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Heyckendorf J, Georghiou SB, Frahm N, Heinrich N, Kontsevaya I, Reimann M, Holtzman D, Imperial M, Cirillo DM, Gillespie SH, Ruhwald M. Tuberculosis Treatment Monitoring and Outcome Measures: New Interest and New Strategies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0022721. [PMID: 35311552 PMCID: PMC9491169 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00227-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of new diagnostics, drugs and regimens, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health threat. A significant challenge for TB control efforts has been the monitoring of TB therapy and determination of TB treatment success. Current recommendations for TB treatment monitoring rely on sputum and culture conversion, which have low sensitivity and long turnaround times, present biohazard risk, and are prone to contamination, undermining their usefulness as clinical treatment monitoring tools and for drug development. We review the pipeline of molecular technologies and assays that serve as suitable substitutes for current culture-based readouts for treatment response and outcome with the potential to change TB therapy monitoring and accelerate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heyckendorf
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Frahm
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norbert Heinrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Kontsevaya
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maja Reimann
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David Holtzman
- FIND, the Global Alliance for Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marjorie Imperial
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA, United States
| | - Daniela M. Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephen H. Gillespie
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrewsgrid.11914.3c, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- FIND, the Global Alliance for Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lv L, Gu S, Jiang H, Yan R, Chen Y, Chen Y, Luo R, Huang C, Lu H, Zheng B, Zhang H, Xia J, Tang L, Sheng G, Li L. Gut mycobiota alterations in patients with COVID-19 and H1N1 infections and their associations with clinical features. Commun Biol 2021; 4:480. [PMID: 33850296 PMCID: PMC8044104 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gut microbes and COVID-19 or H1N1 infections is not fully understood. Here, we compared the gut mycobiota of 67 COVID-19 patients, 35 H1N1-infected patients and 48 healthy controls (HCs) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 3-ITS4 sequencing and analysed their associations with clinical features and the bacterial microbiota. Compared to HCs, the fungal burden was higher. Fungal mycobiota dysbiosis in both COVID-19 and H1N1-infected patients was mainly characterized by the depletion of fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium, but several fungi, including Candida glabrata, were enriched in H1N1-infected patients. The gut mycobiota profiles in COVID-19 patients with mild and severe symptoms were similar. Hospitalization had no apparent additional effects. In COVID-19 patients, Mucoromycota was positively correlated with Fusicatenibacter, Aspergillus niger was positively correlated with diarrhoea, and Penicillium citrinum was negatively correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP). In H1N1-infected patients, Aspergillus penicilloides was positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae members, Aspergillus was positively correlated with CRP, and Mucoromycota was negatively correlated with procalcitonin. Therefore, gut mycobiota dysbiosis occurs in both COVID-19 patients and H1N1-infected patients and does not improve until the patients are discharged and no longer require medical attention. Lv et al. associate the gut mycobiota with clinical features and the bacterial microbiota by comparing COVID-19 patients to those infected with H1N1 and healthy controls. They find that gut mycobiota dysbiosis occurs in both COVID-19 patients and those infected with H1N1 and that it does not improve until patients no longer require medical attention, providing insights into a better healthcare guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Silan Gu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Yan
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Affiliated to Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Affiliated to Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Dorn-In S, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Differentiation of live and dead Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in meat samples using PMA qPCR. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103275. [PMID: 31421753 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The causative agents of zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (bTB), Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae, are members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC). Wildlife such as red deer infected with bTB are often without pathological findings, thus meat thereof may be classified as safe for human consumption. The culturing of MTC is time consuming and inappropriate to be applied with fresh meat and food. Therefore, a rapid method "PMA qPCR" to differentiate living and dead cells of MTC was developed in this study. By treating with 50 μM PMA™ dye, dead M. bovis BCG (≤104 cells/ml meat suspension) could be completely discriminated and was not detected by specific MTC PCR. The limit of detection of MTC without treatment with PMA™ dye was 10 cells/ml. All 50 venison samples obtained for field study purposes were negative for MTC. However, 40% were slightly PCR positive for non-TBC mycobacteria. By culturing using selective enrichment, one single colony of M. avium was isolated. This is the first report on the isolation of M. avium from venison. Considering the difficulties of diagnosing mycobacteria in various matrices, the developed PMA qPCR is applicable for the differentiation of dead and living cells of MTC in meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samart Dorn-In
