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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Regarding Lyme Borreliosis Prevention in the Endemic Area of Northeastern Poland. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122163. [PMID: 36560573 PMCID: PMC9788422 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The incidence of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is increasing in Europe. The new LB vaccine is still in clinical development, thus the dissemination of knowledge about the disease is essential. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices (KAP) against tick-borne diseases (TBDs) of people living in the endemic area in northeastern Poland. (2) Methods: We surveyed 406 adults using a 37-item anonymous paper survey. The data were analyzed with regression models. (3) Results: The two most popular knowledge sources were the Internet and doctors, selected by 77.8% and 53.4%, respectively. Respondents felt moderately knowledgeable about TBDs and tick bite prophylaxis (median scores 5/10, and 6/10, respectively), considered TBDs to be a significant health threat (median 8/10), attributed high risk to tick mouthparts remaining in the skin after tick removal (median 10/10), and shared multiple misconceptions regarding LB transmission, symptoms, and management. General knowledge scores (GKS) about TBDs and tick protection practices scores (TPS) were moderate (65.0%; IQR, 55.8−71.7%, 63.6%; 54.5−72.7%, respectively). Only 48.0% had a positive attitude towards TBE vaccination. A recent tick-bite was associated with higher GKS (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.27−5.10; p = 0.008), higher TPS (OR 4.76, 95% CI, 2.0−11.1; p < 0.001), and a positive attitude towards TBE vaccine (OR 2.10, 1.07−4.10, p = 0.030). A positive vaccine attitude was also associated with obtaining TBD knowledge from doctors and other verified sources (OR, 2.654, 1.66−4.23; p < 0.001). Age, place of residence, and frequent exposure to ticks in green areas were not associated with GKS, TPS, nor vaccine attitude. (4) Conclusions: Increased risk perceptions are associated with adoption of behaviors preventing TBDs. Medical professionals play an important role in communicating knowledge about TBDs. There is a need to revise current communication strategies with respect to tick bites and prevention of LB and other TBDs.
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Carson DA, Kopsco H, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Smith GS, Sandstrom EN, Smith RL. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Illinois medical professionals related to ticks and tick-borne disease. One Health 2022; 15:100424. [PMID: 36277108 PMCID: PMC9582564 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rising incidence of tick-borne disease (TBD) underscores the importance of proficiency in TBD diagnosis. Clinicians' knowledge about vector ticks and TBDs in their area may influence whether patients are questioned about potential tick exposure and the consideration of diagnostic testing for TBDs. Objective Our objective was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Illinois clinicians towards ticks and TBDs. The study aimed to 1) identify predictors associated with knowledge, 2) identify knowledge gaps, and 3) evaluate attitudes and practices related to TBDs. Methods A web-based knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey about Illinois ticks and TBDs was disseminated to physicians, mid-level practitioners, and nurses between August 2020 and February 2022. Poisson regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of higher scores. Results Of 346 respondents, 80% correctly identified Lyme disease as endemic to Illinois, and 95% were familiar with diagnostic testing for Lyme. Knowledge of other TBDs present in the state was highest among physicians, yet only 26% of physicians believed Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) to be present in Illinois, and only 17% believed ehrlichiosis to be endemic. Only 32% of physicians knew the cause of Alpha-gal syndrome and fewer than 18% were aware of available diagnostic testing. Tick or TBD-related education within the past two years was the most significant predictor of higher scores, increasing overall knowledge scores by 26% (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13-1.41) and increasing scores specific to TBDs by 42% (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19-1.69). Conclusion Illinois clinicians were informed about Lyme disease but lacked knowledge of other TBDs endemic to the state, including RMSF, ehrlichiosis, and Alpha-gal syndrome. The strongest predictor of knowledge was tick/TBD training in the previous two years, highlighting the importance of frequent region-specific training on ticks and TBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A. Carson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States of America
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Heather Kopsco
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Peg Gronemeyer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Nohra Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Genee S. Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - Emma N. Sandstrom
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
