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Churchman LR, Beckett JR, Tan L, Woods K, Doherty DZ, Ghith A, Bernhardt PV, Bell SG, West NP, De Voss JJ. Synthesis of steroidal inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 239:106479. [PMID: 38346478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Oxidised derivatives of cholesterol have been shown to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The bacteriostatic activity of these compounds has been attributed to their inhibition of CYP125A1 and CYP142A1, two metabolically critical cytochromes P450 that initiate degradation of the sterol side chain. Here, we synthesise and characterise an extensive library of 28 cholesterol derivatives to develop a structure-activity relationship for this class of inhibitors. The candidate compounds were evaluated for MIC with virulent Mtb and in binding studies with CYP125A1 and CYP142A1 from Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Churchman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James R Beckett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kyra Woods
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Z Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Amna Ghith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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2
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Li S, Qu Y. Structural study of medium-long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase FadD8 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 672:65-71. [PMID: 37336126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In mycobacteria, lipids are important components of the cell wall and play a critical role for pathogenic activities. Lipids need to be activated before participating in many biological pathways. FadD proteins are members of the adenylate-forming superfamily, catalyzing activation of fatty acids. FadD8 is one of the 34 Mycobacterium tuberculosis FadD proteins, which was reported to be a putative medium-long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase. Previous studies showed FadD8 from Mycobacterium smegmatis exhibited higher activity with oxidized cholesterol than fatty acids. However, the catalytic mechanism of the FadD8 is still exclusive. Here, we reported the crystal structure of FadD8 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which forms homodimer. Structural analysis revealed presence of a relatively narrow pocket compared to other FadD proteins and a novel alternative pocket, implying distinct substrate binding preference. We propose that FadD8 plays a vital role in cholesterol utilization and metabolism by catalyzing activation of cholesterol. Collectively, our findings provide novel information for the further studies of the inhibitor and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhui Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Gaglani P, Dwivedi M, Upadhyay TK, Kaushal RS, Ahmad I, Saeed M. A pro-oxidant property of vitamin C to overcome the burden of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: A cross-talk review with Fenton reaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1152269. [PMID: 37153159 PMCID: PMC10155705 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1152269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacillus M. tuberculosis, is one of the deadliest infectious illnesses of our day, along with HIV and malaria.Chemotherapy, the cornerstone of TB control efforts, is jeopardized by the advent of M. tuberculosis strains resistant to many, if not all, of the existing medications.Isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are used to treat drug-susceptible TB for two months, followed by four months of INH and RIF, but chemotherapy with potentially harmful side effects is sometimes needed to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB for up to two years. Chemotherapy might be greatly shortened by drugs that kill M. tuberculosis more quickly while simultaneously limiting the emergence of drug resistance.Regardless of their intended target, bactericidal medicines commonly kill pathogenic bacteria (gram-negative and gram-positive) by producing hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction.Researchers have concentrated on vitamins with bactericidal properties to address the rising cases globally and have discovered that these vitamins are effective when given along with first-line drugs. The presence of elevated iron content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and DNA damage all contributed to VC's sterilizing action on M. tb in vitro. Moreover, it has a pleiotropic effect on a variety of biological processes such as detoxification, protein folding - chaperons, cell wall processes, information pathways, regulatory, virulence, metabolism etc.In this review report, the authors extensively discussed the effects of VC on M. tb., such as the generation of free radicals and bactericidal mechanisms with existing treatments, and their further drug development based on ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikkumar Gaglani
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Center of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Center of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Kaushal
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Center of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- *Correspondence: Radhey Shyam Kaushal, ; Mohd Saeed,
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Radhey Shyam Kaushal, ; Mohd Saeed,
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4
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Xu X, Dong B, Peng L, Gao C, He Z, Wang C, Zeng J. Anti-tuberculosis drug development via targeting the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1056608. [PMID: 36620019 PMCID: PMC9810820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1056608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a dynamic cell envelope, which consists of a peptidoglycan layer, a mycolic acid layer, and an arabinogalactan polysaccharide. This envelope possesses a highly complex and unique structure representing a barrier that protects and assists the growth of M. tuberculosis and allows its adaptation to the host. It regulates the immune response of the host cells, causing their damage. Therefore, the cell envelope of M. tuberculosis is an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. The emergence of multidrug-resistant as well as extensively drug resistant tuberculosis and co-infection with HIV prevented an effective control of this disease. Thus, the discovery and development of new drugs is a major keystone for TB treatment and control. This review mainly summarizes the development of drug enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the cell wall in M. tuberculosis, and other potential drug targets in this pathway, to provide more effective strategies for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baoyu Dong
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqun He
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Jadhav K, Singh R, Ray E, Singh AK, Verma RK. Taming the Devil: Antimicrobial Peptides for Safer TB Therapeutics. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2022; 23:643-656. [PMID: 35619262 DOI: 10.2174/1389203723666220526161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious infection with extensive mortality and morbidity. The rise of TB-superbugs (drug-resistant strains) with the increase of their resistance to conventional antibiotics has prompted a further search for new anti-mycobacterial agents. It is difficult to breach the barriers around TB bacteria, including mycolic cell wall, granuloma, biofilm and mucus, by conventional antibiotics in a short span of time. Hence, there is an essential need for molecules with an unconventional mode of action and structure that can efficiently break the barriers around mycobacterium. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are essential components of innate immunity having cationic and amphipathic characteristics. Lines of evidence show that AMPs have good myco-bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against normal as well as antibiotic-resistant TB bacteria. These peptides have shown direct killing of bacteria by membrane lysis and indirect killing by activation of innate immune response in host cells by interacting with the component of the bacterial membrane and intracellular targets through diverse mechanisms. Despite a good anti-mycobacterial activity, some undesirable characteristics are also associated with AMP, including hemolysis, cytotoxicity, susceptibility to proteolysis and poor pharmacokinetic profile, and hence only a few clinical studies have been conducted with these biomolecules. The design of new combinatorial therapies, including AMPs and particulate drug delivery systems, could be new potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics to fight MDR- and XDRTB. This review outlined the array of AMP roles in TB therapy, possible mechanisms of actions, activities, and current advances in pragmatic strategies to improve challenges accompanying the delivery of AMP for tuberculosis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Jadhav
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Raghuraj Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Eupa Ray
