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Lin H, Xing J, Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, Li Z, Song N. Roles of Lipolytic enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1329715. [PMID: 38357346 PMCID: PMC10865251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1329715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial pathogen that can endure for long periods in an infected patient, without causing disease. There are a number of virulence factors that increase its ability to invade the host. One of these factors is lipolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Mtb. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids in host cells, thereby releasing free fatty acids that are used as energy sources and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelopes, in addition to regulating host immune responses. This review summarizes the relevant recent studies that used in vitro and in vivo models of infection, with particular emphasis on the virulence profile of lipolytic enzymes in Mtb. A better understanding of these enzymes will aid the development of new treatment strategies for TB. The recent work done that explored mycobacterial lipolytic enzymes and their involvement in virulence and pathogenicity was highlighted in this study. Lipolytic enzymes are expected to control Mtb and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria by targeting lipid metabolism. They are also potential candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ren Fang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
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2
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Kumar G, Adhikrao PA. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis iron-scavenging tools: a recent update on siderophores inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1885-1913. [PMID: 37859726 PMCID: PMC10583813 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis (TB) remains a life-threatening infectious disease responsible as the most significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with TB burdens the healthcare system substantially. Notably, M.tb possesses defence against most antitubercular antibiotic drugs, and the efficacy of existing frontline anti-TB drugs is waning. Also, new and recurring cases of TB from resistant bacteria such as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR), extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR) strains are increasing. Hence, TB begs the scientific community to explore the new therapeutic class of compounds with their novel mechanism. M.tb requires iron from host cells to sustain, grow, and carry out several biological processes. M.tb has developed strategic methods of acquiring iron from the surrounding environment. In this communication, we discuss an overview of M.tb iron-scavenging tools. Also, we have summarized recently identified MbtA and MbtI inhibitors, which prevent M.tb from scavenging iron. These iron-scavenging tool inhibitors have the potential to be developed as anti-TB agents/drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Patil Amruta Adhikrao
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
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3
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Ho VQT, Rong MK, Habjan E, Bommer SD, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Bitter W, Ruijter E, Speer A. Dysregulation of Mycobacterium marinum ESX-5 Secretion by Novel 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020211. [PMID: 36830581 PMCID: PMC9953084 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESX-5 secretion system is essential for the viability and virulence of slow-growing pathogenic mycobacterial species. In this study, we identified a 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative as a putative effector of the ESX-5 secretion system. We confirmed that this 1,2,4-oxadiazole and several newly synthesized derivatives inhibited the ESX-5-dependent secretion of active lipase LipY by Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum). Despite reduced lipase activity, we did not observe a defect in LipY secretion itself. Moreover, we found that several other ESX-5 substrates, especially the high molecular-weight PE_PGRS MMAR_5294, were even more abundantly secreted by M. marinum treated with several 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Analysis of M. marinum grown in the presence of different oxadiazole derivatives revealed that the secretion of LipY and the induction of PE_PGRS secretion were, in fact, two independent phenotypes, as we were able to identify structural features in the compounds that specifically induced only one of these phenotypes. Whereas the three most potent 1,2,4-oxadiazoles displayed only a mild effect on the growth of M. marinum or M. tuberculosis in culture, these compounds significantly reduced bacterial burden in M. marinum-infected zebrafish models. In conclusion, we report a 1,2,4-oxadiazole scaffold that dysregulates ESX-5 protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Q. T. Ho
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark K. Rong
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Habjan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha D. Bommer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thang V. Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, AmsterdamUMC, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R. Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, AmsterdamUMC, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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4