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Iijima H, Watari Y, Furukawa T, Okabe K. Importance of Host Abundance and Microhabitat in Tick Abundance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2110-2119. [PMID: 36153660 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the risk of zoonoses, it is necessary to understand the infection process, including the ecology of animals and vectors (i.e., the 'One Health' approach). In temperate climates, ticks are the major vectors of zoonoses, so factors determining their abundance, such as host mammal abundance and microhabitat conditions, should be clarified. Sika deer (Cervus nippon) are a major tick host and are rapidly expanding their distribution in Japan. We established 12 plots along a gradient of sika deer abundance in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. We monitored the occurrence of mammal species with camera traps and sampled questing ticks on a monthly basis by flagging along three transects (center of a trail, forest edge, and forest interior) at each site from April to November 2018. The camera traps recorded 12 mammal species, predominantly sika deer. Five Haemaphysalis species and three Ixodes species were sampled. The numbers of ticks sampled were explained by the photographic frequency of sika deer, and partly by that of other mammal species, depending on tick species and their developmental stages. The numbers of sampled adult and nymphal ticks were the highest at the forest edge, where vegetation cover was greatest. Thus, vegetation management in tick habitats and the control of sika deer populations may reduce tick abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Iijima
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yuya Watari
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takuya Furukawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kimiko Okabe
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
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Garcia K, Weakley M, Do T, Mir S. Current and Future Molecular Diagnostics of Tick-Borne Diseases in Cattle. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050241. [PMID: 35622769 PMCID: PMC9146932 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever pose a significant threat to animal and human health. Tick-borne diseases cause billions of dollars of losses to livestock farmers annually. These losses are partially attributed to the lack of sensitive, robust, cost effective and efficient diagnostic approaches that could detect the infectious pathogen at the early stages of illness. The modern nucleic acid-based multiplex diagnostic approaches have been developed in human medicine but are still absent in veterinary medicine. These powerful assays can screen 384 patient samples at one time, simultaneously detect numerous infectious pathogens in each test sample and provide the diagnostic answer in a few hours. Development, commercialization, and wide use of such high throughput multiplex molecular assays in the cattle tick-borne disease surveillance will help in early detection and control of infectious pathogens in the animal reservoir before community spread and spillover to humans. Such approaches in veterinary medicine will save animal life, prevent billions of dollars of economic loss to cattle herders and reduce unwanted stress to both human and animal health care systems. This literature review provides recent updates on molecular diagnostics of tick-borne pathogens and discusses the importance of modern nucleic acid high throughput multiplex diagnostic approaches in the prevention of tick-borne infection to livestock.
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Crist SD, Kopsco H, Miller A, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Smith RL. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinary professionals towards ticks and tick-borne diseases in Illinois. One Health 2022; 14:100391. [PMID: 35686148 PMCID: PMC9171534 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A lack of standardized surveillance or reporting of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in Illinois creates uncertainty for veterinarians regarding TBDs occurring within their practice geography or which TBDs may be encroaching on their area from neighboring territories. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gauge the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinary professionals in Southern and Central Illinois to establish a foundation for targeting educational and outreach programs that address knowledge gaps. Sample 72 veterinary professionals in Central and Southern Illinois. Procedures An online knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey was distributed to veterinary professionals in Southern and Central Illinois. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with knowledge scores and the estimated number of TBD cases diagnosed. Results Knowledge scores were significantly higher among veterinary practitioners with recent (within the last 5 years) training on TBD. The number of cases of TBD diagnosed was higher among those reporting concern about TBD, and among those who routinely test for TBDs. The types of diseases diagnosed were heavily influenced by the diagnostic method used. Clinical relevance This study paints a cohesive picture of human factors associated with diagnosing veterinary diseases and TBD prevalence in Southern and Central Illinois. Our results highlight the importance and practical value of veterinary continuing education on ticks and TBDs for both companion animals and public health. Building capacity for training veterinarians in parasitology using partnerships between academia and industry may strengthen the knowledge and understanding of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in the veterinary community.
