery. An alternative therapeutic approach is augmentation of lung regeneration and/or repair by biologically active factors, which have potential to be employed on a large scale. In favour of this strategy, the healthy adult lung is known to possess a remarkable endogenous regenerative capacity. Numerous preclinical studies have shown induction of regeneration in animal models of COPD/emphysema. Here, we argue that given the widespread and irreversible nature of COPD, serious consideration of regenerative pharmacology is necessary. However, for this approach to be feasible, a better understanding of the cell-specific molecular control of regeneration, the regenerative potential of the human lung and regenerative competencies of patients with COPD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomews Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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8
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Chung MI, Bujnis M, Barkauskas CE, Kobayashi Y, Hogan BLM. Niche-mediated BMP/SMAD signaling regulates lung alveolar stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Development 2018; 145:145/9/dev163014. [PMID: 29752282 PMCID: PMC5992594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, including antagonists, functions in lung development and regeneration of tracheal epithelium from basal stem cells. Here, we explore its role in the alveolar region, where type 2 epithelial cells (AT2s) and Pdgfrα+ type 2-associated stromal cells (TASCs) are components of the stem cell niche. We use organoids and in vivo alveolar regrowth after pneumonectomy (PNX) - a process that requires proliferation of AT2s and differentiation into type 1 cells (AT1s). BMP signaling is active in AT2s and TASCs, transiently declines post-PNX in association with upregulation of antagonists, and is restored during differentiation of AT2s to AT1s. In organoids, BMP4 inhibits AT2 proliferation, whereas antagonists (follistatin, noggin) promote AT2 self-renewal at the expense of differentiation. Gain- and loss-of-function genetic manipulation reveals that reduced BMP signaling in AT2s after PNX allows self-renewal but reduces differentiation; conversely, increased BMP signaling promotes AT1 formation. Constitutive BMP signaling in Pdgfrα+ cells reduces their AT2 support function, both after PNX and in organoid culture. Our data reveal multiple cell-type-specific roles for BMP signaling during alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Melissa Bujnis
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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9
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Developmental mechanisms and adult stem cells for therapeutic lung regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Shikuma K, Chen-Yoshikawa TF, Oguma T, Kubo T, Ohata K, Hamaji M, Kawaguchi A, Motoyama H, Hijiya K, Aoyama A, Matsumoto H, Muro S, Date H. Radiologic and Functional Analysis of Compensatory Lung Growth After Living-Donor Lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 105:909-914. [PMID: 29273322 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether compensatory lung growth occurs in adult humans is controversial. The aim of this study was to confirm compensatory lung growth by analyzing ipsilateral residual lung after lower lobectomy in living lung transplant donors with quantitative and qualitative computed tomography assessments. METHODS Chest computed tomography and pulmonary function tests were performed in 31 eligible donors before and 1 year after donor lobectomy. Ipsilateral residual lung volume was measured with three-dimensional computed tomography volumetry. The computed tomography-estimated volumes of low, middle, and high attenuations in the lung were calculated. Assessment of the D value, a coefficient of the cumulative size distribution of low-density area clusters, was performed to evaluate the structural quality of the residual lung. RESULTS Postoperative pulmonary function test values were significantly larger than preoperative estimated values. Although postoperative total volume, low attenuation volume, middle attenuation volume, and high attenuation volume of the ipsilateral residual lung were significantly larger than the preoperative volumes, with 50.2%, 50.0%, 41.5%, and 43.1% increase in the median values, respectively (all p < 0.0001), the differences in D values before and after donor lobectomy were not significant (p = 0.848). The total volume of ipsilateral residual lung was increased by more than 600 mL (50%). CONCLUSIONS The volume of ipsilateral residual lung increased, but its structural quality did not change before and after donor lobectomy. The existence of compensatory lung growth in adult humans was suggested by quantitative and qualitative computed tomography assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shikuma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Oguma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kubo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Ohata
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Hamaji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Section of Clinical Cooperation System, Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideki Motoyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hijiya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Aoyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo Muro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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11