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra-282001, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
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de Paiva Pinheiro SK, Rangel Miguel TBA, Chaves MDM, Barros FCDF, Farias CP, de Moura TA, Ferreira OP, Paschoal AR, Souza Filho AG, de Castro Miguel E. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) internalization and passage through the Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) outer cell wall. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1113-1123. [PMID: 34585660 DOI: 10.1071/fp21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) toxicity is related to nanoparticle interaction with the cell wall of microorganisms and plants. This interaction alters cell wall conformation with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. With the increase of ROS in the cell, the dissolution of zero silver (Ag0) to ionic silver (Ag+) occurs, which is a strong oxidant agent to the cellular wall. AgNP interaction was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on Lactuca sativa roots, and the mechanism of passage through the outer cell wall (OCW) was also proposed. The results suggest that Ag+ binds to the hydroxyls (OH) present in the cellulose structure, thus causing the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds. Changes in cell wall structure facilitate the passage of AgNPs, reaching the plasma membrane. According to the literature, silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 15nm are transported across the membrane into the cells by caveolines. This work describes the interaction between AgNPs and the cell wall and proposes a transport model through the outer cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergimar Kennedy de Paiva Pinheiro
- Biomaterials Laboratory (BIOMAT), Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials (DEMM) and Analytical Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici Fortaleza, CEP 60455-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Marlos de Medeiros Chaves
- Biomaterials Laboratory (BIOMAT), Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials (DEMM) and Analytical Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici Fortaleza, CEP 60455-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Pessoa Farias
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory (LaMFA), Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves de Moura
- Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Odair Pastor Ferreira
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory (LaMFA), Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rocha Paschoal
- Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Gomes Souza Filho
- Physics Department, School of Science, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60455-900, CE, Brazil
| | - Emilio de Castro Miguel
- Biomaterials Laboratory (BIOMAT), Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials (DEMM) and Analytical Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici Fortaleza, CEP 60455-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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7
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Brown AS, Owen JG, Jung J, Baker EN, Ackerley DF. Inhibition of Indigoidine Synthesis as a High-Throughput Colourimetric Screen for Antibiotics Targeting the Essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase PptT. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071066. [PMID: 34371757 PMCID: PMC8309046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently-validated and underexplored drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is PptT, an essential phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) that plays a critical role in activating enzymes for both primary and secondary metabolism. PptT possesses a deep binding pocket that does not readily accept labelled coenzyme A analogues that have previously been used to screen for PPTase inhibitors. Here we report on the development of a high throughput, colourimetric screen that monitors the PptT-mediated activation of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase BpsA to a blue pigment (indigoidine) synthesising form in vitro. This screen uses unadulterated coenzyme A, avoiding analogues that may interfere with inhibitor binding, and requires only a single-endpoint measurement. We benchmark the screen using the well-characterised Library of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (LOPAC1280) collection and show that it is both sensitive and able to distinguish weak from strong inhibitors. We further show that the BpsA assay can be applied to quantify the level of inhibition and generate consistent EC50 data. We anticipate these tools will facilitate both the screening of established chemical collections to identify new anti-mycobacterial drug leads and to guide the exploration of structure-activity landscapes to improve existing PPTase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair S. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; (A.S.B.); (J.G.O.)
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
| | - Jeremy G. Owen
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; (A.S.B.); (J.G.O.)
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
| | - James Jung
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edward N. Baker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; (A.S.B.); (J.G.O.)
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-4-4635576
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8
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Kumari B, Kaur J. Correlation of over-expression of rv1900c with enhanced survival of M. smegmatis under stress conditions: Modulation of cell surface properties. Gene 2021; 791:145720. [PMID: 34019937 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has distinct cell wall composition that helps in intracellular survival of bacteria. Rv1900c, a two domain protein, has been grouped in lip gene family. The expression of rv1900c was upregulated under acidic, nutritive and iron stress conditions in M. tuberculosis H37Ra. To investigate the biological effect of Rv1900c in mycobacterium physiology, rv1900c gene was cloned in M. smegmatis, a surrogate host. Its counterpart MSMEG_4477 in M. smegmatis demonstrated 38% protein similarity with Rv1900c. MSMEG_4477 gene was knocked out in M. smegmatis by homologous recombination. rv1900c and MSMEG_4477 genes, cloned in pVV16, were expressed in the M. smegmatis knockout strain (M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477). Gene knockout significantly altered colony morphology and growth kinetics of M. smegmatis. M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_1900 (pVV16::rv1900c) colonies were less wrinkled and had smooth surface as compared to M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477. The changes were reverted back to normal upon expression of MSMEG_4477 in knockout strain M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477). The expression of rv1900c enhanced the biofilm formation and survival of bacteria under various in vitro stresses like acidic, nutritive stress, including lysozyme, SDS and multiple antibiotics treatment in comparison to control. On the other hand the expression of rv1900c decreased the cell wall permeability. The resistance provided by M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477) was comparable to M. smegmatis having vector alone (MS_vec). The lipid content of M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_1900 (pVV16::rv1900c) was observed to be different from M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477). M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_1900 (pVV16::rv1900c) was more tolerant to stress conditions in comparison to M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477). Expression of rv1900c enhanced the intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Therefore, the present study suggested an association of Rv1900c to the stress tolerance by cell wall modification that might have resulted in enhanced intracellular survival of the mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Chudzik A, Paściak M. Bacterial extracellular vesicles as cell-cell communication
mediators. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2020. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles constitute a heterogeneous group of nanoparticles, released by both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells, which perform various biological functions and participate in cell-cell
communication. Bacterial extracellular vesicles are made of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
There are a number of hypotheses for the formation of extracellular vesicles, but the mechanisms
of biogenesis of these structures remain unclear. Hardly soluble metabolites or signaling molecules,
DNA and RNA are vesicles cargo. Extracellular vesicles have a protective function, they can
eliminate other bacterial cells and participate in horizontal gene transfer. The enzymes contained
inside the vesicles facilitate the acquisition of nutrients and help colonize various ecological niches.
Signal molecules carried in the vesicles enable biofilm formation. In the secreted extracellular
vesicles pathogenic microorganisms carry virulence factors, including toxins, into the host cells.