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Dixon DM, Branda JA, Clark SH, Dumler JS, Horowitz HW, Perdue SS, Pritt BS, Sexton DJ, Storch GA, Walker DH. Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis subcommittee report to the Tick-borne Disease Working Group. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101823. [PMID: 34517150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichioses and anaplasmosis have undergone dramatic increases in incidence, and the geographic ranges of their occurrence and vectors have also expanded. There is marked underreporting of these diseases owing to deficient physician awareness and knowledge of the illnesses as well as limited access to appropriate diagnostic tests. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are life threatening diseases with estimated case fatality rates of 2.7 and 0.3%, respectively. However, knowledge of their full range of signs and symptoms is incomplete, and the incidence of subclinical infections is unknown. Currently available laboratory diagnostic methods are poorly utilized, and with the exception of nucleic acid amplification tests are not useful for diagnosis during the acute stage of illness when timely treatment is needed. The Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Subcommittee of the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group recommended active clinical surveillance to determine the true incidence, full clinical spectrum, and risk factors for severe illness, as well as standardized surveillance of ticks for these pathogens, and enhanced education of primary medical caregivers and the public regarding these diseases. The subcommittee identified the needs to develop sensitive, specific acute stage diagnostic tests for local clinical laboratories and point-of-care testing, to develop approaches for utilizing electronic medical records, data mining, and artificial intelligence for assisting early diagnosis and treatment, and to develop adjunctive therapies for severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Branda
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Stephen H Clark
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, United States
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Joint Pathology Center, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Building B, Room 3152, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Harold W Horowitz
- Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | | | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Daniel J Sexton
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Gregory A Storch
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - David H Walker
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, United States.
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Mattoon S, Baumhart C, Barsallo Cochez AC, MacQueen D, Snedeker J, Yancey CB, Gatch M, Mader EM. Primary care clinical provider knowledge and experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of tick-borne illness: a qualitative assessment from a Lyme disease endemic community. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:894. [PMID: 34465298 PMCID: PMC8408947 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care and frontline healthcare providers are often the first point of contact for patients experiencing tick-borne disease (TBD) but face challenges when recognizing and diagnosing these diseases. The specific aim of this study was to gain a qualitative understanding of frontline and primary care providers' knowledge and practices for identifying TBDs in patients. METHODS From fall 2018 to spring 2019, three focus groups were conducted with primary care providers practicing in a small-town community endemic to Lyme disease (LD) and with emerging incidence of additional TBDs. A follow up online survey was distributed to urgent and emergency care providers in the small-town community and an academic medical center within the referral network of the local clinical community in spring and summer 2019. Qualitative analysis of focus group data was performed following a grounded theory approach and survey responses were analyzed through the calculation of descriptive statistics. RESULTS Fourteen clinicians from three primary care practices participated in focus groups, and 24 urgent and emergency care clinicians completed the survey questionnaire. Four overarching themes emerged from focus group data which were corroborated by survey data. Themes highlighted a moderate level of awareness on diagnosis and treatment of LD among participants and limited knowledge of diagnosis and treatment for two other regionally relevant TBDs, anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Providers described challenges and frustrations in counseling patients with strong preconceptions of LD diagnosis and treatment in the context of chronic infection. Providers desired additional point-of-care resources to facilitate patient education and correct misinformation on the diagnosis and treatment of TBDs. CONCLUSIONS Through this small study, it appears that clinicians in the small-town and academic medical center settings are experiencing uncertainties related to TBD recognition, diagnosis, and patient communication. These findings can inform the development of point-of-care resources to aid in patient-provider communication regarding TBDs and inform the development of continuing medical education programs for frontline and primary care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mattoon
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Environment, Health and Safety, Cornell University, 395 Pine Tree Road, Suite 210, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Caitlin Baumhart
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Present Address: Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ana C. Barsallo Cochez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Present Address: Pan American Health Organization, Ancón, Avenida Gorgas, Building 261, Panama, Panamá
| | - Douglas MacQueen
- Cayuga Center for Infectious Diseases, 1301 Trumansburg Road, Suite 6, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Jeffrey Snedeker
- Northeast Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 10 Graham Road West, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Caroline B. Yancey