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FOXF1 transcription factor promotes lung regeneration after partial pneumonectomy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10690. [PMID: 28878348 PMCID: PMC5587533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXF1, a member of the forkhead box family of transcription factors, has been previously shown to be critical for lung development, homeostasis, and injury responses. However, the role of FOXF1 in lung regeneration is unknown. Herein, we performed partial pneumonectomy, a model of lung regeneration, in mice lacking one Foxf1 allele in endothelial cells (PDGFb-iCre/Foxf1 fl/+ mice). Endothelial cell proliferation was significantly reduced in regenerating lungs from mice deficient for endothelial Foxf1. Decreased endothelial proliferation was associated with delayed lung regeneration as shown by reduced respiratory volume in Foxf1-deficient lungs. FACS-sorted endothelial cells isolated from regenerating PDGFb-iCre/Foxf1 fl/+ and control lungs were used for RNAseq analysis to identify FOXF1 target genes. Foxf1 deficiency altered expression of numerous genes including those regulating extracellular matrix remodeling (Timp3, Adamts9) and cell cycle progression (Cdkn1a, Cdkn2b, Cenpj, Tubb4a), which are critical for lung regeneration. Deletion of Foxf1 increased Timp3 mRNA and protein, decreasing MMP14 activity in regenerating lungs. ChIPseq analysis for FOXF1 and histone methylation marks identified DNA regulatory regions within the Cd44, Cdkn1a, and Cdkn2b genes, indicating they are direct FOXF1 targets. Thus FOXF1 stimulates lung regeneration following partial pneumonectomy via direct transcriptional regulation of genes critical for extracellular matrix remodeling and cell cycle progression.
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12
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Vijayaraj P, Gomperts BN. The aCCR(2)ual of M2 Macrophages Provides Some Breathing Room. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Fan Z, Miao Y, Qu Q, Xiao S, Wang J, Du L, Liu B, Hu Z. Unlocking the vital role of host cells in hair follicle reconstruction by semi-permeable capsules. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179279. [PMID: 28614369 PMCID: PMC5470686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ regeneration is becoming a promising choice for many patients; however, many details about the mechanisms underlying organ regeneration remain unknown. As regenerative organs, hair follicles offer a good model to study the mechanisms associated with regenerative medicine. The relevant studies have mainly focused on donor cells, and there are no systematic studies involving the effect of host factors on hair follicle reconstruction. Thus, we intend to explore the effect of host cells on hair follicle reconstruction. Epidermal and dermal cells from red fluorescent protein (RFP) transgenic newborn mice were injected into green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. In addition, we wrapped the mixed dermal and epidermal cells from GFP transgenic and RFP transgenic mice by the Cell-in-a-Box kit to form "capsules," so that the cells within would be isolated from host cells. These capsules were cultured in vitro and transplanted in vivo. Fully developed reconstructed hair follicles were observed after the injection of mixed cells. These reconstructed follicles mainly consisted of donor cells, as well as a small number of host cells. The encapsulated cells gradually aggregated into cell spheres in vitro without apparent differentiation towards hair follicles. With respect to the transplanted capsules, concentric circle structures were observed, but no hair follicles or hair shafts formed. When the concentric circle structures were transplanted in vivo, mature hair follicles were observed 30 days later. Host cells were found in the reconstructed hair follicles. Thus, we conclude that host cells participate in the process of hair follicle reconstruction, and they play a vital role in the process, especially for the maturation of reconstructed hair follicles. Furthermore, we established a special hair follicle reconstruction system with the help of capsules: transplant cells were isolated from host, but other factors from host could exchange with cells inside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexiang Fan
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Miao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Qu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shune Xiao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingcheng Liu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Liu Z, Wu H, Jiang K, Wang Y, Zhang W, Chu Q, Li J, Huang H, Cai T, Ji H, Yang C, Tang N. MAPK-Mediated YAP Activation Controls Mechanical-Tension-Induced Pulmonary Alveolar Regeneration. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1810-9. [PMID: 27498861 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary alveolar epithelium undergoes extensive regeneration in response to lung injuries, including lung resection. In recent years, our understanding of cell lineage relationships in the pulmonary alveolar epithelium has improved significantly. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pneumonectomy (PNX)-induced alveolar regeneration remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that mechanical-tension-induced YAP activation in alveolar stem cells plays a major role in promoting post-PNX alveolar regeneration. Our results indicate that JNK and p38 MAPK signaling is critical for mediating actin-cytoskeleton-remodeling-induced nuclear YAP expression in alveolar stem cells. Moreover, we show that Cdc42-controlled actin remodeling is required for the activation of JNK, p38, and YAP in post-PNX lungs. Our findings together establish that the Cdc42/F-actin/MAPK/YAP signaling cascade is essential for promoting alveolar regeneration in response to mechanical tension in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kewu Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiqi Chu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Juan Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