Via vesicles, bacteria can also modulate the host immune system. Bacterial extracellular vesicles
are promising vaccine candidates and can be used as drug carriers. The review discusses the current
knowledge concerning biogenesis, composition, preparation methods, physiological functions
and potential applications of extracellular vesicles secreted by prokaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chudzik
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej im. Ludwika Hirszfelda Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław
| | - Mariola Paściak
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej im. Ludwika Hirszfelda Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław
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10
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Grabowska AD, Brison Y, Maveyraud L, Gavalda S, Faille A, Nahoum V, Bon C, Guilhot C, Pedelacq JD, Chalut C, Mourey L. Molecular Basis for Extender Unit Specificity of Mycobacterial Polyketide Synthases. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3206-3216. [PMID: 33237724 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of the tuberculosis disease, which claims more human lives each year than any other bacterial pathogen. M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial pathogens have developed a range of unique features that enhance their virulence and promote their survival in the human host. Among these features lies the particular cell envelope with high lipid content, which plays a substantial role in mycobacterial pathogenicity. Several envelope components of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, e.g., mycolic acids, phthiocerol dimycocerosates, and phenolic glycolipids, belong to the "family" of polyketides, secondary metabolites synthesized by fascinating versatile enzymes-polyketide synthases. These megasynthases consist of multiple catalytic domains, among which the acyltransferase domain plays a key role in selecting and transferring the substrates required for polyketide extension. Here, we present three new crystal structures of acyltransferase domains of mycobacterial polyketide synthases and, for one of them, provide evidence for the identification of residues determining extender unit specificity. Unravelling the molecular basis for such specificity is of high importance considering the role played by extender units for the final structure of key mycobacterial components. This work provides major advances for the use of mycobacterial polyketide synthases as potential therapeutic targets and, more generally, contributes to the prediction and bioengineering of polyketide synthases with desired specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Grabowska
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Yoann Brison
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maveyraud
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sabine Gavalda
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Faille
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Nahoum
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Bon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Denis Pedelacq
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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11
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Sebastian J, Nair RR, Swaminath S, Ajitkumar P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cells Surviving in the Continued Presence of Bactericidal Concentrations of Rifampicin in vitro Develop Negatively Charged Thickened Capsular Outer Layer That Restricts Permeability to the Antibiotic. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:554795. [PMID: 33391194 PMCID: PMC7773709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.554795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of the cells in the bacterial populations exposed to lethal concentrations of antibiotics for prolonged duration succumbs to the antibiotics' sterilizing activity. The remaining cells survive by diverse mechanisms that include reduced permeability of the antibiotics. However, in the cells surviving in the continued presence of lethal concentrations of antibiotics, it is not known whether any cell surface alterations occur that in turn may reduce permeability of the antibiotics. Here we report the presence of a highly negatively charged, hydrophilic, thickened capsular outer layer (TCOL) on a small proportion of the rifampicin surviving population (RSP) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells upon prolonged continuous exposure to bactericidal concentrations of rifampicin in vitro. The TCOL reduced the intracellular entry of 5-carboxyfluorescein-rifampicin (5-FAM-rifampicin), a fluorochrome-conjugated rifampicin permeability probe of negligible bacteriocidal activity but comparable properties. Gentle mechanical removal of the TCOL enabled significant increase in the 5-FAM-rifampicin permeability. Zeta potential measurements of the cells' surface charge and hexadecane assay for cell surface hydrophobicity showed that the TCOL imparted high negative charge and polar nature to the cells' surface. Flow cytometry using the MLP and RSP cells, stained with calcofluor white, which specifically binds glucose/mannose units in β (1 → 4) or β (1 → 3) linkages, revealed the presence of lower content of polysaccharides containing such residues in the TCOL. GC-MS analyses of the TCOL and the normal capsular outer layer (NCOL) of MLP cells showed elevated levels of α-D-glucopyranoside, mannose, arabinose, galactose, and their derivatives in the TCOL, indicating the presence of high content of polysaccharides with these residues. We hypothesize that the significantly high thickness and the elevated negative charge of the TCOL might have functioned as a physical barrier restricting the permeability of the relatively non-polar rifampicin. This might have reduced intracellular rifampicin concentration enabling the cells' survival in the continued presence of high doses of rifampicin. In the context of our earlier report on the de novo emergence of rifampicin-resistant genetic mutants of Mtb from the population surviving under lethal doses of the antibiotic, the present findings attain clinical significance if a subpopulation of the tubercle bacilli in tuberculosis patients possesses TCOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jees Sebastian
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rashmi Ravindran Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sharmada Swaminath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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12
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Hermann C, Karamchand L, Blackburn JM, Soares NC. Cell Envelope Proteomics of Mycobacteria. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:94-109. [PMID: 33140963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most pathogenic mycobacterium species to humans, has infected up to a quarter of the world's population, with the occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains on the rise. Research into the detailed composition of the cell envelope proteome in mycobacteria over the last 20 years has formed a key part of the efforts to understand host-pathogen interactions and to control the current tuberculosis epidemic. This is due to the great importance of the cell envelope proteome during infection and during the development of antibiotic resistance as well as the search of surface-exposed proteins that could be targeted by therapeutics and vaccines. A variety of experimental approaches and mycobacterial species have been used in proteomic studies thus far. Here we provide for the first time an extensive summary of the different approaches to isolate the mycobacterial cell envelope, highlight some of the limitations of the studies performed thus far, and comment on how the recent advances in membrane proteomics in other fields might be translated into the field of mycobacteria to provide deeper coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Hermann
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Leshern Karamchand
- National Research Council Canada, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Biomedical Nanotechnologies, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nelson C Soares
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Mohammadzadeh R, Ghazvini K, Farsiani H, Soleimanpour S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular vesicles: exploitation for vaccine technology and diagnostic methods. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 47:13-33. [PMID: 33044878 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1830749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal epidemic disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Pervasive latent infection, multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR- and XDR-TB), and TB/HIV co-infection make TB a global health problem, which emphasises the design and development of efficient vaccines and diagnostic biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secretion is a conserved phenomenon in all the domains of life. Various cargos such as nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins, and enzymes have been recognised in these nano-sized vesicles that may be involved in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. The intrinsic adjuvant effect, native immunogenic cargo, sensing by host immune cells, circulation in all body fluids, and comprehensive distribution of antigens introduce EVs as a promising tool for designing novel vaccines, diagnostic biomarkers, and drug delivery systems. Genetic engineering of the EV-producing bacteria and the subsequent production of proper EVs could facilitate the development of the EV-based therapeutic applications. Recently, it was demonstrated that thick-walled mycobacteria release EVs, which contain immunodominant cargos such as lipoglycans and lipoproteins. The present article is a comprehensive review on the recent findings of Mtb EVs biology and the exploitation of EVs for the vaccine technology and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Morbidoni HR, de la Iglesia AI, Figueroa V, Di Capua C, Ioerger TR, Parish T. Mutations in the anti-sigma H factor RshA confer resistance to econazole and clotrimazole in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Access Microbiol 2020; 1:e000070. [PMID: 32974504 PMCID: PMC7491931 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole drugs such as econazole, are active on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis; however, the identification of their target(s) is still pending. It has been reported that mutations in the non-essential system mmpL5-mmpS5 conferred resistance to econazole in M. tuberculosis. We herein report that an azole-resistant mutant screen in M. smegmatis rendered mutations in rshA, encoding a non-essential anti-sigma H protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor R. Morbidoni
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Héctor R. Morbidoni,
| | - Agustina I. de la Iglesia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Virginia Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Present address: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Di Capua
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Tanya Parish,