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Migliori GB, Centis R, D'Ambrosio L, Silva DR, Rendon A. International collaboration among medical societies is an effective way to boost Latin American production of articles on tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 45:e20180420. [PMID: 31038653 PMCID: PMC6733746 DOI: 10.1590/1806-3713/e20180420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Most studies of tuberculosis originate from high-income countries with a low incidence of tuberculosis. A review of the scientific production on tuberculosis in Latin American countries, most of which are low- or middle-income countries (some with high or intermediate tuberculosis incidence rates), would improve the understanding of public health challenges, clinical needs, and research priorities. The aims of this systematic review were to determine what has been published recently in Latin America, to identify the leading authors involved, and to quantify the impact of international collaborations. Methods: We used PubMed to identify relevant manuscripts on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), published between 2013 and 2018. We selected only studies conducted in countries with an annual tuberculosis incidence of ≥ 10,000 reported cases and an annual MDR-TB incidence of ≥ 300 estimated cases, including Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina. Articles were stratified by country, type, and topic. Results: We identified as eligible 395 studies on PTB and 188 studies on DR/MDR-TB-of which 96.4% and 96.8%, respectively, were original studies; 35.5% and 32.4%, respectively, had an epidemiological focus; and 52.7% and 36.2%, respectively, were conducted in Brazil. The recent Latin American Thoracic Association/European Respiratory Society/Brazilian Thoracic Association collaborative project boosted the production of high-quality articles on PTB and DR/MDR-TB in Latin America. Conclusions: Most of the recent Latin American studies on tuberculosis were conducted in Brazil, Mexico, or Peru. Collaboration among medical societies facilitates the production of scientific papers on tuberculosis. Such initiatives are in support of the World Health Organization call for intensified research and innovation in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Battista Migliori
- . Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri - IRCCS - Tradate, Italia
| | - Rosella Centis
- . Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri - IRCCS - Tradate, Italia
| | | | - Denise Rossato Silva
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS - Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
| | - Adrian Rendon
- . Centro de Investigación, Prevención y Tratamiento de Infecciones Respiratorias - CIPTIR - Hospital Universitario de Monterrey, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León -UANL - Monterrey, México
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Lu J, Zheng H, Chu P, Han S, Yang H, Wang Z, Shi J, Yang Z. Direct detection from clinical sputum samples to differentiate live and dead Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 33:e22716. [PMID: 30461054 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to optimize the condition of propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) from clinical specimens. METHODS The light exposure time, dark incubation time, bacterial load, and PMA concentration were varied to determine the optimal condition of PMA treatment. RESULTS Overall, the maximum ΔCq value was observed in the group receiving a light exposure time of 20 minutes, which was significantly higher than the others (P < 0.05). The prolongation of dark incubation time seemed more likely to result in greater ΔCq value, and the ΔCq values were 2.0, 4.1, 6.5, 10.1, and 12.7 cycles under dark incubation time of 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively. Alternatively, the 4+ samples exhibited favorable detection results at the application of 104 -fold dilution by PMA assay with Cq values higher than 35 cycles. Further evaluation revealed that the PMA assay showed an accordance rate of 98.0% (98/100) among clinical sputa. CONCLUSIONS we develop an acceptable method to directly identify the live bacteria from sputum samples. Our data demonstrate that the dark incubation plays a crucial role in the efficacy of PMA treatment for MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Chu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shujing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdong Wang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuosen Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