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Choudhary E, Sharma R, Pal P, Agarwal N. Deciphering the Proteomic Landscape of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Response to Acid and Oxidative Stresses. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26749-26766. [PMID: 35936415 PMCID: PMC9352160 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental to the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the modulation in the control mechanisms that play a role in sensing and counteracting the microbicidal milieu encompassing various cellular stresses inside the human host. To understand such changes, we measured the cellular proteome of Mtb subjected to different stresses using a quantitative proteomics approach. We identified defined sets of Mtb proteins that are modulated in response to acid and a sublethal dose of diamide and H2O2 treatments. Notably, proteins involved in metabolic, catalytic, and binding functions are primarily affected under these stresses. Moreover, our analysis led to the observations that during acidic stress Mtb enters into energy-saving mode simultaneously modulating the acid tolerance system, whereas under diamide and H2O2 stresses, there were prominent changes in the biosynthesis and homeostasis pathways, primarily modifying the resistance mechanism in diamide-treated bacteria while causing metabolic arrest in H2O2-treated bacilli. Overall, we delineated the adaptive mechanisms that Mtb may utilize under physiological stresses and possible overlap between the responses to these stress conditions. In addition to offering important protein signatures that can be exploited for future mechanistic studies, our study highlights the importance of proteomics in understanding complex adjustments made by the human pathogen during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eira Choudhary
- Laboratory
of Mycobacterial Genetics, Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad121001, Haryana, India
- Symbiosis
School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis
International (Deemed University), Pune412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Laboratory
of Mycobacterial Genetics, Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad121001, Haryana, India
| | - Pramila Pal
- Laboratory
of Mycobacterial Genetics, Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad121001, Haryana, India
- Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New
Mehrauli Road, New Delhi110067, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- Laboratory
of Mycobacterial Genetics, Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad121001, Haryana, India
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5
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Grininger C, Leypold M, Aschauer P, Pavkov-Keller T, Riegler-Berket L, Breinbauer R, Oberer M. Structural Changes in the Cap of Rv0183/mtbMGL Modulate the Shape of the Binding Pocket. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1299. [PMID: 34572512 PMCID: PMC8472722 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a major threat to the human population. Global efforts to eradicate the disease are ongoing but are hampered by the increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, the development of new treatment, and the exploration of new druggable targets and treatment strategies, are of high importance. Rv0183/mtbMGL, is a monoacylglycerol lipase of M. tuberculosis and it is involved in providing fatty acids and glycerol as building blocks and as an energy source. Since the lipase is expressed during the dormant and active phase of an infection, Rv0183/mtbMGL is an interesting target for inhibition. In this work, we determined the crystal structures of a surface-entropy reduced variant K74A Rv0183/mtbMGL in its free form and in complex with a substrate mimicking inhibitor. The two structures reveal conformational changes in the cap region that forms a major part of the substrate/inhibitor binding region. We present a completely closed conformation in the free form and semi-closed conformation in the ligand-bound form. These conformations differ from the previously published, completely open conformation of Rv0183/mtbMGL. Thus, this work demonstrates the high conformational plasticity of the cap from open to closed conformations and provides useful insights into changes in the substrate-binding pocket, the target of potential small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grininger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Mario Leypold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
- BioHealth Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lina Riegler-Berket
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (R.B.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
- BioHealth Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Kumar A, Karkara BB, Panda G. Novel candidates in the clinical development pipeline for TB drug development and their Synthetic Approaches. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:787-827. [PMID: 34397161 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Mtb has the ability to become dormant within the host and to develop resistance. Hence, new antitubercular agents are required to overcome problems in the treatment of multidrug resistant-Tb (MDR-Tb) and extensively drug resistant-Tb (XDR-Tb) along with shortening the treatment time. Several efforts are being made to develop very effective new drugs for Tb, within the pharmaceutical industry, the academia, and through public private partnerships. This review will address the anti-tubercular activities, biological target, mode of action, synthetic approaches and thoughtful concept for the development of several new drugs currently in the clinical trial pipeline (up to October 2019) for tuberculosis. The aim of this review may be very useful in scheming new chemical entities (NCEs) for Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Bidhu Bhusan Karkara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Guntur, 522213, AP, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
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7
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Tayyrov A, Wei C, Fetz C, Goryachkin A, Schächle P, Nyström L, Künzler M. Cytoplasmic Lipases-A Novel Class of Fungal Defense Proteins Against Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:696972. [PMID: 37744157 PMCID: PMC10512399 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.696972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are an attractive food source for predators such as fungivorous nematodes. Several fungal defense proteins and their protective mechanisms against nematodes have been described. Many of these proteins are lectins which are stored in the cytoplasm of the fungal cells and bind to specific glycan epitopes in the digestive tract of the nematode upon ingestion. Here, we studied two novel nematotoxic proteins with lipase domains from the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. These cytoplasmically localized proteins were found to be induced in the vegetative mycelium of C. cinerea upon challenge with fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae. The proteins showed nematotoxicity when heterologously expressed in E. coli and fed to several bacterivorous nematodes. Site-specific mutagenesis of predicted catalytic residues eliminated the in-vitro lipase activity of the proteins and significantly reduced their nematotoxicity, indicating the importance of the lipase activity for the nematotoxicity of these proteins. Our results suggest that cytoplasmic lipases constitute a novel class of fungal defense proteins against predatory nematodes. These findings improve our understanding of fungal defense mechanisms against predators and may find applications in the control of parasitic nematodes in agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annageldi Tayyrov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chunyue Wei