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15
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Cui Z, Dang G, Song N, Cui Y, Li Z, Zang X, Liu H, Wang Z, Liu S. Rv3091, An Extracellular Patatin-Like Phospholipase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Prolongs Intracellular Survival of Recombinant Mycolicibacterium smegmatis by Mediating Phagosomal Escape. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2204. [PMID: 33042041 PMCID: PMC7517356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.532371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipases (PLPs) are important virulence factors of many pathogens. However, there are no prevailing studies regarding PLPs as a virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Analysis of Rv3091, a putative protein of Mtb, shows that it belongs to the PLPs family. Here, we cloned and expressed the rv3091 gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis and, subsequently, conducted protein purification and characterization. We show that it possesses phospholipase A1, phospholipase A2, and lipase activity. We confirm the putative active site residues, namely, Ser214 and Asp407, using site directed mutagenesis. The Rv3091 is an extracellular protein that alters the colony morphology of M. smegmatis. The presence of Rv3091 enhances the intracellular survival capability of M. smegmatis in murine peritoneal macrophages. Additionally, it promotes M. smegmatis phagosomal escape from macrophages. Moreover, Rv3091 significantly increased the survival of M. smegmatis and aggravated lesions in C57BL/6 J murine lungs in vivo. Taken together, our results indicate that Rv3091 as an extracellular PLP that is critical to the pathogenicity of mycobacterium as it allows mycobacterium to utilize phospholipids for its growth and provides resistance to phagosome killing, resulting in its enhanced intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinxin Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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16
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Jiménez-Juárez R, Cruz-Chávez W, de Jesús-Ramírez N, Castro-Ramírez GI, Uribe-González I, Martínez-Mejía G, Ruiz-Nicolás R, Aguirre-Alvarado C, Castrejón-Jiménez NS, García-Pérez BE. Synthesis and Antimycobacterial Activity of 2,5-Disubstituted and 1,2,5-Trisubstituted Benzimidazoles. Front Chem 2020; 8:433. [PMID: 32656177 PMCID: PMC7325987 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the dramatic increase in infection rates worldwide evidences the urgency of developing new and effective compounds for treating tuberculosis. Benzimidazoles represent one possible source of new compounds given that antimycobacterial activity has already been documented for some derivatives, such as those bearing electron-withdrawing groups. The aim of this study was to synthesize two series of benzimidazoles, di- and trisubstituted derivatives, and evaluate their antimycobacterial activity. Accordingly, 5a and 5b were synthesized from hydroxymoyl halides 3a and 3b, and nitro-substituted o-phenylenediamine 4. Compound 11 was synthesized from an aromatic nitro compound, 4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine 9, mixed with 3-nitrobenzaldehyde 10, and bentonite clay. Although the synthesis of 11 has already been reported, its antimycobacterial activity is herein examined for the first time. 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazoles 7a, 7b, and 12 were obtained from N-alkylation of 5a, 5b, and 11. All benzimidazole derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and HR-MS, and then screened for their in vitro antimycobacterial effect against the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. The N-alkylated molecules (7a, 7b, and 12) generated very limited in vitro inhibition of mycobacterial growth. The benzimidazoles (5a, 5b, and 11) showed in vitro potency against mycobacteria, reflected in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 6.25-25 μg/mL. Consequently, only the 2,5-disubstituted benzimidazoles were assessed for biological activity on mouse macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis. A good effect was found for the three compounds. The cytotoxicity assay revealed very low toxicity for all the test compounds against the macrophage cell line. According to the docking study, 2,5-disubstituted benzimidazoles exhibit high affinity for an interdomain cleft that plays a key role in the GTP-dependent polymerization of the filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) protein. The ability of different benzimidazoles to impede FtsZ polymerization is reportedly related to their antimycobacterial activity. On the other hand, the 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazoles docked to the N-terminal of the protein, close to the GTP binding domain, and did not show strong binding energies. Overall, 5a, 5b, and 11 proved to be good candidates for in vivo testing to determine their potential for treating tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Jiménez-Juárez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Wendy Cruz-Chávez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nayeli de Jesús-Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Ivonne Castro-Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Uribe-González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Martínez-Mejía
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Ruiz-Nicolás
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Charmina Aguirre-Alvarado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional, La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias-Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Ihedioha O, Potter AA, Chen JM. Poor stimulation of bovine dendritic cells by Mycobacterium bovis culture supernatant and surface extract is associated with decreased activation of ERK and NF- κB and higher expression of SOCS1 and 3. Innate Immun 2020; 26:537-546. [PMID: 32513050 PMCID: PMC7491241 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920929759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope of pathogenic mycobacteria interfaces with the host. As such, the interaction of bacterial products localized at or released from the cell surface with the host’s immune system can determine the fate of the bacterium in its host. In this study, the effects of three different types of Mycobacterium bovis cell envelope fractions—purified protein derivative, total cell wall lipids and culture supernatant and surface extract—on bovine dendritic cells were assessed. We found that the culture supernatant and surface extract fraction induced little to no production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-12 in bovine dendritic cells. Moreover, this muted response was associated with poor activation of ERK and NF-κB, both of which are critical for the pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, culture supernatant and surface extract treatment increased the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and 3, both of which are negative regulators of pro-inflammatory signaling, in bovine dendritic cells. These observations taken together suggest the M. bovis culture supernatant and surface extract fraction contain immunomodulatory molecules that may aid in M. bovis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ihedioha
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andrew A Potter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Chen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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18
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Shen L, Viljoen A, Villaume S, Joe M, Halloum I, Chêne L, Méry A, Fabre E, Takegawa K, Lowary TL, Vincent SP, Kremer L, Guérardel Y, Mariller C. The endogenous galactofuranosidase GlfH1 hydrolyzes mycobacterial arabinogalactan. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5110-5123. [PMID: 32107309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite impressive progress made over the past 20 years in our understanding of mycolylarabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) biogenesis, the mechanisms by which the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis adapts its cell wall structure and composition to various environmental conditions, especially during infection, remain poorly understood. Being the central portion of the mAGP complex, arabinogalactan (AG) is believed to be the constituent of the mycobacterial cell envelope that undergoes the least structural changes, but no reports exist supporting this assumption. Herein, using recombinantly expressed mycobacterial protein, bioinformatics analyses, and kinetic and biochemical assays, we demonstrate that the AG can be remodeled by a mycobacterial endogenous enzyme. In particular, we found that the mycobacterial GlfH1 (Rv3096) protein exhibits exo-β-d-galactofuranose hydrolase activity and is capable of hydrolyzing the galactan chain of AG by recurrent cleavage of the terminal β-(1,5) and β-(1,6)-Galf linkages. The characterization of this galactosidase represents a first step toward understanding the remodeling of mycobacterial AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unit[c33c]zpi;● de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 - CNRS/UM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Sydney Villaume
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organic (CBO), Université de Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Maju Joe
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Iman Halloum
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 - CNRS/UM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Loïc Chêne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organic (CBO), Université de Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Méry
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unit[c33c]zpi;● de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emeline Fabre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unit[c33c]zpi;● de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organic (CBO), Université de Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 - CNRS/UM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unit[c33c]zpi;● de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christophe Mariller
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unit[c33c]zpi;● de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
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19
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Bento CM, Gomes MS, Silva T. Looking beyond Typical Treatments for Atypical Mycobacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010018. [PMID: 31947883 PMCID: PMC7168257 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium comprises not only the deadliest of bacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but several other pathogenic species, including M. avium and M. abscessus. The incidence of infections caused by atypical or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been steadily increasing, and is associated with a panoply of diseases, including pulmonary, soft-tissue, or disseminated infections. The treatment for NTM disease is particularly challenging, due to its long duration, to variability in bacterial susceptibility profiles, and to the lack of evidence-based guidelines. Treatment usually consists of a combination of at least three drugs taken from months to years, often leading to severe secondary effects and a high chance of relapse. Therefore, new treatment approaches are clearly needed. In this review, we identify the main limitations of current treatments and discuss different alternatives that have been put forward in recent years, with an emphasis on less conventional therapeutics, such as antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, iron chelators, or host-directed therapies. We also review new forms of the use of old drugs, including the repurposing of non-antibacterial molecules and the incorporation of antimicrobials into ionic liquids. We aim to stimulate advancements in testing these therapies in relevant models, in order to provide clinicians and patients with useful new tools with which to treat these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M. Bento
