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Chakraborty S, Steckler TL, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Smith RL. Farmers' Knowledge and Practices About Ticks and Tickborne Diseases in Illinois. J Agromedicine 2023; 28:756-768. [PMID: 37017439 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2023.2199003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tickborne diseases (TBDs) in Illinois have increased in recent years. A growing body of literature indicates that the risk of exposure to ticks and tickborne diseases is higher among outdoor workers, including farmers. However, information is lacking on awareness of ticks and tickborne diseases among this demographic. This study aimed to determine the knowledge and awareness among Illinois farmers regarding ticks and tickborne diseases. METHODS A Knowledge, Attitudes & Prevention practices (KAP) survey was developed and administered to capture information regarding farmers' knowledge and attitudes about ticks and TBDs. Tick drags were conducted on a subset of properties as an incentive to complete the survey and to compare farmers' knowledge or expectations of ticks on their land with ticks collected. RESULTS Fifty farmers participated in the survey, and 17 allowed tick drags. Only 60% of respondents had at least moderate knowledge about ticks gained through family and friends (56%), medical and healthcare personnel (48%), and the internet (44%). Responses varied by the type of commodity produced by the farmer. Fifty percent of participants reported knowledge about the blacklegged tick, 34% for the American dog tick, and 42% for the lone star tick; this knowledge also varied by farm type. Most farmers (54%) agreed that preventative behaviors could protect against tickborne diseases. Self-reported knowledge was significantly and directly associated with knowledge scores (p < .001). CONCLUSION Knowledge of ticks and TBDs was lower among crop farmers than beef or mixed commodity farmers, but farmers generally have moderate knowledge of tick species in Illinois. Many participants expressed low concern over contracting a TBD, but many were also dissatisfied with the level of tick prevention measures that they follow. These results can be utilized to fill in knowledge gaps and develop informational materials to help farmers protect themselves against ticks and TBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Chakraborty
- Program in Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology (PEEC); University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Teresa L Steckler
- Dixon Springs Agricultural Center, University of Illinois Extension, Simpson, IL, USA
| | - Peg Gronemeyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Nohra Mateus-Pinilla
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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Kopsco HL, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Smith RL. Current and Future Habitat Suitability Models for Four Ticks of Medical Concern in Illinois, USA. Insects 2023; 14:213. [PMID: 36975898 PMCID: PMC10059838 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The greater U.S. Midwest is on the leading edge of tick and tick-borne disease (TBD) expansion, with tick and TBD encroachment into Illinois occurring from both the northern and the southern regions. To assess the historical and future habitat suitability of four ticks of medical concern within the state, we fit individual and mean-weighted ensemble species distribution models for Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and a newly invading species, Amblyomma maculatum using a variety of landscape and mean climate variables for the periods of 1970-2000, 2041-2060, and 2061-2080. Ensemble model projections for the historical climate were consistent with known distributions of each species but predicted the habitat suitability of A. maculatum to be much greater throughout Illinois than what known distributions demonstrate. The presence of forests and wetlands were the most important landcover classes predicting the occurrence of all tick species. As the climate warmed, the expected distribution of all species became strongly responsive to precipitation and temperature variables, particularly precipitation of the warmest quarter and mean diurnal range, as well as proximity to forest cover and water sources. The suitable habitat for I. scapularis, A. americanum, and A. maculatum was predicted to significantly narrow in the 2050 climate scenario and then increase more broadly statewide in the 2070 scenario but at reduced likelihoods. Predicting where ticks may invade and concentrate as the climate changes will be important to anticipate, prevent, and treat TBD in Illinois.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Kopsco
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Peg Gronemeyer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Nohra Mateus-Pinilla
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Weise M, Bux R, Schlienz T, da Silva N, Weller L, Gronemeyer P, Dobberthien P. Fast track production: Accelerated timeline from vial to bioreactor. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202255368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Weise
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Focused Factory Clinical Supply & Transfer Birkendorfer Str. 65 88400 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - R. Bux
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Focused Factory Clinical Supply & Transfer Birkendorfer Str. 65 88400 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - T. Schlienz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Focused Factory Clinical Supply & Transfer Birkendorfer Str. 65 88400 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - N. da Silva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Focused Factory Clinical Supply & Transfer Birkendorfer Str. 65 88400 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - L. Weller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Focused Factory Clinical Supply & Transfer Birkendorfer Str. 65 88400 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - P. Gronemeyer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Focused Factory Clinical Supply & Transfer Birkendorfer Str. 65 88400 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - P. Dobberthien
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Focused Factory Clinical Supply & Transfer Birkendorfer Str. 65 88400 Biberach an der Riß Germany
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Carson DA, Kopsco H, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Smith GS, Sandstrom EN, Smith RL. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Illinois medical professionals related to ticks and tick-borne disease. One Health 2022; 15:100424. [PMID: 36277108 PMCID: PMC9582564 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rising incidence of tick-borne disease (TBD) underscores the importance of proficiency in TBD diagnosis. Clinicians' knowledge about vector ticks and TBDs in their area may influence whether patients are questioned about potential tick exposure and the consideration of diagnostic testing for TBDs. Objective Our objective was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Illinois clinicians towards ticks and TBDs. The study aimed to 1) identify predictors associated with knowledge, 2) identify knowledge gaps, and 3) evaluate attitudes and practices related to TBDs. Methods A web-based knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey about Illinois ticks and TBDs was disseminated to physicians, mid-level practitioners, and nurses between August 2020 and February 2022. Poisson regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of higher scores. Results Of 346 respondents, 80% correctly identified Lyme disease as endemic to Illinois, and 95% were familiar with diagnostic testing for Lyme. Knowledge of other TBDs present in the state was highest among physicians, yet only 26% of physicians believed Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) to be present in Illinois, and only 17% believed ehrlichiosis to be endemic. Only 32% of physicians knew the cause of Alpha-gal syndrome and fewer than 18% were aware of available diagnostic testing. Tick or TBD-related education within the past two years was the most significant predictor of higher scores, increasing overall knowledge scores by 26% (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13–1.41) and increasing scores specific to TBDs by 42% (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19–1.69). Conclusion Illinois clinicians were informed about Lyme disease but lacked knowledge of other TBDs endemic to the state, including RMSF, ehrlichiosis, and Alpha-gal syndrome. The strongest predictor of knowledge was tick/TBD training in the previous two years, highlighting the importance of frequent region-specific training on ticks and TBDs.
