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A century of attempts to develop an effective tuberculosis vaccine: Why they failed? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108791. [PMID: 35487086 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem despite widespread use of the Bacillus BCG vaccine. This situation is worsened by co-infection with HIV, and the development of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Thus, novel vaccine candidates and improved vaccination strategies are urgently needed in order to reduce the incidence of TB and even to eradicate TB by 2050. Over the last few decades, 23 novel TB vaccines have entered into clinical trials, more than 13 new vaccines have reached various stages of preclinical development, and more than 50 potential candidates are in the discovery stage as next-generation vaccines. Nevertheless, why has a century of attempts to introduce an effective TB vaccine failed? Who should be blamed -scientists, human response, or Mtb strategies? Literature review reveals that the elimination of latent or active Mtb infections in a given population seems to be an epigenetic process. With a better understanding of the connections between bacterial infections and gene expression conditions in epigenetic events, opportunities arise in designing protective vaccines or therapeutic agents, particularly as epigenetic processes can be reversed. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of different approaches towards novel vaccination strategies and the mechanisms underlying these approaches.
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Berini F, Marinelli F, Binda E. Streptomycetes: Attractive Hosts for Recombinant Protein Production. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1958. [PMID: 32973711 PMCID: PMC7468451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are increasingly applied as biocatalysts for fulfilling industrial needs in a variety of applications and there is a bursting of interest for novel therapeutic proteins. Consequently, developing appropriate expression platforms for efficiently producing such recombinant proteins represents a crucial challenge. It is nowadays widely accepted that an ideal ‘universal microbial host’ for heterologous protein expression does not exist. Indeed, the first-choice microbes, as Escherichia coli or yeasts, possess known intrinsic limitations that inevitably restrict their applications. In this scenario, bacteria belonging to the Streptomyces genus need to be considered with more attention as promising, alternative, and versatile platforms for recombinant protein production. This is due to their peculiar features, first-of-all their natural attitude to secrete proteins in the extracellular milieu. Additionally, streptomycetes are considered robust and scalable industrial strains and a wide range of tools for their genetic manipulation is nowadays available. This mini-review includes an overview of recombinant protein production in streptomycetes, covering nearly 100 cases of heterologous proteins expressed in these Gram-positives from the 1980s to December 2019. We investigated homologous sources, heterologous hosts, and molecular tools (promoters/vectors/signal peptides) used for the expression of these recombinant proteins. We reported on their final cellular localization and yield. Thus, this analysis might represent a useful source of information, showing pros and cons of using streptomycetes as platform for recombinant protein production and paving the way for their more extensive use in future as alternative heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Hamed MB, Karamanou S, Ólafsdottir S, Basílio JSM, Simoens K, Tsolis KC, Van Mellaert L, Guðmundsdóttir EE, Hreggvidsson GO, Anné J, Bernaerts K, Fridjonsson OH, Economou A. Large-scale production of a thermostable Rhodothermus marinus cellulase by heterologous secretion from Streptomyces lividans. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:232. [PMID: 29274637 PMCID: PMC5741968 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gene encoding a thermostable cellulase of family 12 was previously isolated from a Rhodothermus marinus through functional screening. CelA is a protein of 260 aminoacyl residues with a 28-residue amino-terminal signal peptide. Mature CelA was poorly synthesized in some Escherichia coli strains and not at all in others. Here we present an alternative approach for its heterologous production as a secreted polypeptide in Streptomyces. Results CelA was successfully over-expressed as a secreted polypeptide in Streptomyces lividans TK24. To this end, CelA was fused C-terminally to the secretory signal peptide of the subtilisin inhibitor protein (Sianidis et al. in J Biotechnol. 121: 498–507, 2006) from Streptomyces venezuelae and a new cloning strategy developed. Optimal growth media and conditions that stall biomass production promote excessive CelA secretion. Under optimal growth conditions in nutrient broth medium, significant amounts of mature CelA (50–90 mg/L or 100–120 mg/g of dry cell weight) are secreted in the spent growth media after 7 days. A protocol to rapidly purify CelA to homogeneity from culture supernatants was developed and specific anti-sera raised against it. Biophysical, biochemical and immmuno-detection analyses indicate that the enzyme is intact, stable and fully functional. CelA is the most thermostable heterologous polypeptide shown to be secreted from S. lividans. Conclusion This study further validates and extends the use of the S. lividans platform for production of heterologous enzymes of industrial importance and extends it to active thermostable enzymes. This study contributes to developing a platform for poly-omics analysis of protein secretion in S. lividans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-017-0847-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Belal Hamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - Joana Sofia Martins Basílio