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.B.); (T.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.B.); (T.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Tânia Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.B.); (T.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Vaziri F, Brosch R. ESX/Type VII Secretion Systems-An Important Way Out for Mycobacterial Proteins. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.psib-0029-2019. [PMID: 31298207 PMCID: PMC10957191 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.psib-0029-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of human tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has a complex lipid-rich diderm envelope, which acts as a major barrier protecting the bacterium against the hostile environment inside the host cells. For the transfer of diverse molecules across this complex cell envelope, M. tuberculosis has a series of general and specialized protein secretion systems, characterized by the SecA general secretion pathway, the twin-arginine translocation pathway, and five specific ESX type VII secretion systems. In this review, we focus on the latter systems, known as ESX-1 to ESX-5, which were first discovered almost 20 years ago during the in silico analysis of the genome sequence of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Since then, these systems have been the subject of highly dynamic research due to their involvement in several key biological processes and host-pathogen interactions of the tubercle bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzam Vaziri
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, UMR3525 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13164 Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13164 Tehran, Iran
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, UMR3525 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
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21
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes a wide variety of complex lipids that can serve as antigens in immune recognition of the bacterium. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Gilleron et al. (2016) identify key enzymes essential for lipid antigen processing, which is required for CD1b-restricted T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katja Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dal Molin
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Saelens JW, Viswanathan G, Tobin DM. Mycobacterial Evolution Intersects With Host Tolerance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:528. [PMID: 30967867 PMCID: PMC6438904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 200 years, tuberculosis (TB) has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease, likely infecting more people than it has at any other time in human history. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of TB, is an obligate human pathogen that has evolved through the millennia to become an archetypal human-adapted pathogen. This review focuses on the evolutionary framework by which Mtb emerged as a specialized human pathogen and applies this perspective to the emergence of specific lineages that drive global TB burden. We consider how evolutionary pressures, including transmission dynamics, host tolerance, and human population patterns, may have shaped the evolution of diverse mycobacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Saelens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gopinath Viswanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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23
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Cell wall enrichment unveils proteomic changes in the cell wall during treatment of Mycobacterium smegmatis with sub-lethal concentrations of rifampicin. J Proteomics 2019; 191:166-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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LipG a bifunctional phospholipase/thioesterase involved in mycobacterial envelope remodeling. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181953. [PMID: 30487163 PMCID: PMC6435540 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently one of the leading causes of death from an infectious agent. The main difficulties encountered in eradicating this bacteria are mainly related to (i) a very complex lipid composition of the bacillus cell wall, (ii) its ability to hide from the immune system inside the granulomas, and (iii) the increasing number of resistant strains. In this context, we were interested in the Rv0646c (lipGMTB ) gene located upstream to the mmaA cluster which is described as being crucial for the production of cell wall components and required for the bacilli adaptation and survival in mouse macrophages. Using biochemical experiments combined with the construction of deletion and overexpression mutant strains in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we found that LipGMTB is a cytoplasmic membrane-associated enzyme that displays both phospholipase and thioesterase activities. Overproduction of LipGMTB decreases the glycopeptidolipids (GPL) level concomitantly to an increase in phosphatidylinositol (PI) which is the precursor of the PI mannoside (PIM), an essential lipid component of the bacterial cell wall. Conversely, deletion of the lipGMS gene in M. smegmatis leads to an overproduction of GPL, and subsequently decreases the strain susceptibility to various antibiotics. All these findings demonstrate that LipG is involved in cell envelope biosynthesis/remodeling, and consequently this enzyme may thus play an important role in mycobacterial physiology.
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25
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Gupta S, Rodriguez GM. Mycobacterial extracellular vesicles and host pathogen interactions. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4963744. [PMID: 29722822 PMCID: PMC5930244 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria, like other bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic cells, naturally release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to interact with their environment. EVs produced by pathogenic bacteria are involved in many activities including cell-cell communication, immunomodulation, virulence and cell survival. Although EVs released by thick cell wall microorganisms like mycobacteria were recognized only recently, studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EVs already point to their important roles in host pathogen interactions, opening exciting new areas of investigation. This minireview will summarize the current understanding of mycobacterial EV biology and roles in pathogenesis and will discuss their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamba Gupta
- Public Health Research Institute Center and New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - G Marcela Rodriguez
- Public Health Research Institute Center and New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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26
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Clark RR, Judd J, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Montgomery SA, Hoffmann JG, Derbyshire KM, Gray TA. Direct cell-cell contact activates SigM to express the ESX-4 secretion system in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6595-E6603. [PMID: 29941598 PMCID: PMC6048512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804227115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugal cell-cell contact between strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis induces the esxUT transcript, which encodes the putative primary substrates of the ESAT-6 secretion system 4 (ESX-4) secretion system. This recipient response was required for conjugal transfer of chromosomal DNA from the donor strain. Here we show that the extracytoplasmic σ factor, SigM, is a cell contact-dependent activator of ESX-4 expression and is required for conjugal transfer of DNA in the recipient strain. The SigM regulon includes genes outside the seven-gene core esx4 locus that we show are also required for conjugation, and we show that some of these SigM-induced proteins likely function through ESX-4. A fluorescent reporter revealed that SigM is specifically activated in recipient cells in direct contact with donor cells. Coculture RNA-seq experiments indicated that SigM regulon induction occurred early and before transconjugants are detected. This work supports a model wherein donor contact with the recipient cell surface inactivates the transmembrane anti-SigM, thereby releasing SigM. Free SigM induces an extended ESX-4 secretion system, resulting in changes that facilitate chromosomal transfer. The contact-dependent inactivation of an extracytoplasmic σ-factor that tightly controls ESX-4 activity suggests a mechanism dedicated to detect, and appropriately respond to, external stimuli from mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Clark
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Julius Judd
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Erica Lasek-Nesselquist
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Sarah A Montgomery
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Jennifer G Hoffmann
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Keith M Derbyshire
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Todd A Gray
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12208
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27
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv2387 is involved in cell wall remodeling and susceptibility to acidic conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:625-630. [PMID: 29902462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The distinctive cell walls of mycobacteria are characteristic features of these bacteria. Individual cell wall components influence diverse mycobacterial phenotypes, such as colony morphology, virulence and stress resistance. To investigate the role of the hypothetical protein Rv2387, we constructed a Mycobacterium smegmatis strain that heterologously expressed this ORF, and we observed that the M. smegmatis strain expressing Rv2387 exhibited altered colony morphology and cell wall lipid composition, leading to a marked decrease in the resistance against acidic conditions. This study demonstrates that due to its impact on cell wall remodeling, Rv2387 might play an important role in mycobacterial physiology.