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Melissa Gatch
- Tompkins County Health Department, 55 Brown Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Emily M. Mader
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Nesgos AT, Harrington LC, Mader EM. Experience and knowledge of Lyme disease: A scoping review of patient-provider communication. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101714. [PMID: 33780825 PMCID: PMC10044390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been limited research on patient-provider communication dynamics regarding Lyme disease (LD) diagnosis and treatment. Evidence suggests communication in the clinical encounter improves when both patient and healthcare provider (HCP) have concordant orientations (or beliefs) on discussed topics, resulting in higher patient satisfaction and care outcomes. The purpose of this scoping review was to characterize and summarize current research findings on patient and provider knowledge and experiences regarding LD - two factors that may influence the orientation of both patients and providers toward LD in the clinical setting. None of the articles included in the review specifically addressed patient-provider interaction and relationships as the main objective. However, the existing literature indicates notable HCP uncertainty regarding LD diagnosis, treatment, and applied practice patterns. Current research also describes limited knowledge of LD among patient populations and a high prevalence of negative perceptions of care received in mainstream healthcare settings among individuals with persistent symptoms. We identified a critical gap in research that seeks to understand the dynamic of patients and HCPs communicating on the topic of LD in the clinical setting. Future research may identify opportunities where the patient-provider communication dynamic can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Nesgos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Laura C Harrington
- Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases, 3138 Comstock Hall, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Emily M Mader
- Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases, 3138 Comstock Hall, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Protein and DNA Biosynthesis Demonstrated in Host Cell-Free Phagosomes Containing Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Axenic Media. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00638-20. [PMID: 33431703 PMCID: PMC8090944 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00638-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsiae belong to the Anaplasmataceae family, which includes mostly tick-transmitted pathogens causing human, canine, and ruminant diseases. Biochemical characterization of the pathogens remains a major challenge because of their obligate parasitism. Rickettsiae belong to the Anaplasmataceae family, which includes mostly tick-transmitted pathogens causing human, canine, and ruminant diseases. Biochemical characterization of the pathogens remains a major challenge because of their obligate parasitism. We investigated the use of an axenic medium for growth of two important pathogens—Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis—in host cell-free phagosomes. We recently reported that the axenic medium promotes protein and DNA biosynthesis in host cell-free replicating form of E. chaffeensis, although the bacterial replication is limited. We now tested the hypothesis that growth on axenic medium can be improved if host cell-free rickettsia-containing phagosomes are used. Purification of phagosomes from A. phagocytophilum- and E. chaffeensis-infected host cells was accomplished by density gradient centrifugation combined with magnet-assisted cell sorting. Protein and DNA synthesis was observed for both organisms in cell-free phagosomes with glucose-6-phosphate and/or ATP. The levels of protein and DNA synthesis were the highest for a medium pH of 7. The data demonstrate bacterial DNA and protein synthesis for the first time in host cell-free phagosomes for two rickettsial pathogens. The host cell support-free axenic growth of obligate pathogenic rickettsiae will be critical in advancing research goals in many important tick-borne diseases impacting human and animal health.
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Beck AR, Marx GE, Hinckley AF. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Practices for Lyme Disease by Clinicians, United States, 2013-2015. Public Health Rep 2021; 136:609-617. [PMID: 33541229 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920973235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although tick-borne diseases account for a large number of health care visits in the United States, clinical practices for tick bite and Lyme disease treatment and prevention are not well understood. The objective of this study was to better understand factors associated with clinical practices related to tick bites and Lyme disease. METHODS In 2013-2015, questions about tick-bite evaluation, Lyme disease diagnosis and treatment, appropriate use of Lyme disease testing, and tick-bite prevention were included in Porter Novelli's DocStyles survey, a nationally representative annual web-based survey of health care providers. We performed analyses of responses by provider license type and state-level incidence (high or low) of Lyme disease in 2019. RESULTS A total of 4517 providers were surveyed across the 3 study years. Overall, 80.9% of providers reported that they had evaluated at least 1 patient for a tick bite, 47.6% had diagnosed at least 1 patient with Lyme disease, and 61.9% had treated at least 1 patient for Lyme disease in the previous year. Providers from states with a high incidence of Lyme disease saw more patients for tick bites and Lyme disease than providers from states with a low incidence of Lyme disease. Few providers correctly chose Lyme disease testing as clinically useful in the hypothetical case of a patient from a state with a high incidence of Lyme disease with an arthritic knee (36.0%) or with new-onset atrioventricular block (39.5%), and respondents across all provider types incorrectly chose testing when not clinically indicated. Most providers (69.7%) reported routinely recommending tick-bite prevention methods to patients. CONCLUSIONS Many providers evaluate patients for tick bites and treat patients for Lyme disease, but knowledge about appropriate testing is low. Providers may benefit from tailored education about appropriate Lyme disease diagnosis, testing, and effective tick-bite prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Beck