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Fukuzawa S, Shiho H, Fujita T. Selective Detection of DNA from Viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains Using the EMA-PCR Method. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 72:19-22. [PMID: 30270248 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ability to discriminate viable from dead cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), using an ethidium monoazide (EMA) treatment-dependent viable bacteria selection PCR kit was examined. Detection of dead bacteria was possible for bacterial concentrations in the range 1.5 × 107-3.0 × 107 CFU/mL, which was equivalent to McFarland No. 0.05-0.10. There was a significant difference between the results for viable and dead bacteria, and the sensitivity and specificity of this method for culture-negative samples from patients were 83% and 100%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful selective detection of DNA from viable cells of MTC by EMA-PCR, using the viable bacteria selection kit for PCR (gram-positive), an EMA treatment kit. We believe that application of this method could promote earlier discharge of patients undergoing tuberculosis treatment by discriminating dead from viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fukuzawa
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center
| | - Hiroyuki Shiho
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center
| | - Takahiro Fujita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center
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Rodriguez DC, Ocampo M, Salazar LM, Patarroyo MA. Quantifying intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An essential issue for in vitro assays. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00588. [PMID: 29484835 PMCID: PMC5911991 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies about intracellular microorganisms which are important regarding diseases affecting public health have been focused on the recognition of host–pathogen interactions, thereby ascertaining the mechanisms by which the pathogen invades a cell and makes it become its host. Such knowledge enables understanding the immunological response triggered by these interactions for obtaining useful information for developing vaccines and drugs. Quantitative cell infection assay protocols are indispensable regarding studies involving Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which takes the lives of more than 2 million people worldwide every year; however, sometimes these are limited by the pathogen's slow growth. Concerning such limitation, a detailed review is presented here regarding the different methods for quantifying and differentiating an intracellular pathogen, the importance of mycobacteria aggregate dissociation and multiplicity of infection (MOI) in infection assays. The methods’ differences, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed regarding intra and extracellular bacteria (on cell surface) differentiation, current problems are outlined, as are the solutions provided using fluorophores and projections made concerning quantitative infection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Carolina Rodriguez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Kayigire XA, Friedrich SO, Karinja MN, van der Merwe L, Martinson NA, Diacon AH. Propidium monoazide and Xpert MTB/RIF to quantify Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:79-84. [PMID: 27865403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Propidium monoazide (PMA) penetrates non-viable cells with compromised membranes. PMA has been proposed to improve the specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) for the detection of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study assessed the effect of PMA on Xpert cycle thresholds (CT) of M. tuberculosis made non-viable under antibiotic pressure. In vitro, we measured the difference between CT with and without PMA (ΔCT) in liquid cultures treated with one of six anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, moxifloxacin) and found significant ΔCT only with isoniazid and ethambutol for pan-susceptible M. tuberculosis and only with ethambutol for extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. In the clinic we assessed ΔCT in sputum samples collected from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis before and at regular intervals over 12 weeks after initiation of treatment. Before treatment start, estimated CT were 19.3 (95% CI: 17.1-21.4) and 19.8 (95% CI: 17.6-22.1) without and with PMA, respectively. Under treatment CT increased by 2.54 per √√day (95% CI: 1.38-3.69) without PMA and an additional 0.55 per √√day (95% CI: 0.37-0.74; p < 0.0001) with PMA. We conclude that PMA increases the specificity of Xpert for viable M. tuberculosis but the effect is small and dependent on the antibiotics used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier A Kayigire
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Task Applied Science, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sven O Friedrich
- Division of Medical Physiology, MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Task Applied Science, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Neil A Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andreas H Diacon