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Fetz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Goryachkin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schächle
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis LipE Has a Lipase/Esterase Activity and Is Important for Intracellular Growth and In Vivo Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 88:IAI.00750-19. [PMID: 31636137 PMCID: PMC6921666 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00750-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3775 (LipE) was annotated as a putative lipase. However, its lipase activity has never been characterized, and its precise role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis has not been thoroughly studied to date. We overexpressed and purified the recombinant LipE (rLipE) protein and demonstrated that LipE has a lipase/esterase activity. rLipE prefers medium-chain ester substrates, with the maximal activity on hexanoate. Its activity is the highest at 40°C and pH 9. We determined that rLipE hydrolyzes trioctanoate. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we confirmed that the predicted putative activity triad residues Ser97, Gly342, and His363 are essential for the lipase activity of rLipE. The expression of the lipE gene was induced under stressed conditions mimicking M. tuberculosis' intracellular niche. The gene-disrupting mutation of lipE led to significantly reduced bacterial growth inside THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages and attenuated M. tuberculosis infection in mice (with ∼8-fold bacterial load reduction in mouse lungs). Our data suggest that LipE functions as a lipase and is important for M. tuberculosis intracellular growth and in vivo infection.
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Maan P, Kaur J. Rv2223c, an acid inducible carboxyl-esterase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhanced the growth and survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1397-1415. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To elucidate the role of Rv2223c in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: Purified recombinant Rv2223c protein was characterized. Expression of rv2223c in the presence of different stress environment and subcellular localization were performed in M. tuberculosis H37Ra and Mycobacterium smegmatis ( MS_2223c). Effect of its overexpression on growth rate, infection and intracellular survival in THP-1/PBMC cells were studied. Results: rRv2223c demonstrated esterase activity with preference for pNP-octanoate and hydrolyzed trioctanoate to di- and mono-octanoate. Expression of rv2223c was upregulated in acidic and nutritive stress conditions. rRv2223c was identified in extracellular and cell wall fractions. MS_2223c exhibited enhanced growth, survival during in vitro stress, infection and intracellular survival. Conclusions: Rv2223c is a secretary, carboxyl-esterase, with enhanced expression under acidic and nutritive stress condition and might help in intracellular survival of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Maan
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Srivastava BS, Singh VK, Kashyap VK, Srivastava R, Khan A, Jagannath C. Commentary: Bettering BCG: a tough task for a TB vaccine? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2195. [PMID: 31572397 PMCID: PMC6752056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vivek K Kashyap
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, United States
| | | | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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Kaur J, Kaur J. Rv0518, a nutritive stress inducible GDSL lipase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, enhanced intracellular survival of bacteria by cell wall modulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:180-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Persistence in a Cell Model Mimicking Alveolar Macrophages. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050113. [PMID: 31035520 PMCID: PMC6560506 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) respiratory infections have been gradually increasing. Here, THP-1 cells were used as a model to evaluate intracellular persistence of three NTM species (reference and clinical strains) in human alveolar macrophages. The contribution of phagosome acidification, nitric oxide (NO) production and cell dead on NTM intracellular fate was assessed. In addition, strains were characterized regarding their repertoire of virulence factors by whole-genome sequencing. NTM experienced different intracellular fates: M. smegmatis and M. fortuitum ATCC 6841 were cleared within 24h. In contrast, M. avium strains (reference/clinical) and M. fortuitum clinical strain were able to replicate. Despite this fact, unexpectedly high percentages of acidified phagosomes were found harbouring rab7, but not CD63. All NTM were able to survive in vitro at acidic pHs, with the exception of M. smegmatis. Our data further suggested a minor role for NO in intracellular persistence and that apoptosis mediated by caspase 8 and 3/7, but not necrosis, is triggered during NTM infection. Insights regarding the bacteria genomic backbone corroborated the virulence potential of M. avium and M. fortuitum. In conclusion, the phenotypic traits detected contrast with those described for M. tuberculosis, pointing out that NTM adopt distinct strategies to manipulate the host immune defense and persist intracellularly.