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15
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Lung Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Stem Cell Mediated Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010128. [PMID: 26797607 PMCID: PMC4730369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue turnover of unperturbed adult lung is remarkably slow. However, after injury or insult, a specialised group of facultative lung progenitors become activated to replenish damaged tissue through a reparative process called regeneration. Disruption in this process results in healing by fibrosis causing aberrant lung remodelling and organ dysfunction. Post-insult failure of regeneration leads to various incurable lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, identification of true endogenous lung progenitors/stem cells, and their regenerative pathway are crucial for next-generation therapeutic development. Recent studies provide exciting and novel insights into postnatal lung development and post-injury lung regeneration by native lung progenitors. Furthermore, exogenous application of bone marrow stem cells, embryonic stem cells and inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) show evidences of their regenerative capacity in the repair of injured and diseased lungs. With the advent of modern tissue engineering techniques, whole lung regeneration in the lab using de-cellularised tissue scaffold and stem cells is now becoming reality. In this review, we will highlight the advancement of our understanding in lung regeneration and development of stem cell mediated therapeutic strategies in combating incurable lung diseases.
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16
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Silva DMG, Nardiello C, Pozarska A, Morty RE. Recent advances in the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1239-72. [PMID: 26361876 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolarization is the process by which the alveoli, the principal gas exchange units of the lung, are formed. Along with the maturation of the pulmonary vasculature, alveolarization is the objective of late lung development. The terminal airspaces that were formed during early lung development are divided by the process of secondary septation, progressively generating an increasing number of alveoli that are of smaller size, which substantially increases the surface area over which gas exchange can take place. Disturbances to alveolarization occur in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which can be complicated by perturbations to the pulmonary vasculature that are associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension. Disturbances to lung development may also occur in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in term newborn infants, as well as in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. These disturbances can lead to the formation of lungs with fewer and larger alveoli and a dysmorphic pulmonary vasculature. Consequently, affected lungs exhibit a reduced capacity for gas exchange, with important implications for morbidity and mortality in the immediate postnatal period and respiratory health consequences that may persist into adulthood. It is the objective of this Perspectives article to update the reader about recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of alveolarization and the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M G Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Pozarska
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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17
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Rafii S, Cao Z, Lis R, Siempos II, Chavez D, Shido K, Rabbany SY, Ding BS. Platelet-derived SDF-1 primes the pulmonary capillary vascular niche to drive lung alveolar regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:123-136. [PMID: 25621952 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lung alveoli regenerate after surgical removal of the left lobe by pneumonectomy (PNX). How this alveolar regrowth/regeneration is initiated remains unknown. We found that platelets trigger lung regeneration by supplying stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12). After PNX, activated platelets stimulate SDF-1 receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 on pulmonary capillary endothelial cells (PCECs) to deploy the angiocrine membrane-type metalloproteinase MMP14, stimulating alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) expansion and neo-alveolarization. In mice lacking platelets or platelet Sdf1, PNX-induced alveologenesis was diminished. Reciprocally, infusion of Sdf1(+/+) but not Sdf1-deficient platelets rescued lung regeneration in platelet-depleted mice. Endothelial-specific ablation of Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 in adult mice similarly impeded lung regeneration. Notably, mice with endothelial-specific Mmp14 deletion exhibited impaired expansion of AECs but not PCECs after PNX, which was not rescued by platelet infusion. Therefore, platelets prime PCECs to initiate lung regeneration, extending beyond their haemostatic contribution. Therapeutic targeting of this haemo-vascular niche could enable regenerative therapy for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zhongwei Cao