- Division of Medical Physiology, MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Task Applied Science, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Kishi H, Sato M, Shibata Y, Sato K, Inoue S, Abe S, Kimura T, Nishiwaki M, Yamauchi K, Nemoto T, Igarashi A, Tokairin Y, Nakajima O, Kubota I. Role of chemokine C-C motif ligand-1 in acute and chronic pulmonary inflammations. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1241. [PMID: 27536524 PMCID: PMC4970990 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Chemokine C-C motif ligand 1 (CCL1) accumulates C-C motif chemokine receptor 8 positive leukocytes to the inflammatory sites. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the chemokine CCL1 gene are associated with exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease. However, it is unclear whether CCL1 has immunomodulatory functions during pulmonary inflammation. This study aimed to elucidate this issue using newly generated transgenic mice that express CCL1 in the lungs (SPC-CCL1 mice). Methods To evaluate the phenotypes of these mice, lung section and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analyses were performed. We intratracheally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Mycobacterium bovis as a model of acute or chronic lung inflammation, respectively. Results No histological differences were observed between lung tissue from SPC-CCL1 Tg and wild-type mice in the resting condition and after LPS administration. In the resting condition, the total BAL cell concentration was lower in SPC-CCL1 Tg mice than in wild-type mice (P = 0.0097). Flow cytometric analyses showed that SPC-CCL1 Tg mice had fewer F4/80-positive cells than wild-type mice (P = 0.0278). After intratracheal LPS administration, CCL1 overexpression changed neither the total numbers nor population of BAL cells. After mycobacterial administration, pulmonary granuloma formation was significantly enhanced. The degree of Immunostaining for endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1, a molecule associated with granuloma formation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, was significantly enhanced in the granuloma regions of SPC-CCL1 mice treated with Mycobacterium, compared to those of wild-type mice. Conclusions CCL1 overexpression in the lungs did not change the acute inflammatory response induced by LPS, but enhanced granuloma formation after mycobacterial treatment, possibly through enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Masamichi Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Kento Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Sumito Inoue
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Shuichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Tomomi Kimura
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Michiko Nishiwaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Takako Nemoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Akira Igarashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Yoshikane Tokairin
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
| | - Osamu Nakajima
- Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585 Japan
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Cancino-Faure B, Fisa R, Alcover MM, Jimenez-Marco T, Riera C. Detection and Quantification of Viable and Nonviable Trypanosoma cruzi Parasites by a Propidium Monoazide Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1282-9. [PMID: 27139452 PMCID: PMC4889745 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular techniques based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) allow the detection and quantification of DNA but are unable to distinguish between signals from dead or live cells. Because of the lack of simple techniques to differentiate between viable and nonviable cells, the aim of this study was to optimize and evaluate a straightforward test based on propidium monoazide (PMA) dye action combined with a qPCR assay (PMA-qPCR) for the selective quantification of viable/nonviable epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi PMA has the ability to penetrate the plasma membrane of dead cells and covalently cross-link to the DNA during exposure to bright visible light, thereby inhibiting PCR amplification. Different concentrations of PMA (50-200 μM) and epimastigotes of the Maracay strain of T. cruzi (1 × 10(5)-10 parasites/mL) were assayed; viable and nonviable parasites were tested and quantified by qPCR with a TaqMan probe specific for T. cruzi. In the PMA-qPCR assay optimized at 100 μM PMA, a significant qPCR signal reduction was observed in the nonviable versus viable epimastigotes treated with PMA, with a mean signal reduction of 2.5 logarithm units and a percentage of signal reduction > 98%, in all concentrations of parasites assayed. This signal reduction was also observed when PMA-qPCR was applied to a mixture of live/dead parasites, which allowed the detection of live cells, except when the concentration of live parasites was low (10 parasites/mL). The PMA-qPCR developed allows differentiation between viable and nonviable epimastigotes of T. cruzi and could thus be a potential method of parasite viability assessment and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cancino-Faure
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
| | - M Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Teresa Jimenez-Marco
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
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Wiwanitkit V. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2015; 78:473. [PMID: 26508949 PMCID: PMC4620355 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2015.78.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Department of Public Health Curriculum, Master of Science Unit, Surin Rajabhat University, Surin, Thailand
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