- Bio- & Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Bio- & Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Kostantinos C Tsolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Lieve Van Mellaert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jozef Anné
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Bio- & Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - Anastassios Economou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
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Vallecillo AJ, Parada C, Morales P, Espitia C. Rhodococcus erythropolis as a host for expression, secretion and glycosylation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:12. [PMID: 28103877 PMCID: PMC5248525 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycosylation is one of the most abundant posttranslational polypeptide chain modification in nature. Although carbohydrate modification of protein antigens from many microbial pathogens constitutes important components of B cell epitopes, the role in T cell immunity is not completely understood. There is growing evidence about the importance of these modifications in host bacteria interactions in tuberculosis. It is known, that the sugars present in some Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycoproteins play an important role in both humoral and cellular immune response against the pathogen. Since this modification is lost in the recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, it is fundamental to search for host bacteria with the capacity to modify the foreign proteins. Amongst the bacteria that are likely to have this possibility are some members of Rhodococcus genus which are Gram-positive bacteria, with high GC-content and genetically very close related to M. tuberculosis. Results In this work, apa, pstS1 and lprG genes that coding for M. tuberculosis glycoproteins were cloned and expressed in Rhodococcus erythropolis. All recombinant proteins were mannosylated as demonstrated by their interaction with mannose binding lectin Concanavalin A. In addition, as native proteins recombinants Apa and PstS1 were secreted to the culture medium in contrast with LprG that was retained in the cell wall. Conclusions Together these results, point out R. erythropolis, as a new host for expression of M. tuberculosis glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Vallecillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, C.P. 010220, Cuenca, Azu., Ecuador
| | - Cristina Parada
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Pedro Morales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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Ayala JC, Pimienta E, Rodríguez C, Sarzo M, Jones J, Vallín C, Guerrero A, Milanés MT, Anné J, Mellaert LV, Huygen K. Assessment of an ELISA for serodiagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis in a Cuban population. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bashiri G, Baker EN. Production of recombinant proteins in Mycobacterium smegmatis for structural and functional studies. Protein Sci 2014; 24:1-10. [PMID: 25303009 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein production using recombinant DNA technology has a fundamental impact on our understanding of biology through providing proteins for structural and functional studies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been traditionally used as the default expression host to over-express and purify proteins from many different organisms. E. coli does, however, have known shortcomings for obtaining soluble, properly folded proteins suitable for downstream studies. These shortcomings are even more pronounced for the mycobacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, with typically only one third of proteins expressed in E. coli produced as soluble proteins. Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) is a closely related and non-pathogenic species that has been successfully used as an expression host for production of proteins from various mycobacterial species. In this review, we describe the early attempts to produce mycobacterial proteins in alternative expression hosts and then focus on available expression systems in M. smegmatis. The advantages of using M. smegmatis as an expression host, its application in structural biology and some practical aspects of protein production are also discussed. M. smegmatis provides an effective expression platform for enhanced understanding of mycobacterial biology and pathogenesis and for developing novel and better therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Bashiri
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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The role of volumetric power input in the growth, morphology, and production of a recombinant glycoprotein by Streptomyces lividans in shake flasks. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ayala JC, Pimienta E, Rodríguez C, Anné J, Vallín C, Milanés MT, King-Batsios E, Huygen K, Van Mellaert L. Use of Strep-tag II for rapid detection and purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant antigens secreted by Streptomyces lividans. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 94:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Scale-up from shake flasks to bioreactor, based on power input and Streptomyces lividans morphology, for the production of recombinant APA (45/47 kDa protein) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1421-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Recombinant protein production and streptomycetes. J Biotechnol 2012; 158:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gamboa-Suasnavart RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Cordova-Dávalos LE, Martínez-Sotelo JA, Servín-González L, Espitia C, Trujillo-Roldán MA. The O-mannosylation and production of recombinant APA (45/47 KDa) protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Streptomyces lividans is affected by culture conditions in shake flasks. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:110. [PMID: 22185589 PMCID: PMC3266650 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ala-Pro-rich O-glycoprotein known as the 45/47 kDa or APA antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an immunodominant adhesin restricted to mycobacterium genus and has been proposed as an alternative candidate to generate a new vaccine against tuberculosis or for diagnosis kits. In this work, the recombinant O-glycoprotein APA was produced by the non-pathogenic filamentous bacteria Streptomyces lividans, evaluating three different culture conditions. This strain is known for its ability to produce heterologous proteins in a shorter time compared to M. tuberculosis. Results Three different shake flask geometries were used to provide different shear and oxygenation conditions; and the impact of those conditions on the morphology of S. lividans and the production of rAPA was characterized and evaluated. Small unbranched free filaments and mycelial clumps were found in baffled and coiled shake flasks, but one order of magnitude larger pellets were found in conventional shake flasks. The production of rAPA is around 3 times higher in small mycelia than in larger pellets, most probably due to difficulties in mass transfer inside pellets. Moreover, there are four putative sites of O-mannosylation in native APA, one of which is located at the carboxy-terminal region. The carbohydrate composition of this site was determined for rAPA by mass spectrometry analysis, and was found to contain different glycoforms depending on culture conditions. Up to two mannoses residues were found in cultures carried out in conventional shake flasks, and up to five mannoses residues were determined in coiled and baffled shake flasks. Conclusions The shear and/or oxygenation parameters determine the bacterial morphology, the productivity, and the O-mannosylation of rAPA in S. lividans. As demonstrated here, culture conditions have to be carefully controlled in order to obtain recombinant O-glycosylated proteins with similar "quality" in bacteria, particularly, if the protein activity depends on the glycosylation pattern. Furthermore, it will be an interesting exercise to determine the effect of shear and oxygen in shake flasks, to obtain evidences that may be useful in scaling-up these processes to bioreactors. Another approach will be using lab-scale bioreactors under well-controlled conditions, and study the impact of those on rAPA productivity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsés A Gamboa-Suasnavart
- Unidad de Bioprocesos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP, 70228, México, D,F,, CP, 04510, México
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Zhu Y, Wang L, Du Y, Wang S, Yu T, Hong B. Heterologous expression of human interleukin-6 in Streptomyces lividans TK24 using novel secretory expression vectors. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:253-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vrancken K, Anné J. Secretory production of recombinant proteins by Streptomyces. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:181-8. [DOI: 10.2217/17460913.4.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial systems are widely applied as production platforms for proteins of biopharmaceutical or therapeutic interest and industrial enzymes. Among these prokaryotic systems, streptomycetes are attractive host cells because several strains of these Gram-positive bacteria have a high innate secretion capacity and extensive knowledge on their fermentation is available. A survey of the literature and our own experience suggests that several proteins are secreted to commercially acceptable levels. However, many heterologous proteins, most often of eukaryotic origin, are currently only poorly secreted by this host, indicating the need for further optimization of Streptomyces as a production host. In this review, the considerable efforts and strategies made in recent years aimed at improving streptomycetes as a host for the production of recombinant proteins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Vrancken
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jozef Anné
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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Díaz M, Ferreras E, Moreno R, Yepes A, Berenguer J, Santamaría R. High-level overproduction of Thermus enzymes in Streptomyces lividans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:1001-8. [PMID: 18461317 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology needs to explore the capacity of different organisms to overproduce proteins of interest at low cost. In this paper, we show that Streptomyces lividans is a suitable host for the expression of Thermus thermophilus genes and report the overproduction of the corresponding proteins. This capacity was corroborated after cloning the genes corresponding to an alkaline phosphatase (a periplasmic enzyme in T. thermophilus) and that corresponding to a beta-glycosidase (an intracellular enzyme) in Escherichia coli and in S. lividans. Comparison of the production in both hosts revealed that the expression of active protein achieved in S. lividans was much higher than in E. coli, especially in the case of the periplasmic enzyme. In fact, the native signal peptide of the T. thermophilus phosphatase was functional in S. lividans, being processed at the same peptide bond in both organisms, allowing the overproduction and secretion of this protein to the S. lividans culture supernatant. As in E. coli, the thermostability of the expressed proteins allowed a huge purification factor upon thermal denaturation and precipitation of the host proteins. We conclude that S. lividans is a very efficient and industry-friendly host for the expression of thermophilic proteins from Thermus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Díaz
- Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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