- 1242 Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Grace E Marx
- 1242 Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alison F Hinckley
- 1242 Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Lyme disease overdiagnosis in a large healthcare system: a population-based, retrospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:1233-1238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Stamm LV. Tick-borne diseases on the rise: an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:833-835. [PMID: 31368786 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lola V Stamm
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2107 McGavran Hall, S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA
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Moon KA, Pollak J, Hirsch AG, Aucott JN, Nordberg C, Heaney CD, Schwartz BS. Epidemiology of Lyme disease in Pennsylvania 2006–2014 using electronic health records. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:241-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kitsou C, Pal U. Ixodes Immune Responses Against Lyme Disease Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:176. [PMID: 29896452 PMCID: PMC5986905 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Ixodes scapularis and other related tick species are considered prolific vectors for a number of important human diseases, many aspects of their biology, microbial interactions, and immunity are largely unknown; in particular, how these ancient vectors recognize invading pathogens like Borrelia burgdorferi and influence their persistence. The analysis of the Ixodes genome and a limited set of transcriptomic data have established that ticks encode many components of classical immune pathways; yet at the same time, they lack many key orthologs of these recognition networks. Therefore, whether a given immune pathway is active in Ixodes ticks and how precisely they exert its microbicidal functions are only incompletely delineated. A few recent studies have suggested that classical pathways like the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) as well as immunodeficiency (IMD) pathways are fully functional in I. scapularis, and upon challenge with microbes, generate potent microbicidal responses against diverse tick-borne pathogens including B. burgdorferi. These studies also highlight novel concepts of vector immunity that include both a direct and an indirect mode of recognition of pathogens, as well as the influence of the gut microbiome, which ultimately dictates the outcome of a robust microbicidal response. Further understanding of how Ixodes ticks recognize and suppress invading microbes like B. burgdorferi will enrich our fundamental knowledge of vector immunobiology, thereby contributing to the development of future interventions to better control the tick-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Kitsou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Sharareh N, Sabounchi NS, Roome A, Spathis R, Garruto RM. Model-based risk assessment and public health analysis to prevent Lyme disease. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170841. [PMID: 29291075 PMCID: PMC5717649 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of Lyme disease (LD) cases in the northeastern United States has been dramatically increasing with over 300 000 new cases each year. This is due to numerous factors interacting over time including low public awareness of LD, risk behaviours and clothing choices, ecological and climatic factors, an increase in rodents within ecologically fragmented peri-urban built environments and an increase in tick density and infectivity in such environments. We have used a system dynamics (SD) approach to develop a simulation tool to evaluate the significance of risk factors in replicating historical trends of LD cases, and to investigate the influence of different interventions, such as increasing awareness, controlling clothing risk and reducing mouse populations, in reducing LD risk. The model accurately replicates historical trends of LD cases. Among several interventions tested using the simulation model, increasing public awareness most significantly reduces the number of LD cases. This model provides recommendations for LD prevention, including further educational programmes to raise awareness and control behavioural risk. This model has the potential to be used by the public health community to assess the risk of exposure to LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Sharareh
- Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Nasim S. Sabounchi
- Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Roome
- Anthropology Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Biomedical Anthropology and Neurosciences, Anthropology Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Rita Spathis
- Anthropology Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Biomedical Anthropology and Neurosciences, Anthropology Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Ralph M. Garruto
- Anthropology Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Biomedical Anthropology and Neurosciences, Anthropology Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Biological Sciences Department, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
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16
