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Yu Z, Shang Z, Huang Q, Wen F, Patil S. Integrating systemic immune-inflammation index, fibrinogen, and T-SPOT.TB for precision distinction of active pulmonary tuberculosis in the era of mycobacterial disease research. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1382665. [PMID: 38725688 PMCID: PMC11079184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1382665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical challenge of differentiating suspected tuberculosis with positive T-SPOT.TB results persist. This study aims to investigate the utility of the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), Fibrinogen, and T-SPOT.TB in distinguishing between active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and non-tuberculous lung diseases. Methods A retrospective analysis included 1,327 cases of active PTB with positive T-SPOT.TB results and 703 cases of non-tuberculous lung diseases from May 2016 to December 2020 at Meizhou People's Hospital. These were designated as the case group and the control group, respectively. The detection indicators of T-SPOT.TB: Early Secreted Antigenic Target 6 (ESAT-6), Culture Filtrate Protein 10 (CFP-10), as well as SII and Fibrinogen levels-were compared and analyzed for association and joint diagnostic value between the two groups. Results The case group showed higher values of ESAT-6, CFP-10, SII, and Fibrinogen compared to the control group (all p < 0.001). In the case group, SII and Fibrinogen did not correlate with ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (∣rs∣ all < 0.3) but were positively correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP; rs all > 0.3). SII and Fibrinogen values in smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were higher than in smear-negative cases (all p < 0.05). The optimal diagnostic thresholds for ESAT-6, CFP-10, SII, and Fibrinogen in differentiating between active PTB and non-tuberculous lung diseases were 21.50 SFCs/106 PBMC, 22.50 SFCs/106 PBMC, 2128.32, and 5.02 g/L, respectively. Regression logistic analysis showed that ESAT-6 < 21.5 (OR: 1.637, 95% CI: 1.311-2.043, p < 0.001), CFP-10 < 22.5 (OR: 3.918, 95% CI: 3.138-4.892, p = 0.025), SII < 2128.32 (OR: 0.763, 95% CI: 0.603-0.967, p < 0.001), and FIB < 5.02 (OR: 2.287, 95% CI: 1.865-2.806, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for active PTB. The specificity for ESAT-6 + CFP-10, ESAT-6 + CFP-10 + SII, ESAT-6 + CFP-10 + FIB, and ESAT-6 + CFP-10 + SII + FIB was 82.5%, 83.2%, 95.8%, and 80.1%, respectively, while sensitivity was 52.6%, 53.0%, 55.8%, and 44.7%, and positive predictive values were 85.0%, 85.6%, 84.1%, and 89.6%, respectively. Conclusion SII and Fibrinogen are positively correlated with the degree of tuberculosis inflammation and the bacterial load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The combined detection of SII, Fibrinogen, and T-SPOT.TB is significant in distinguishing between active PTB with positive T-SPOT.TB results and non-tuberculous lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Yu
- Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technological Research Center of Clinical Molecular Diagnosis and Antibody Drugs, Meizhou, China
| | - Zifang Shang
- Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technological Research Center of Clinical Molecular Diagnosis and Antibody Drugs, Meizhou, China
| | - Qingyan Huang
- Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technological Research Center of Clinical Molecular Diagnosis and Antibody Drugs, Meizhou, China
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sandip Patil
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Paediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Immunological Characterization of Proteins Expressed by Genes Located in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Genomic Regions Encoding the ESAT6-like Proteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010027. [PMID: 33430286 PMCID: PMC7825740 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6 kDa early secreted antigen target (ESAT6) is a low molecular weight and highly immunogenic protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with relevance in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and subunit vaccine development. The gene encoding the ESAT6 protein is located in the M. tuberculosis-specific genomic region known as the region of difference (RD)1. There are 11 M. tuberculosis-specific RDs absent in all of the vaccine strains of BCG, and three of them (RD1, RD7, and RD9) encode immunodominant proteins. Each of these RDs has genes for a pair of ESAT6-like proteins. The immunological characterizations of all the possible proteins encoded by genes in RD1, RD7 and RD9 have shown that, besides ESAT-6 like proteins, several other proteins are major antigens useful for the development of subunit vaccines to substitute or supplement BCG. Furthermore, some of these proteins may replace the purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis in the specific diagnosis of tuberculosis by using interferon-gamma release assays and/or tuberculin-type skin tests. At least three subunit vaccine candidates containing ESAT6-like proteins as antigen components of multimeric proteins have shown efficacy in phase 1 and phase II clinical trials in humans.