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13
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Yang D, He X, Li S, Liu J, Stabenow J, Zalduondo L, White S, Kong Y. Rv1075c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a GDSL-Like Esterase and Is Important for Intracellular Survival. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:677-686. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis lipid metabolism pathways facilitate access to carbon and energy sources during infection. M. tuberculosis gene Rv1075c was annotated as a conserved hypothetical protein. We identified that Rv1075c amino acid sequence shares similarities with other bacterial lipase/esterases and we demonstrated that it has esterase activity, with preference for short-chain fatty acids, particularly acetate, with highest activity at 45°C, pH 9. Site-direct mutagenesis revealed its activity triad as Ser80, Asp244, and His247. We further determined that rRv1075c hydrolyzed triacetin and tributyrin, and it was mainly distributed in cell wall and membrane. Its expression was induced at pH 4.5, mimicking the acidic phagosome of macrophages. Mutation of Rv1075c led to reduced bacterial growth in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages, and attenuated M. tuberculosis infection in mice. Our data suggest that Rv1075c is involved in ester and fatty acid metabolism inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shaoji Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Jennifer Stabenow
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Lillian Zalduondo
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Stephen White
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
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Maan P, Kumar A, Kaur J, Kaur J. Rv1288, a Two Domain, Cell Wall Anchored, Nutrient Stress Inducible Carboxyl-Esterase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Modulates Cell Wall Lipid. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:421. [PMID: 30560095 PMCID: PMC6287010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rv1288, a conserved hypothetical protein of M. tuberculosis (M.tb), was recently characterized as two-domain esterase enzyme by in silico study. In the present study, Rv1288 and its domains (Est and Lyt) were cloned individually from M.tb into E. coli for expression and purification. The purified rRv1288 and rEst proteins exhibited lipolytic activity with medium chain length esters as optimum substrates, while Lyt domain did not show enzymatic activity. However, presence of Lyt domain resulted in enhanced rate of protein aggregation at higher temperature. Both rRv1288 and rEst followed the similar patterns of substrate specificity, temperature and pH activity. Site directed mutagenesis confirmed the Ser-294, Asp-391 and His-425 as catalytic site residues. Rv1288 was found to be present in cell wall fraction of M.tb H37Ra. Peptidoglycan binding activity of Rv1288 and its domains demonstrated that the Lyt domain is essential for anchoring protein to the cell wall. Expression of rv1288 was up regulated in M.tb under nutrient starved condition. Over expression of rv1288 in surrogate host M. smegmatis led to change in colony morphology, enhanced pellicle and aggregate formation that might be linked with the changed lipid composition of bacterial cell wall. Cell wall of M. smegmatis expressing rv1288 had higher amount of lipids, with a significant increase in trehalose dimycolate content. Rv1288 also leads to increase in drug resistance of M. smegmatis. Rv1288 also enhanced the intracellular survival of M. smegmatis in Raw264.7 cell line. Overall, this study suggested that Rv1288, a cell wall localized carboxyl hydrolase with mycolyl-transferase activity, modulated the cell wall lipids to favor the survival of bacteria under stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Maan
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Larsen EM, Johnson RJ. Microbial esterases and ester prodrugs: An unlikely marriage for combating antibiotic resistance. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:33-47. [PMID: 30302779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for new platforms for drug development. Prodrugs are common tools for overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery, with ester prodrugs providing a classic strategy for masking polar alcohol and carboxylic acid functionalities and improving cell permeability. Ester prodrugs are normally designed to have simple ester groups, as they are expected to be cleaved and reactivated by a wide spectrum of cellular esterases. However, a number of pathogenic and commensal microbial esterases have been found to possess significant substrate specificity and can play an unexpected role in drug metabolism. Ester protection can also introduce antimicrobial properties into previously nontoxic drugs through alterations in cell permeability or solubility. Finally, mutation to microbial esterases is a novel mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we highlight the important pathogenic and xenobiotic functions of microbial esterases and discuss the development and application of ester prodrugs for targeting microbial infections and combating antibiotic resistance. Esterases are often overlooked as therapeutic targets. Yet, with the growing need to develop new antibiotics, a thorough understanding of the specificity and function of microbial esterases and their combined action with ester prodrug antibiotics will support the design of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Lipase Precursor-Like Protein Promotes Miltefosine Tolerance in Leishmania donovani by Enhancing Parasite Infectivity and Eliciting Anti-inflammatory Responses in Host Macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00666-18. [PMID: 30297367 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00666-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral drug miltefosine (MIL) was introduced in the Indian subcontinent in the year 2002 for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, recent reports on its declining efficacy and increasing relapse rates pose a serious concern. An understanding of the factors contributing to MIL tolerance in Leishmania parasites is critical. In the present study, we assessed the role of the lipase precursor-like protein (Lip) in conferring tolerance to miltefosine by episomally overexpressing Lip in Leishmania donovani (LdLip++). We observed a significant increase (∼3-fold) in the MIL 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at both the promastigote (3.90 ± 0.68 µM; P < 0.05) and intracellular amastigote (9.10 ± 0.60 µM; P < 0.05) stages compared to the wild-type counterpart (LdNeo) (MIL IC50s of 1.49 ± 0.20 µM at the promastigote stage and 3.95 ± 0.45 µM at the amastigote stage). LdLip++ parasites exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased infectivity to host macrophages and increased metacyclogenesis and tolerance to MIL-induced oxidative stress. The susceptibility of LdLip++ to other antileishmanial drugs (sodium antimony gluconate and amphotericin B) remained unchanged. In comparison to LdNeo, the LdLip++ parasites elicited high host interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine expression levels (1.6-fold; P < 0.05) with reduced expression of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (1.5-fold; P < 0.05), leading to a significantly (P < 0.01) increased ratio of IL-10/TNF-α. The above-described findings suggest a role of lipase precursor-like protein in conferring tolerance to the oral antileishmanial drug MIL in L. donovani parasites.