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28
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Craggs PD, Mouilleron S, Rejzek M, de Chiara C, Young RJ, Field RA, Argyrou A, de Carvalho LPS. The Mechanism of Acetyl Transfer Catalyzed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis GlmU. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3387-3401. [PMID: 29684272 PMCID: PMC6011181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of peptidoglycan is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We report here the acetyltransferase substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of the bifunctional N-acetyltransferase/uridylyltransferase from M. tuberculosis (GlmU). This enzyme is responsible for the final two steps of the synthesis of UDP- N-acetylglucosamine, which is an essential precursor of peptidoglycan, from glucosamine 1-phosphate, acetyl-coenzyme A, and uridine 5'-triphosphate. GlmU utilizes ternary complex formation to transfer an acetyl from acetyl-coenzyme A to glucosamine 1-phosphate to form N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate. Steady-state kinetic studies and equilibrium binding experiments indicate that GlmU follows a steady-state ordered kinetic mechanism, with acetyl-coenzyme A binding first, which triggers a conformational change in GlmU, followed by glucosamine 1-phosphate binding. Coenzyme A is the last product to dissociate. Chemistry is partially rate-limiting as indicated by pH-rate studies and solvent kinetic isotope effects. A novel crystal structure of a mimic of the Michaelis complex, with glucose 1-phosphate and acetyl-coenzyme A, helps us to propose the residues involved in deprotonation of glucosamine 1-phosphate and the loop movement that likely generates the active site required for glucosamine 1-phosphate to bind. Together, these results pave the way for the rational discovery of improved inhibitors against M. tuberculosis GlmU, some of which might become candidates for antibiotic discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Craggs
- Platform Technology and Science , GlaxoSmithKline , Stevenage , U.K
| | | | | | | | - Robert J Young
- Platform Technology and Science , GlaxoSmithKline , Stevenage , U.K
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29
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Zhu B, Dockrell HM, Ottenhoff THM, Evans TG, Zhang Y. Tuberculosis vaccines: Opportunities and challenges. Respirology 2018; 23:359-368. [PMID: 29341430 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease around the world. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only TB vaccine licensed for use in human beings, and is effective in protecting infants and children against severe miliary and meningeal TB. However, BCG's protective efficacy is variable in adults. Novel TB vaccine candidates being developed include whole-cell vaccines (recombinant BCG (rBCG), attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, killed M. tuberculosis or Mycobacterium vaccae), adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines, viral vector-delivered subunit vaccines, plasmid DNA vaccines, RNA-based vaccines etc. At least 12 novel TB vaccine candidates are now in clinical trials, including killed M. vaccae, rBCG ΔureC::hly, adjuvanted fusion proteins M72 and H56 and viral vectored MVA85A. Unfortunately, in TB, there are no correlates of vaccine-induced protection, although cell-mediated immune responses such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production are widely used to assess vaccine's immunogenicity. Recent studies suggested that central memory T cells and local secreted IgA correlated with protection against TB disease. Clinical TB vaccine efficacy trials should invest in identifying correlates of protection, and evaluate new TB biomarkers emerging from human and animal studies. Accumulating new knowledge on M. tuberculosis antigens and immune profiles correlating with protection or disease risk will be of great help in designing next generation of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingdong Zhu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research and Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection and Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Bhat ZS, Rather MA, Maqbool M, Lah HU, Yousuf SK, Ahmad Z. Cell wall: A versatile fountain of drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1520-1534. [PMID: 28946393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease responsible for an estimated one and a half million human deaths each year around the globe. HIV-TB coinfection and rapid increase in the emergence of drug resistant forms of TB is a dangerous scenario. This underlines the urgent need for new drugs with novel mechanism of action. A plethora of literature exist that highlight the importance of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall responsible for its survival, growth, permeability, virulence and resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, assembly of cell wall components is an attractive target for the development of chemotherapeutics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this review is to highlight novel sets of enzyme inhibitors that disrupt its cell wall biosynthetic pathway. These include the currently approved first and second line drugs, candidates in clinical trials and current structure activity guided endeavors of scientific community to identify new potent inhibitors with least cytotoxicity and better efficacy against emergence of drug resistance till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Shanib Bhat
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India.
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Mubashir Maqbool
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Hafiz Ul Lah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Syed Khalid Yousuf
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India.
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31
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Abstract
Mycobacterial 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) system (ESX) exporters transport proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Many proteins transported by ESX systems are then translocated across the mycobacterial cell envelope and secreted from the cell. Although the mechanism underlying protein transport across the mycolate outer membrane remains elusive, the ESX systems are closely connected with and localize to the cell envelope. Links between ESX-associated proteins, cell wall synthesis, and the maintenance of cell envelope integrity have been reported. Genes encoding the ESX systems and those required for biosynthesis of the mycobacterial envelope are coregulated. Here, we review the interplay between ESX systems and the mycobacterial cell envelope.