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Crist SD, Kopsco H, Miller A, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Smith RL. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinary professionals towards ticks and tick-borne diseases in Illinois. One Health 2022; 14:100391. [PMID: 35686148 PMCID: PMC9171534 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A lack of standardized surveillance or reporting of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in Illinois creates uncertainty for veterinarians regarding TBDs occurring within their practice geography or which TBDs may be encroaching on their area from neighboring territories. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gauge the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinary professionals in Southern and Central Illinois to establish a foundation for targeting educational and outreach programs that address knowledge gaps. Sample 72 veterinary professionals in Central and Southern Illinois. Procedures An online knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey was distributed to veterinary professionals in Southern and Central Illinois. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with knowledge scores and the estimated number of TBD cases diagnosed. Results Knowledge scores were significantly higher among veterinary practitioners with recent (within the last 5 years) training on TBD. The number of cases of TBD diagnosed was higher among those reporting concern about TBD, and among those who routinely test for TBDs. The types of diseases diagnosed were heavily influenced by the diagnostic method used. Clinical relevance This study paints a cohesive picture of human factors associated with diagnosing veterinary diseases and TBD prevalence in Southern and Central Illinois. Our results highlight the importance and practical value of veterinary continuing education on ticks and TBDs for both companion animals and public health. Building capacity for training veterinarians in parasitology using partnerships between academia and industry may strengthen the knowledge and understanding of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in the veterinary community.
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Bacon EA, Kopsco H, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Smith RL. Effects of Climate on the Variation in Abundance of Three Tick Species in Illinois. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:700-709. [PMID: 34875079 PMCID: PMC8924963 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The range of ticks in North America has been steadily increasing likely, in part, due to climate change. Along with it, there has been a rise in cases of tick-borne disease. Among those medically important tick species of particular concern are Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), and Amblyomma americanum Linneaus (Acari: Ixodidae). The aim of this study was to determine if climate factors explain existing differences in abundance of the three aforementioned tick species between two climatically different regions of Illinois (Central and Southern), and if climate variables impact each species differently. We used both zero-inflated regression approaches and Bayesian network analyses to assess relationships among environmental variables and tick abundance. Results suggested that the maximum average temperature and total precipitation are associated with differential impact on species abundance and that this difference varied by region. Results also reinforced a differential level of resistance to desiccation among these tick species. Our findings help to further define risk periods of tick exposure for the general public, and reinforce the importance of responding to each tick species differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bacon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - H Kopsco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - P Gronemeyer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - N Mateus-Pinilla
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - R L Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
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Lyons LA, Brand ME, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Ruiz MO, Stone CM, Tuten HC, Smith RL. Comparing Contributions of Passive and Active Tick Collection Methods to Determine Establishment of Ticks of Public Health Concern Within Illinois. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1849-1864. [PMID: 33855433 PMCID: PMC8285025 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Illinois, between 1990 and 2017, tick-borne diseases in humans increased 10-fold, yet we have insufficient information on when and where people are exposed to vector ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae). The aims of our research were to compare contributions of passive and active tick collection methods in determining establishment of ticks of public health concern and obtain information on tick distributions within Illinois. We used three surveillance strategies within the Illinois Tick Inventory Collaboration Network to gather information about the ticks of public health concern: 1) passive collection (voluntary submission by the public); 2) systematic collection (biweekly active surveillance); and 3) special collections (active collections in locations of special interest). Of collected adult and nymphal ticks, 436 were from passive collections, 142 from systematic collections, and 1,270 from special collections. Tick species distribution status changed in 36 counties. Our data provide noteworthy updates to distribution maps for use by public health agencies to develop prevention and control strategies. Additionally, the program built a network of collaborations and partnerships to support future tick surveillance efforts within Illinois and highlighted how the combination of the three surveillance strategies can be used to determine geographic spread of ticks, pinpoint locations in need of more surveillance, and help with long-term efforts that support phenology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ann Lyons
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Corresponding author, tel: +1 217-300-0532, e-mail:
| | - Mary E Brand
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, 1211 Old 6 Road, Malcom, IA 50157, USA
| | - Peg Gronemeyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Nohra Mateus-Pinilla