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Rameshwaram NR, Singh P, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Lipid metabolism and intracellular bacterial virulence: key to next-generation therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1301-1328. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is thought to play a key role in the pathogenicity of several intracellular bacteria. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids from the host cell to release free fatty acids which are used as an energy source and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelope and also to modulate host immune responses. In this review, we discussed the role of lipid metabolism and lipolytic enzymes in the life cycle and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular bacteria. The lipolytic enzymes appear to be potential candidates for developing novel therapeutics by targeting lipid metabolism for controlling M. tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
| | - Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 576 104
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, India. 500 007
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
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Gupta VK, Kumar MM, Singh D, Bisht D, Sharma S. Drug targets in dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: can the conquest against tuberculosis become a reality? Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 50:81-94. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1377346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - M. Madhan Kumar
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Dharmendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
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Dong H, Lv Y, Sreevatsan S, Zhao D, Zhou X. Differences in pathogenicity of three animal isolates of Mycobacterium species in a mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183666. [PMID: 28837698 PMCID: PMC5570376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal mycobacterioses are among the most important zoonoses worldwide. These are generally caused by either Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), M. bovis (MBO) or M. avium (MAV). To test the hypothesis that different species of pathogenic mycobacteria isolated from varied anatomic locations or animal species differ in virulence and pathogenicity, we performed experiments with three mycobacteria strains (NTSE-3(MTB), NTSE-4(MBO) and NTSE-5 (MAV)) obtained from animal species. Spoligotyping analysis was used to confirm both MTB and MBO strains while the MAV strain was confirmed by 16s rDNA sequencing. BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with the three strains at low and high CFU doses to evaluate variations in pathogenicity. Clinical and pathological parameters were assessed. Infected mice were euthanized at 80 days post-inoculation (dpi). Measures of lung and body weights indicated that the MBO infected group had higher mortality, more weight loss, higher bacterial burden and more severe lesions in lungs than the other two groups. Cytokine profiles showed higher levels of TNF-α for MBO versus MTB, while MAV had the highest amounts of IFN-β in vitro and in vivo. In vitro levels of other cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-β showed that Th1 cells had the strongest response in MBO infected mice and that Th2 cells were inhibited. We found that the level of virulence among the three isolates decreased in the following order MBO>MTB>MAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Sharma P, Sharma A, Srivastava M. In vivo neutralization of α4 and β7 integrins inhibits eosinophil trafficking and prevents lung injury during tropical pulmonary eosinophilia in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1501-1512. [PMID: 28736941 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Integrins regulate leukocyte trafficking during homeostasis and inflammatory conditions. However, the role of α4 and β7 integrins in guiding eosinophil transmigration into the lungs during filarial manifestation of Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE) has not been explored. In this study, mice exhibiting TPE manifestations were administered with in vivo neutralizing antibodies against integrins α4 and β7 or their combination and immuno-pathological parameters were evaluated. Results show an intact lung barrier, significantly lower lung inflammation and reduced eosinophil counts in the Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs of mice receiving anti-α4+ β7 treatment. Reduced eosinophil peroxidase and β-hexosaminidase activity, downregulation of inflammatory genes, lower production of inflammatory lipid intermediates like prostaglandins E2 and D2, leukotriene B4 and cysteinyl leukotrienes were also noted in anti-α4+ β7 treated mice. Reduced accumulation of central memory, effector memory, regulatory T cells and lower production of IL-4, IL-5, and TGF-β were other cardinal features of anti-α4+ β7 treated mice lungs. Flow cytometry-sorted lung eosinophils from anti-α4+ β7 treated mice showed higher apoptotic potential, downregulated anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and exhibited reduced F-actin polymerization and calcium influx as compared to IgG controls. In summary, neutralization of α4+ β7 integrins impairs the transmigration, activation and survival of eosinophils and reduces TPE induced pathology in mice lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Streptococcus suis serotype 9 strain GZ0565 contains a type VII secretion system putative substrate EsxA that contributes to bacterial virulence and a vanZ-like gene that confers resistance to teicoplanin and dalbavancin in Streptococcus agalactiae. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (SS), an important pathogen for pigs, is not only considered as a zoonotic agent for humans, but is also recognized as a major reservoir of antimicrobial resistance contributing to the spread of resistance genes to other pathogenic Streptococcus species. In addition to serotype 2 (SS2), serotype 9 (SS9) is another prevalent serotype isolated from diseased pigs. Although many SS strains have been sequenced, the complete genome of a non-SS2 virulent strain has been unavailable to date. Here, we report the complete genome of GZ0565, a virulent strain of SS9, isolated from a pig with meningitis. Comparative genomic analysis revealed five new putative virulence or antimicrobial resistance-associated genes in strain GZ0565 but not in SS2 virulent strains. These five genes encode a putative triacylglycerol lipase, a TipAS antibiotic-recognition domain protein, a putative TetR family transcriptional repressor, a protein containing a LPXTG domain and a G5 domain, and a type VII secretion system (T7SS) putative substrate (EsxA), respectively. Western blot analysis showed that strain GZ0565 can secrete EsxA. We generated an esxA deletion mutant and showed that EsxA contributes to SS virulence in a mouse infection model. Additionally, the antibiotic resistance gene vanZSS was identified and expression of vanZSS conferred resistance to teicoplanin and dalbavancin in Streptococcus agalactiae. We believe this is the first experimental demonstration of the existence of the T7SS putative substrate EsxA and its contribution to bacterial virulence in SS. Together, our results contribute to further understanding of the virulence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of SS.
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Characterization and function of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Lipase Rv1076 (LipU). Microbiol Res 2017; 196:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumar A, Singh SM, Singh R, Kaur J. Rv0774c, an iron stress inducible, extracellular esterase is involved in immune-suppression associated with altered cytokine and TLR2 expression. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:126-138. [PMID: 28161108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, one of the leading cause of death from infectious diseases, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been sequenced and nearly 40% of the whole genome sequence was categorized as hypothetical. Rv0774c was annotated as membrane exported hypothetical protein in TB database. In silico analysis revealed that Rv0774c is a paralog of PE-PGRS multi gene family with 100 aa N-terminal domain similar to PE domain of PE-PGRS proteins. Its C-terminal domain is quite different from PGRS domain, having characteristic lipase signature GXSXG & HG and catalytic residues predicted for lipolytic activity. Therefore, DNA coding for Rv0774c (303 aa), its N-terminal (1-100 aa) and C- terminal domain (100-303 aa) were separately cloned from M. tuberculosis and were over expressed in E. coli. Rv0774c gene and its C-terminal lipolytic domain preferably hydrolyzed short chain esters. Though no enzyme activity was observed in N-terminus PE like domain, it was demonstrated to enhance the thermostability of full length Rv0774c. Tetrahydrolipstatin inhibited the enzyme activity and predicted catalytic residues (Ser-185, Asp-255 and His-281) were confirmed by site directed mutagenesis. Rv0774c was secreted out in culture media by M. tuberculosis and was up-regulated in iron limiting conditions. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rRv0774c resulted in a decline in the LPS induced production of NO and expression of iNOS. rRv0774c treated THP-1 cells also showed an enhanced expression of IL-10 and TLR2. On contrary, it suppressed the LPS induced production of IL-12, chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8. Rv0774c inhibited the LPS induced phosphorylation of p38. These observations suggested that Rv0774c could modulate the pro-inflammatory immune response to support intracellular survival of the mycobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | | | - Ranvir Singh
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Abstract
Type VII secretion (T7S) systems of mycobacteria secrete substrates over the unusual diderm cell envelope. Furthermore, T7S gene clusters are present throughout the phylum Actinobacteria, and functional T7S-like systems have been identified in Firmicutes. Most of the T7S substrates can be divided into two families: the Esx proteins, which are found in both Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and the PE and PPE proteins, which are more mycobacterium-specific. Members of both families have been shown to be secreted as folded heterodimers, suggesting that this is a conserved feature of T7S substrates. Most knowledge of the mechanism of T7S and the roles of T7S systems in virulence comes from studies of pathogenic mycobacteria. These bacteria can contain up to five T7S systems, called ESX-1 to ESX-5, each having its own role in bacterial physiology and virulence. In this article, we discuss the general composition of T7S systems and the role of the individual components in secretion. These conserved components include two membrane proteins with (predicted) enzymatic activities: a predicted ATPase (EccC), likely to be required for energy provision of T7S, and a subtilisin-like protease (MycP) involved in processing of specific substrates. Additionally, we describe the role of a conserved intracellular chaperone in T7S substrate recognition, based on recently published crystal structures and molecular analysis. Finally, we discuss system-specific features of the different T7S systems in mycobacteria and their role in pathogenesis and provide an overview of the role of T7S in virulence of other pathogenic bacteria.