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32
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Ma H, Liu H, Zhang L, Yang M, Fu B, Liu H. Novel insight into the relationship between organic substrate composition and volatile fatty acids distribution in acidogenic co-fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:137. [PMID: 28559928 PMCID: PMC5446719 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-fermentation is an attractive technology for improving volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production by treatment of solid organic wastes. However, it remains unclear how the composition of different organic matters in solid waste influences the VFAs distribution, microbial community structure, and metabolic pathway during acidogenic co-fermentation. In this study, different organic wastes were added into waste activated sludge (WAS) as co-fermentation substrates to explore the impact of organic matter composition on VFAs pattern and the microbiological mechanism . RESULTS Acetate was the most dominant VFA produced in all fermentation groups, making up 41.3-57.6% of the total VFAs produced during acidogenic co-fermentation under alkaline condition. With the increased addition of potato peel waste, the concentrations of propionate and valerate decreased dramatically, while ethanol and butyrate concentrations increased. The addition of food waste caused gradual decreases of valerate and propionate, but ethanol increased and butyrate was relatively stable. Some inconsistency was observed between hydrolysis efficiency and acidification efficiency. Our results revealed that starch was mainly responsible for butyrate and ethanol formation, while lipids and protein favored the synthesis of valerate and propionate. Microbial community analysis by high-throughput sequencing showed that Firmicutes had the highest relative abundance at phylum level in all fermentation groups. With 75% potato peel waste or 75% food waste addition to WAS, Bacilli (72.2%) and Clostridia (56.2%) were the dominant respective classes. In fermentation using only potato peel waste, the Bacilli content was 64.1%, while the Clostridia content was 53.6% in the food-only waste fermentation. CONCLUSIONS Acetate was always the dominant product in acidogenic co-fermentation, regardless of the substrate composition. The addition of carbon-rich substrates significantly enhanced butyrate and ethanol accumulation, while protein-rich substrate substantially benefited propionate and valerate generation. Potato peel waste substantially favored the enrichment of Bacilli, while food waste dramatically increased Clostridia content in the sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Ma
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - He Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Meng Yang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Bo Fu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, 214122 China
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33
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Dumas F, Haanappel E. Lipids in infectious diseases - The case of AIDS and tuberculosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1636-1647. [PMID: 28535936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a central role in many infectious diseases. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and tuberculosis are two of the deadliest infectious diseases to have struck mankind. The pathogens responsible for these diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rely on lipids and on lipid membrane properties to gain access to their host cells, to persist in them and ultimately to egress from their hosts. In this Review, we discuss the life cycles of these pathogens and the roles played by lipids and membranes. We then give an overview of therapies that target lipid metabolism, modulate host membrane properties or implement lipid-based drug delivery systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
| | - Evert Haanappel
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
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34
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Nasiri MJ, Haeili M, Ghazi M, Goudarzi H, Pormohammad A, Imani Fooladi AA, Feizabadi MM. New Insights in to the Intrinsic and Acquired Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:681. [PMID: 28487675 PMCID: PMC5403904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by clinically important Mycobacteria continue to be an important public health problem worldwide primarily due to emergence of drug resistance crisis. In recent years, the control of tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is hampered by the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as resistance to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), two key drugs in the treatment of the disease. Despite the availability of curative anti-TB therapy, inappropriate and inadequate treatment has allowed MTB to acquire resistance to the most important anti-TB drugs. Likewise, for most mycobacteria other than MTB, the outcome of drug treatment is poor and is likely related to the high levels of antibiotic resistance. Thus, a better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance in mycobacteria could aid not only to select the best therapeutic options but also to develop novel drugs that can overwhelm the existing resistance mechanisms. In this article, we review the distinctive mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J. Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Haeili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of TabrizTabriz, Iran
| | - Mona Ghazi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pormohammad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Abbas A. Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad M. Feizabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
- Thoracic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
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35
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Purkhart R, Becher G, Reinhold P, Köhler HU. Detection of mycobacteria by volatile organic compound analysis of in vitro cultures using differential ion mobility spectrometry. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:276-285. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Purkhart
- IfU Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Gottfried-Schenker-Straße 18, 09244 Lichtenau, Germany
| | - Gunther Becher
- BecherConsult GmbH, Froebelweg 33, 16321 Bernau, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heike U Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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36
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Issa H, Huc-Claustre E, Reddad T, Bonadé Bottino N, Tropis M, Houssin C, Daffé M, Bayan N, Dautin N. Click-chemistry approach to study mycoloylated proteins: Evidence for PorB and PorC porins mycoloylation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171955. [PMID: 28199365 PMCID: PMC5310785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein mycoloylation is a recently identified, new form of protein acylation. This post-translational modification consists in the covalent attachment of mycolic acids residues to serine. Mycolic acids are long chain, α-branched, β-hydroxylated fatty acids that are exclusively found in the cell envelope of Corynebacteriales, a bacterial order that includes important genera such as Mycobacterium, Nocardia or Corynebacterium. So far, only 3 mycoloylated proteins have been identified: PorA, PorH and ProtX from C. glutamicum. Whereas the identity and function of ProtX is unknown, PorH and PorA associate to form a membrane channel, the activity of which is dependent upon PorA mycoloylation. However, the exact role of mycoloylation and the generality of this phenomenon are still unknown. In particular, the identity of other mycoloylated proteins, if any, needs to be determined together with establishing whether such modification occurs in Corynebacteriales genera other than Corynebacterium. Here, we tested whether a metabolic labeling and click-chemistry approach could be used to detect mycoloylated proteins. Using a fatty acid alkyne analogue, we could indeed label PorA, PorH and ProtX and determine ProtX mycoloylation site. Importantly, we also show that two other porins from C. glutamicum, PorB and PorC are mycoloylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Issa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex, France
- Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | | | - Thamila Reddad
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nolwenn Bonadé Bottino
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Maryelle Tropis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), UMR 5089, France
| | - Christine Houssin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), UMR 5089, France
| | - Nicolas Bayan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Dautin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex, France
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Quémard A. New Insights into the Mycolate-Containing Compound Biosynthesis and Transport in Mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:725-738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chalut C. MmpL transporter-mediated export of cell-wall associated lipids and siderophores in mycobacteria. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 100:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leisching G, Pietersen RD, Wiid I, Baker B. Virulence, biochemistry, morphology and host-interacting properties of detergent-free cultured mycobacteria: An update. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 100:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Syal K, Maiti K, Naresh K, Avaji PG, Chatterji D, Jayaraman N. Synthetic arabinomannan glycolipids impede mycobacterial growth, sliding motility and biofilm structure. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:763-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rodriguez GM, Prados-Rosales R. Functions and importance of mycobacterial extracellular vesicles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3887-92. [PMID: 27020292 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The release of cellular factors by means of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is conserved in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. EVs are released by growing bacteria as part of their interaction with their environment and, for pathogenic bacteria, constitute an important component of their interactions with the host. While EVs released by gram-negative bacteria have been extensively studied, the vesicles released by thick cell wall microorganisms like mycobacteria were recognized only recently and are less well understood. Nonetheless, studies of mycobacterial EVs have already suggested roles in pathogenesis, opening exciting new avenues of research aimed at understanding their biogenesis and potential use in antitubercular strategies. In this minireview, we discuss the discovery of mycobacterial vesicles, the current understanding of their nature, content, regulation, and possible functions, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marcela Rodriguez
- Public Health Research Institute Center and New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NY, 07103, USA.