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Marilyn O’Hara Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Holly C Tuten
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Gilliam B, Gronemeyer P, Chakraborty S, Winata F, Lyons LA, Miller-Hunt C, Tuten HC, Debosik S, Freeman D, O’hara-Ruiz M, Mateus-Pinilla N. Impact of Unexplored Data Sources on the Historical Distribution of Three Vector Tick Species in Illinois. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:872-883. [PMID: 31832656 PMCID: PMC7197698 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We updated the Illinois historical (1905-December 2017) distribution and status (not reported, reported or established) maps for Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae), and Ixodes scapularis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae) by compiling publicly available, previously unexplored or newly identified published and unpublished data (untapped data). Primary data sources offered specific tick-level information, followed by secondary and tertiary data sources. For A. americanum, D. variabilis, and I. scapularis, primary data contributed to 90% (4,045/4,482), 80% (2,124/2,640), and 32% (3,490/10,898) tick records vs 10%, 20%, and 68%, respectively from secondary data; primary data updated status in 95% (62/65), 94% (51/54) and in 90% (9/10) of the updated counties for each of these tick species; by 1985 there were tick records in 6%, 68%, and 0% of the counties, compared to 20%, 72%, and 58% by 2004, and 77%, 96%, and 75% of the counties by 2017, respectively for A. americanum, D. variabilis, and I. scapularis. We document the loss of tick records due to unidentified, not cataloged tick collections, unidentified ticks in tick collections, unpublished data or manuscripts without specific county location, and tick-level information, to determine distribution and status. In light of the increase in tick-borne illnesses, updates in historical distributions and status maps help researchers and health officials to identify risk areas for a tick encounter and suggest targeted areas for public outreach and surveillance efforts for ticks and tick-borne diseases. There is a need for a systematic, national vector surveillance program to support research and public health responses to tick expansions and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Gilliam
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
- USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Malcom, IA
| | - Peg Gronemeyer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sulagna Chakraborty
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Fikriyah Winata
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Lee Ann Lyons
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Holly C Tuten
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | | | | | - Marilyn O’hara-Ruiz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Nohra Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Gronemeyer P, Strube J. Purification of Antibodies and their Fragments by ATPE and Precipitation: One Step towards a Chromatography-Free Manufacturing Process. CHEM-ING-TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201550107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Laundré JW, Hernández L, López Medina P, Campanella A, López-Portillo J, González-Romero A, Grajales-Tam KM, Burke AM, Gronemeyer P, Browning DM. The landscape of fear: the missing link to understand top-down and bottom-up controls of prey abundance? Ecology 2014; 95:1141-52. [PMID: 25000746 DOI: 10.1890/13-1083.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying factors that may be responsible for regulating the size of animal populations is a cornerstone in understanding population ecology. The main factors that are thought to influence population size are either resources (bottom-up), or predation (top-down), or interspecific competition (parallel). However, there are highly variable and often contradictory results regarding their relative strengths and influence. These varied results are often interpreted as indicating "shifting control" among the three main factors, or a complex, nonlinear relationship among environmental variables, resource availability, predation, and competition. We argue here that there is a "missing link" in our understanding of predator-prey dynamics. We explore whether the landscape-of-fear model can help us clarify the inconsistencies and increase our understanding of the roles, extent, and possible interactions of top-down, bottom-up, and parallel factors on prey population abundance. We propose two main predictions derived from the landscape-of-fear model: (1) for a single species, we suggest that as the makeup of the landscape of fear changes from relatively safe to relatively risky, bottom-up impacts switch from strong to weak as top-down impacts go from weak to strong; (2) for two or more species, interspecific competitive interactions produce various combinations of bottom-up, top-down, and parallel impacts depending on the dominant competing species and whether the landscapes of fear are shared or distinctive among competing species. We contend that these predictions could successfully explain many of the complex and contradictory results of current research. We test some of these predictions based on long-term data for small mammals from the Chihuahuan Desert in the United States, and Mexico. We conclude that the landscape-of-fear model does provide reasonable explanations for many of the reported studies and should be tested further to better understand the effects of bottom-up, top-down, and parallel factors on population dynamics.
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Gronemeyer P, Eggersglüß J, Strube J. Prozessentwicklung durch Integration von Upstream und Downstream Processing für biologisch aktive Substanzen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201250623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gronemeyer P, Chaplin H, Ghazarian V, Tuscany F, Wilner GD. Hemolytic anemia complicating infectious mononucleosis due to the interaction of an IgG cold anti-i and an IgM cold rheumatoid factor. Transfusion 1981; 21:715-8. [PMID: 7314221 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1981.21682085762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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