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Tu Phan LM, Tufa LT, Kim HJ, Lee J, Park TJ. Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1946-1959. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180912105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Tu Phan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Halal Industrialization Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Lemma Teshome Tufa
- Department of Nano Fusion and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa- ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Halal Industrialization Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Lesellier S. Immunological responses of European badgers (Meles Meles) to infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 61:9-15. [PMID: 30502833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the main cause of bovine tuberculosis and its eradication is proving difficult in many countries because of wildlife reservoirs, including European badgers (Meles meles) in the UK Ireland. Following the development of badger specific immunological reagents, many studies have shown that some aspects of the cellular and serological immune responses of badgers to virulent M. bovis and the attenuated M. bovis BCG (Bacille of Calmette and Guérin) strain are similar to those seen in other animal hosts infected with M. bovis. However, badgers also appear to have developed specific immunological responses to M. bovis infection which may be associated with mild inflammatory responses. Badgers may therefore represent an interesting natural host for M. bovis that can provide a more thorough understanding of efficient immunological responses to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Long-incubation-time gamma interferon release assays in response to purified protein derivative, ESAT-6, and/or CFP-10 for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 21:111-8. [PMID: 24152386 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00525-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of childhood active tuberculosis (aTB) and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection (LTBI) remains a challenge, and the replacement of tuberculin skin tests (TST) with commercialized gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRA) is not currently recommended. Two hundred sixty-six children between 1 month and 15 years of age, 214 of whom were at risk of recent M. tuberculosis infection and 51 who were included as controls, were prospectively enrolled in our study. According to the results of a clinical evaluation, TST, chest X ray, and microbiological assessment, each children was classified as noninfected, having LTBI, or having aTB. Long-incubation-time purified protein derivative (PPD), ESAT-6, and CFP-10 IGRA were performed and evaluated for their accuracy in correctly classifying the children. Whereas both TST and PPD IGRA were suboptimal for detecting aTB, combining the CFP-10 IGRA with a TST or with a PPD IGRA allowed us to detect all the children with aTB with a specificity of 96% for children who were positive for the CFP-10 IGRA. Moreover, the combination of the CFP-10 IGRA and PPD IGRA detected 96% of children who were eventually classified as having LTBI, but a strong IFN-γ response to CFP-10 (defined as >500 pg/ml) was highly suggestive of aTB, at least among the children who were <3 years old. The use of long-incubation-time CFP-10 IGRA and PPD IGRA should help clinicians to quickly identify aTB or LTBI in young children.
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Fraisse P. Diagnostic des infections tuberculeuses latentes (sujets sains, sujets immunodéprimés ou amenés à l’être). Rev Mal Respir 2012; 29:277-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Quantitative evaluation of T-cell response after specific antigen stimulation in active and latent tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 65:236-46. [PMID: 19822269 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the quantitative T-cell response after specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen stimulation in active tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection (LTBI) patients. In adults, the median number of T cells after RD1 antigen stimulation was significantly higher in active TB patients than in LTBI patients. In children, the number of responder T cells against the specific antigens was higher in active TB than in LTBI patients, although the differences were not significant. In summary, in patients with suspected clinical TB, although there is overlapping in the number of responder T cells between both groups, a T-cell count above the described threshold could suggest active TB, especially in patients with a high probability of having active TB and low probability of having LTBI. In addition, the results are consistent with the current evidence that T-cell response may indicate mycobacterial burden and disease activity.