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Vandererven C, Bellanger AP, Faucher JF, Marguet P. Primary care physician management of tick bites in the Franche-Comté region (Eastern France, 2013). Med Mal Infect 2017; 47:261-265. [PMID: 28457701 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tick bites, which may lead to Lyme disease, often prompt patients to consult their primary care physicians (PCPs). The aim of the present study was to assess how and how often PCPs in the Franche-Comté region of France manage tick bites. MATERIAL AND METHODS Standardized questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 400 PCPs in the Franche-Comté region, requesting their voluntary and anonymous participation. The questionnaires collected socio-demographic details and practice-related information about tick-bite prophylaxis, Lyme serology, and tick-borne encephalitis vaccination. RESULTS The crude response rate was 54.5% of the PCPs contacted. Tick-bite prophylaxis was prescribed as per current guidelines. However, Lyme serology seemed to be largely overprescribed for tick bites and in case of erythema migrans. A clear lack of knowledge about tick-borne encephalitis vaccination was also observed. DISCUSSION PCPs provide the first line of care for patients presenting with tick bites. This study showed that although PCPs of the Franche-Comté region manage tick bites as per current guidelines, they need further training on Lyme serology limitations and availability of tick-borne encephalitis vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vandererven
- Emergency Department, Pontarlier Regional Hospital, 25300 Pontarlier, France
| | - A-P Bellanger
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Besançon University Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France; UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS-University of Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - J-F Faucher
- Infectious Diseases Department, Besançon University Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - P Marguet
- Emergency Department, Pontarlier Regional Hospital, 25300 Pontarlier, France
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17
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Use of a tick-borne disease manual increases accuracy of tick identification among primary care providers in Lyme disease endemic areas. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:262-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hendricks B, Mark-Carew M. Using exploratory data analysis to identify and predict patterns of human Lyme disease case clustering within a multistate region, 2010-2014. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2017; 20:35-43. [PMID: 28137676 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vectorborne disease in the United States. The objective of our study was to identify patterns of Lyme disease reporting after multistate inclusion to mitigate potential border effects. County-level human Lyme disease surveillance data were obtained from Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia state health departments. Rate smoothing and Local Moran's I was performed to identify clusters of reporting activity and identify spatial outliers. A logistic generalized estimating equation was performed to identify significant associations in disease clustering over time. Resulting analyses identified statistically significant (P=0.05) clusters of high reporting activity and trends over time. High reporting activity aggregated near border counties in high incidence states, while low reporting aggregated near shared county borders in non-high incidence states. Findings highlight the need for exploratory surveillance approaches to describe the extent to which state level reporting affects accurate estimation of Lyme disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hendricks
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States ; West Virginia Bureau of Public Health Office of Epidemiology and Preventative Services, 350 Capital St., Charleston, WV 25301, United States .
| | - Miguella Mark-Carew
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States ; West Virginia Bureau of Public Health Office of Epidemiology and Preventative Services, 350 Capital St., Charleston, WV 25301, United States
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Nichols Heitman K, Dahlgren FS, Drexler NA, Massung RF, Behravesh CB. Increasing Incidence of Ehrlichiosis in the United States: A Summary of National Surveillance of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii Infections in the United States, 2008-2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:52-60. [PMID: 26621561 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ehrlichiosis is a potentially fatal disease caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii. Cases of ehrlichiosis are reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through two national surveillance systems: Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and Case Report Forms. During 2008-2012, 4,613 cases of E. chaffeensis infections were reported through NNDSS. The incidence rate (IR) was 3.2 cases per million person-years (PYs). The hospitalization rate (HR) was 57% and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 1%. Children aged < 5 years had the highest CFR of 4%. During 2008-2012, 55 cases of E. ewingii infection were reported through NNDSS. The national IR was 0.04 cases per million PY. The HR was 77%; no deaths were reported. Immunosuppressive conditions were reported by 26% of cases. The overall rate for ehrlichiosis has increased 4-fold since 2000. Although previous literature suggests E. ewingii primarily affects those who are immunocompromised, this report shows most cases occurred among immunocompetent patients. This is the first report to show children aged < 5 years with ehrlichiosis have an increased CFR, relative to older patients. Ongoing surveillance and reporting of tick-borne diseases are critical to inform public health practice and guide disease treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Nichols Heitman
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - F Scott Dahlgren
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Naomi A Drexler
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Robert F Massung
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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Abstract
Current approaches for prevention of tick bites, Lyme disease, and other tick-borne diseases are described. Particular attention is paid to 4 risk-reduction strategies: (i) avoiding risk areas; (ii) personal protective measures that reduce the risk of tick bites or transmission of the agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi; (iii) reducing the number of infected ticks in the environment; and (iv) use of prophylactic antibiotic treatments following a bite to prevent clinical Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick H Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada.