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 411, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Infectious Diseases Program, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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42
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Guillet V, Galandrin S, Maveyraud L, Ladevèze S, Mariaule V, Bon C, Eynard N, Daffé M, Marrakchi H, Mourey L. Insight into Structure-Function Relationships and Inhibition of the Fatty Acyl-AMP Ligase (FadD32) Orthologs from Mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7973-89. [PMID: 26900152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are essential components of the mycobacterial cell envelope, and their biosynthetic pathway is one of the targets of first-line antituberculous drugs. This pathway contains a number of potential targets, including some that have been identified only recently and have yet to be explored. One such target, FadD32, is required for activation of the long meromycolic chain and is essential for mycobacterial growth. We report here an in-depth biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of four FadD32 orthologs, including the very homologous enzymes fromMycobacterium tuberculosisandMycobacterium marinum Determination of the structures of two complexes with alkyl adenylate inhibitors has provided direct information, with unprecedented detail, about the active site of the enzyme and the associated hydrophobic tunnel, shedding new light on structure-function relationships and inhibition mechanisms by alkyl adenylates and diarylated coumarins. This work should pave the way for the rational design of inhibitors of FadD32, a highly promising drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Guillet
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Ségolène Galandrin
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maveyraud
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Ladevèze
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Bon
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hedia Marrakchi
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Gutsmann T. Interaction between antimicrobial peptides and mycobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1034-43. [PMID: 26851776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria can cause different severe health problems, including tuberculosis (TB). The treatment of TB with conventional antibiotics is successful, however, the number of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains increases. Moreover, many classical antimycobacterial antibiotics have severe side effects. Therefore, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) seem to be good candidates for new therapeutic strategies. On the one hand AMPs can be used as a single drug or in combination with conventional antibiotics to directly kill mycobacteria, or on the other hand to act as immunstimulatory agents. This review summarizes the findings on the role of endogenous human AMPs being involved in TB, the antimycobacterial activity of various AMPs, and the molecular modes of action. Most active AMPs interact with the mycobacterial cell envelope and in particular with the mycomembrane and the plasma membrane. The mycomembrane is a very rigid membrane probably leading to a lower activity of the AMPs against mycobacteria as compared to other Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. For some AMPs also other targets have been identified. Because of the complex environment of intracellular mycobacteria being trapped in the phagosome, within the macrophage, within the granuloma, within the lung, the external administration of AMPs in the latent phase of TB is a challenge. However, in the acute phase the AMPs can attack mycobacteria in a direct way. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antimicrobial peptides edited by Karl Lohner and Kai Hilpert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gutsmann
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Priority Area Infections, Division of Biophysics, Parkallee 10, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
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Jamet S, Slama N, Domingues J, Laval F, Texier P, Eynard N, Quémard A, Peixoto A, Lemassu A, Daffé M, Cam K. The Non-Essential Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis Genes hadA and hadC Contribute to the Physiology and Fitness of Mycobacterium smegmatis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145883. [PMID: 26701652 PMCID: PMC4689354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram positive mycobacteria with a high GC content, such as the etiological agent of tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possess an outer membrane mainly composed of mycolic acids (MAs), the so-called mycomembrane, which is essential for the cell. About thirty genes are involved in the biosynthesis of MAs, which include the hadA, hadB and hadC genes that encode the dehydratases Fatty Acid Synthase type II (FAS-II) known to function as the heterodimers HadA-HadB and HadB-HadC. The present study shows that M. smegmatis cells remain viable in the absence of either HadA and HadC or both. Inactivation of HadC has a dramatic effect on the physiology and fitness of the mutant strains whereas that of HadA exacerbates the phenotype of a hadC deletion. The hadC mutants exhibit a novel MA profile, display a distinct colony morphology, are less aggregated, are impaired for sliding motility and biofilm development and are more resistant to detergent. Conversely, the hadC mutants are significantly more susceptible to low- and high-temperature and to selective toxic compounds, including several current anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie Jamet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nawel Slama
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Joana Domingues
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Laval
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Texier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Annaik Quémard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Peixoto
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lemassu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Kaymeuang Cam
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPBS, UMR 5089, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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General Overview on Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Biofilms, and Human Infection. J Pathog 2015; 2015:809014. [PMID: 26618006 PMCID: PMC4649093 DOI: 10.1155/2015/809014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emergent pathogens whose importance in human health has been growing. After being regarded mainly as etiological agents of opportunist infections in HIV patients, they have also been recognized as etiological agents of several infections on immune-competent individuals and healthcare-associated infections. The environmental nature of NTM and their ability to assemble biofilms on different surfaces play a key role in their pathogenesis. Here, we review the clinical manifestations attributed to NTM giving particular importance to the role played by biofilm assembly.
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Evolution of Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis Genes and Their Regulation during Starvation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3797-811. [PMID: 26416833 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00433-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is a Gram-positive bacterium with a unique cell envelope composed of an essential outer membrane. Mycolic acids, which are very-long-chain (up to C100) fatty acids, are the major components of this mycomembrane. The enzymatic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and transport of mycolates are fairly well documented and are the targets of the major antituberculous drugs. In contrast, only fragmented information is available on the expression and regulation of the biosynthesis genes. In this study, we report that the hadA, hadB, and hadC genes, which code for the mycolate biosynthesis dehydratase enzymes, are coexpressed with three genes that encode proteins of the translational apparatus. Consistent with the well-established control of the translation potential by nutrient availability, starvation leads to downregulation of the hadABC genes along with most of the genes required for the synthesis, modification, and transport of mycolates. The downregulation of a subset of the biosynthesis genes is partially dependent on RelMtb, the key enzyme of the stringent response. We also report the phylogenetic evolution scenario that has shaped the current genetic organization, characterized by the coregulation of the hadABC operon with genes of the translational apparatus and with genes required for the modification of the mycolates. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one-third of the human population worldwide, and despite the available therapeutic arsenal, it continues to kill millions of people each year. There is therefore an urgent need to identify new targets and develop a better understanding of how the bacterium is adapting itself to host defenses during infection. A prerequisite of this understanding is knowledge of how this adaptive skill has been implanted by evolution. Nutrient scarcity is an environmental condition the bacterium has to cope with during infection. In many bacteria, adaptation to starvation relies partly on the stringent response. M. tuberculosis's unique outer membrane layer, the mycomembrane, is crucial for its viability and virulence. Despite its being the target of the major antituberculosis drugs, only scattered information exists on how the genes required for biosynthesis of the mycomembrane are expressed and regulated during starvation. This work has addressed this issue as a step toward the identification of new targets in the fight against M. tuberculosis.
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