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PE11, a PE/PPE family protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is involved in cell wall remodeling and virulence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21624. [PMID: 26902658 PMCID: PMC4763214 DOI: 10.1038/srep21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the unique proline-glutamic acid (PE)/proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family of proteins in the pathophysiology and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not clearly understood. One of the PE family proteins, PE11 (LipX or Rv1169c), specific to pathogenic mycobacteria is found to be over-expressed during infection of macrophages and in active TB patients. In this study, we report that M. smegmatis expressing PE11 (Msmeg-PE11) exhibited altered colony morphology and cell wall lipid composition leading to a marked increase in resistance against various environmental stressors and antibiotics. The cell envelope of Msmeg-PE11 also had greater amount of glycolipids and polar lipids. Msmeg-PE11 was found to have better survival rate in infected macrophages. Mice infected with Msmeg-PE11 had higher bacterial load, showed exacerbated organ pathology and mortality. The liver and lung of Msmeg-PE11-infected mice also had higher levels of IL-10, IL-4 and TNF-α cytokines, indicating a potential role of this protein in mycobacterial virulence.
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Sharma P, Sharma A, Vishwakarma AL, Agnihotri PK, Sharma S, Srivastava M. Host lung immunity is severely compromised during tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: role of lung eosinophils and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:619-28. [PMID: 26489428 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0715-309rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils play a central role in the pathogenesis of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, a rare, but fatal, manifestation of filariasis. However, no exhaustive study has been done to identify the genes and proteins of eosinophils involved in the pathogenesis of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. In the present study, we established a mouse model of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia that mimicked filarial manifestations of human tropical pulmonary eosinophilia pathogenesis and used flow cytometry-assisted cell sorting and real-time RT-PCR to study the gene expression profile of flow-sorted, lung eosinophils and lung macrophages during tropical pulmonary eosinophilia pathogenesis. Our results show that tropical pulmonary eosinophilia mice exhibited increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, CCL5, and CCL11 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung parenchyma along with elevated titers of IgE and IgG subtypes in the serum. Alveolar macrophages from tropical pulmonary eosinophilia mice displayed decreased phagocytosis, attenuated nitric oxide production, and reduced T-cell proliferation capacity, and FACS-sorted lung eosinophils from tropical pulmonary eosinophilia mice upregulated transcript levels of ficolin A and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2,but proapoptotic genes Bim and Bax were downregulated. Similarly, flow-sorted lung macrophages upregulated transcript levels of TLR-2, TLR-6, arginase-1, Ym-1, and FIZZ-1 but downregulated nitric oxide synthase-2 levels, signifying their alternative activation. Taken together, we show that the pathogenesis of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is marked by functional impairment of alveolar macrophages, alternative activation of lung macrophages, and upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes by eosinophils. These events combine together to cause severe lung inflammation and compromised lung immunity. Therapeutic interventions that can boost host immune response in the lungs might thus provide relief to patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- *Parasitology Division, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, and Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- *Parasitology Division, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, and Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Achchhe Lal Vishwakarma
- *Parasitology Division, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, and Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Promod Kumar Agnihotri
- *Parasitology Division, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, and Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Sharma
- *Parasitology Division, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, and Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- *Parasitology Division, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, and Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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Cao J, Dang G, Li H, Li T, Yue Z, Li N, Liu Y, Liu S, Chen L. Identification and Characterization of Lipase Activity and Immunogenicity of LipL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138151. [PMID: 26398213 PMCID: PMC4580317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids and lipid-metabolizing esterases/lipases are highly important for the mycobacterial life cycle and, possibly, for mycobacterial virulence. In this study, we expressed 10 members of the Lip