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Raphael Lis
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ilias I Siempos
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 10675, Greece
| | - Deebly Chavez
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Koji Shido
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Bioengineering Program, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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18
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Lipsi R, Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Segreti A, Cazzola M. The clinical use of regenerative therapy in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:1389-96. [PMID: 25548520 PMCID: PMC4271722 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s49519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative or stem cell therapy is an emerging field of treatment based on stimulation of endogenous resident stem cells or administration of exogenous stem cells to treat diseases or injury and to replace malfunctioning or damaged tissues. Current evidence suggests that in the lung, these cells may participate in tissue homeostasis and regeneration after injury. Animal and human studies have demonstrated that tissue-specific stem cells and bone marrow-derived cells contribute to lung tissue regeneration and protection, and thus administration of exogenous stem/progenitor cells or humoral factors responsible for the activation of endogenous stem/progenitor cells may be a potent next-generation therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The use of bone marrow-derived stem cells could allow repairing and regenerate the damaged tissue present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by means of their engraftment into the lung. Another approach could be the stimulation of resident stem cells by means of humoral factors or photobiostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lipsi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, San Raffaele Pisana Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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19
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Hogan BLM, Barkauskas CE, Chapman HA, Epstein JA, Jain R, Hsia CCW, Niklason L, Calle E, Le A, Randell SH, Rock J, Snitow M, Krummel M, Stripp BR, Vu T, White ES, Whitsett JA, Morrisey EE. Repair and regeneration of the respiratory system: complexity, plasticity, and mechanisms of lung stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:123-38. [PMID: 25105578 PMCID: PMC4212493 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is the third leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Consequently, the trachea, lungs, and cardiopulmonary vasculature have been the focus of extensive investigations. Recent studies have provided new information about the mechanisms driving lung development and differentiation. However, there is still much to learn about the ability of the adult respiratory system to undergo repair and to replace cells lost in response to injury and disease. This Review highlights the multiple stem/progenitor populations in different regions of the adult lung, the plasticity of their behavior in injury models, and molecular pathways that support homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Harold A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laura Niklason
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calle
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason Rock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melinda Snitow
- Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Krummel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Thiennu Vu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in medical therapy have increased survival of extremely premature infants and changed the pathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) from one of acute lung injury to a disease of disrupted lung development. With this evolution, new questions emerge regarding the molecular mechanisms that control postnatal lung development, the effect of early disruptions of postnatal lung development on long-term lung function, and the existence of endogenous mechanisms that permit lung regeneration after injury. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data demonstrate that a significant component of alveolarization, the final stage of lung development, occurs postnatally. Further, clinical and experimental studies demonstrate that premature birth disrupts alveolarization, decreasing the gas exchange surface area of the lung and causing BPD. BPD is associated with significant short-term morbidity, and new longitudinal, clinical data demonstrate that survivors of BPD have long-standing deficits in lung function and may be at risk for the development of additional lung disease as adults. Unfortunately, current care is mainly supportive with few effective therapies that prevent or treat established BPD. These studies underscore the need to further elucidate the mechanisms that direct postnatal lung growth and develop innovative strategies to stimulate lung regeneration. SUMMARY Despite significant improvements in the care and survival of extremely premature infants, BPD remains a major clinical problem. Although efforts should remain focused on the prevention of preterm labor and BPD, novel research aimed at promoting postnatal alveolarization offers a unique opportunity to develop effective strategies to treat established BPD.
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21
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