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The Structure and Function of <I>M. tuberculosis</I> RD-1 Region Encoded Proteins*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Davies MA, Connell T, Johannisen C, Wood K, Pienaar S, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Zar HJ, Eley B, Beatty D, Curtis N, Nicol MP. Detection of tuberculosis in HIV-infected children using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. AIDS 2009; 23:961-969. [PMID: 19287300 PMCID: PMC4849554 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32832956ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected children with suspected TB and to compare the performance of ELISPOT with the tuberculin skin test (TST). METHODS Interferon-gamma responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens were measured by ELISPOT in HIV-infected children with suspected TB. HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children without TB were taken for comparison. RESULTS Results were available for 188 children, of whom 139 (74%) were HIV-infected. Of these, 22 were classified as having definite TB: 24 probable TB, 14 possible TB and 128 not having TB. The median (range) age of patients was 20 (10-54.1) months. Median interferon-gamma responses to early-secreted antigenic target-6 and culture filtrate protein-10 were higher in children with definite or probable TB compared with children without TB (P < 0.002). In HIV-infected children with an interpretable ELISPOT result, the ELISPOT was positive in 14/21 (66%) with definite TB. A significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected children with definite or probable TB had a positive ELISPOT compared with a positive TST [25/39 (64%) vs. 10/34 (29%), P = 0.005]. In contrast to TST, results from ELISPOT were not affected by young age or severe immunosuppression. In HIV-infected children without active TB disease, 27% had a positive ELISPOT, suggesting latent TB infection. CONCLUSION ELISPOT is more sensitive than TST for the detection of active TB in HIV-infected children. However, the sensitivity of current ELISPOT assays is not sufficiently high to be used as a rule out test for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ann Davies
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tom Connell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine; and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine Johannisen
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Wood
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandy Pienaar
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Heather J Zar
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Eley
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Beatty
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine; and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark P. Nicol
- Red Cross Children’s Hospital and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Domínguez J, De Souza-Galvão M, Ruiz-Manzano J, Latorre I, Prat C, Lacoma A, Milà C, Jiménez MA, Blanco S, Maldonado J, Altet N, Ausina V. T-cell responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens in active tuberculosis patients at the beginning, during, and after antituberculosis treatment. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 63:43-51. [PMID: 19026511 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to assess the performance of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFN-G-IT) and the T-SPOT.TB tests in the immunodiagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) in adult patients, and to study the T-cell interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) responses during treatment and in patients who have recovered after curative treatment and self-healed TB patients. When only analyzing patients included at the beginning of treatment, the sensitivity was 83.3% for T-SPOT.TB and 69.4% for QFN-G-IT. In contrast, when evaluating patients during treatment, the sensitivity of the T-SPOT.TB and QFN-G-IT decreased to 69.8% and 48.8%, respectively. The response to the specific antigens increased after finishing the treatment compared with the values during the treatment. The T-SPOT.TB was more sensitive in diagnosing active TB than the QFN-G-IT. The IFN-gamma tests could be used as a complementary method in the diagnosis of active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Domínguez
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Fundació Institut en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
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Screening of highly expressed mycobacterial genes identifies Rv3615c as a useful differential diagnostic antigen for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3932-9. [PMID: 18519559 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00150-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous infections caused by mycobacteria, especially tuberculosis of humans and cattle, are important both clinically and economically. Human populations can be vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and control measures for cattle involving vaccination are now being actively considered. However, diagnostic tests based on tuberculin cannot distinguish between genuine infection and vaccination with BCG. Therefore, identification of differential diagnostic antigens capable of making this distinction is required, and until now sequence-based approaches have been predominant. Here we explored the link between antigenicity and mRNA expression level, as well as the possibility that we may be able to detect differential antigens by analyzing quantified global transcriptional profiles. We generated a list of 14 candidate antigens that are highly expressed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis under a variety of growth conditions. These candidates were screened in M. bovis-infected and naïve cattle for the ability to stimulate a gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) response. We identified one antigen, Rv3615c, which stimulated IFN-gamma responses in a significant proportion of M. bovis-infected cattle (11 of 30 cattle [37%] [P < 0.01]) but not in naïve or BCG-vaccinated animals. Importantly, the same antigen stimulated IFN-gamma responses in a significant proportion of infected cattle that did not respond to the well-characterized mycobacterial antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Therefore, use of the Rv3615c epitope in combination with previously described differential tests based on ESAT-6 and CFP-10 has the potential to significantly increase diagnostic sensitivity without reducing specificity in BCG-vaccinated populations.
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Franken WPJ, Koster BFPJ, Bossink AWJ, Thijsen SFT, Bouwman JJM, van Dissel JT, Arend SM. Follow-up study of tuberculosis-exposed supermarket customers with negative tuberculin skin test results in association with positive gamma interferon release assay results. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1239-41. [PMID: 17626157 PMCID: PMC2043314 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00185-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a follow-up study of 29 subjects with negative tuberculin skin test (TST) results in association with positive gamma interferon release assay (IGRA) results, mainly due to responses to CFP-10 in the T-SPOT.TB assay, during a contact investigation. One year later, 12/29 subjects (41%) had converted to positive TST results in association with negative IGRA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willeke P J Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, C5-P 37, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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