family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among the 10 proteins, LipL displayed a significantly high enzymatic activity for the hydrolysis of long-chain lipids. The optimal temperature for the lipase activity of LipL was demonstrated to be 37°C, and the optimal pH was 8.0. The lipase active center was not the conserved motif G-x-S-x-G, but rather the S-x-x-K and GGG motifs, and the key catalytic amino acid residues were identified as G50, S88, and K91, as demonstrated through site-directed mutagenesis experiments. A three-dimensional modeling structure of LipL was constructed, which showed that the GGG motif was located in the surface of a pocket structure. Furthermore, the subcellular localization of LipL was demonstrated to be on the mycobacterial surface by Western blot analysis. Our results revealed that the LipL protein could induce a strong humoral immune response in humans and activate a CD8+ T cell-mediated response in mice. Overall, our study identified and characterized a novel lipase denoted LipL from M. tuberculosis, and demonstrated that LipL functions as an immunogen that activates both humoral and cell-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Huafang Li
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Yue
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital for Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis, Harbin, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital for Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital for Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis, Harbin, PR China
| | - Siguo Liu
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
- * E-mail: (SL); (LC)
| | - Liping Chen
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
- * E-mail: (SL); (LC)
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Targeted Mutation of Nuclear Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Impairs Secondary Immune Response in a Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:975789. [PMID: 26491697 PMCID: PMC4603606 DOI: 10.1155/2015/975789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified a nuclear variant of the BMP2 growth factor, called nBMP2. In an effort to understand the function of this variant protein, we generated a mouse line in which BMP2 is expressed and functions normally, but nBMP2 is excluded from the nucleus. This novel mutation allows the study of nBMP2 without compromising BMP2 function. To determine whether nBMP2 plays a role in immune function, we performed a series of experiments in which we compared mouse survival, organ weights, immune cells numbers, and bacterial load in wild type and nBmp2NLStm mice following primary and secondary challenges with Staphylococcus aureus. Following primary challenge with S. aureus, wild type and nBmp2NLStm mice showed no differences in survival or bacterial load and generated similar numbers and types of leukocytes, although mutant spleens were smaller than wild type. Secondary bacterial challenge with S. aureus, however, produced differences in survival, with increased mortality seen in nBmp2NLStm mice. This increased mortality corresponded to higher levels of bacteremia in nBmp2NLStm mice and to a reduced enlargement of mutant spleens in response to the secondary infection. Together, these results suggest that the recently described nuclear variant of BMP2 is necessary for efficient secondary immune responses.
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Garrett CK, Broadwell LJ, Hayne CK, Neher SB. Modulation of the Activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis LipY by Its PE Domain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135447. [PMID: 26270534 PMCID: PMC4536007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis harbors over 160 genes encoding PE/PPE proteins, several of which have roles in the pathogen’s virulence. A number of PE/PPE proteins are secreted via Type VII secretion systems known as the ESX secretion systems. One PE protein, LipY, has a triglyceride lipase domain in addition to its PE domain. LipY can regulate intracellular triglyceride levels and is also exported to the cell wall by one of the ESX family members, ESX-5. Upon export, LipY’s PE domain is removed by proteolytic cleavage. Studies using cells and crude extracts suggest that LipY’s PE domain not only directs its secretion by ESX-5, but also functions to inhibit its enzymatic activity. Here, we attempt to further elucidate the role of LipY’s PE domain in the regulation of its enzymatic activity. First, we established an improved purification method for several LipY variants using detergent micelles. We then used enzymatic assays to confirm that the PE domain down-regulates LipY activity. The PE domain must be attached to LipY in order to effectively inhibit it. Finally, we determined that full length LipY and the mature lipase lacking the PE domain (LipYΔPE) have similar melting temperatures. Based on our improved purification strategy and activity-based approach, we concluded that LipY’s PE domain down-regulates its enzymatic activity but does not impact the thermal stability of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Garrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lindsey J. Broadwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Cassandra K. Hayne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Saskia B. Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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