| | - L Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Steven W Schofield
- Communicable Disease Control Program, Force Health Protection, Department of National Defence, 1745 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K6, Canada
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Forrester JD, Brett M, Matthias J, Stanek D, Springs CB, Marsden-Haug N, Oltean H, Baker JS, Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, Hinckley A. Epidemiology of Lyme disease in low-incidence states. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:721-3. [PMID: 26103924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the U.S. Surveillance data from four states with a low-incidence of Lyme disease was evaluated. Most cases occurred after travel to high-incidence Lyme disease areas. Cases without travel-related exposure in low-incidence states differed epidemiologically; misdiagnosis may be common in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Forrester
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, United States; Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
| | - Meghan Brett
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, United States; Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Marsden-Haug
- Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, United States
| | - Hanna Oltean
- Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, United States; CDC/CSTE Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, United States
| | - JoDee Summers Baker
- Division of Disease Control and Prevention, Utah Department of Health, United States
| | - Kiersten J Kugeler
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Paul S Mead
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Alison Hinckley
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
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22
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Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Wormser GP. Lyme disease: diagnostic issues and controversies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:1-4. [PMID: 25482091 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Lyme disease is a controversial topic. Most practitioners and scientists recognize that Lyme disease is associated with certain objective clinical manifestations supported by laboratory evidence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the etiologic agent). There are others, however, who believe that patients with Lyme disease may have a wide variety of entirely nonspecific symptoms without any objective clinical manifestation and that laboratory evidence of infection by B. burgdorferi is not required to support the diagnosis. In reality, this perspective is not evidence based and would inevitably lead to innumerable misdiagnoses, given the high frequency of medically unexplained symptoms, such as fatigue and musculoskeletal pains, in the general population. Although those espousing this viewpoint do not believe that a positive laboratory test is required, nevertheless, they often seek out and promote alternative, unapproved testing methods that frequently provide false-positive results to justify their diagnosis. Herein, we provide a brief overview of Lyme disease testing, emphasizing current usage and limitations. We also discuss the use of nonvalidated procedures and the prospects for a reduction in such testing practices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Aguero-Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Perea AE, Hinckley AF, Mead PS. Tick Bite Prophylaxis: Results From a 2012 Survey of Healthcare Providers. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:388-92. [PMID: 25244410 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a recent national survey, over 30% of healthcare providers (HCPs) reported prescribing tick bite prophylaxis in the previous year. To clarify provider practices, we surveyed HCPs to determine how frequently and for what reasons they prescribed tick bite prophylaxis. We included four questions regarding tick bite prophylaxis in the DocStyles 2012 survey, a computer-administered questionnaire of 2205 US primary care physicians, paediatricians and nurse practitioners. Responses in 14 states with high Lyme disease incidence (high LDI) were compared with responses from other states (low LDI). Overall, 56.4% of 1485 providers reported prescribing tick bite prophylaxis at least once in the previous year, including 73.9% of HCPs in high LDI and 48.2% in low LDI states. The reasons given were 'to prevent Lyme disease' (76.9%), 'patients request it' (40.4%) and 'to prevent other tickborne diseases' (29.4%). Among HCPs who provided prophylaxis, 45.2% did so despite feeling that it was not indicated. Given a hypothetical scenario involving a patient with an attached tick, 38.1% of HCPs from high LDI states and 15.1% from low LDI states would prescribe a single dose of doxycycline; 19.0% from high LDI states and 27.5% from low LDI states would prescribe a full course of doxycycline. HCPs prescribe tick bite prophylaxis frequently in areas where Lyme disease is rare and for tickborne diseases for which it has not been shown effective. HCPs may be unaware of current tick bite prophylaxis guidelines or find them difficult to implement. More information is needed regarding the efficacy of tick bite prophylaxis for diseases other than Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Perea
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A F Hinckley
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P S Mead
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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