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Trivedi P, Chaturvedi V. Interactive effect of oral anti-hyperglycaemic or anti-hypertensive drugs on the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of first line anti-TB drugs against M. tuberculosis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292397. [PMID: 38032920 PMCID: PMC10688676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-existence of life style disorders, like, Diabetes or Hypertension, increases risk of, treatment failure, deaths and developing drug-resistant TB. Concomitant administration of drugs to treat dual/multi-morbidities may alter their effectiveness, in additive/synergistic or adverse/antagonistic manner. We evaluated interactive effect of 7 anti-hyperglycaemic (HG) and 6 anti-hypertensive (HT) drugs on the inhibitory (MICs) and bactericidal (% killing of intracellular bacilli) activities of anti-TB drugs, Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RFM), Ethambutol (EMB) and Streptomycin (STR) against M. tuberculosis. Five anti-HG drugs, namely, Acarbose, Acetohexamide, Glyburide, Repaglinide and Sitagliptin imparted either 'additive' or 'no effect' on the activities (inhibition or % killing) of all the four anti-TB drugs, as evident by their lower FICs (Fractional Inhibitory concentrations) and higher bacterial killing in combination. Metformin and Rosiglitazone, however, exerted adverse effect on the Ethambutol (FICs >2.0). All the six anti-HT drugs, namely, Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ramipril, Valsartan, Nifedipine and Verapamil exerted either 'additive'/'synergistic' or 'no effect' on the activities of anti-TB drugs. These findings may help clinicians to select safe and helpful anti-HG or anti-HT drugs for TB patients, if, suffering with diabetes or hypertension like co-morbidities and receiving DOTs (a set regimen for the treatment of TB based on the WHO guidelines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Trivedi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Vinita Chaturvedi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
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Sengupta S, Pattanaik KP, Mishra S, Sonawane A. Epigenetic orchestration of host immune defences by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127400. [PMID: 37196490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Being among the top 10 causes of adult deaths, tuberculosis (TB) disease is considered a major global public health concern to address. The human tuberculosis pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an extremely competent and well-versed pathogen that promotes pathogenesis by evading the host immune systems through numerous tactics. Investigations revealed that Mtb could evade the host defense mechanisms by reconfiguring the host gene transcription and causing epigenetic changes. Although results indicate the link between epigenetics and disease manifestation in other bacterial infections, little is known regarding the kinetics of the epigenetic alterations in mycobacterial infection. This literature review discusses the studies in Mtb-induced epigenetic alterations inside the host and its contribution in the host immune evasion strategies. It also discusses how the Mtb-induced alterations could be used as 'epibiomarkers' to diagnose TB. Additionally, this review also discusses therapeutic interventions to be enhanced through remodification by 'epidrugs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabasti Sengupta
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institutes of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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Restrepo BI, Scordo JM, Aguillón-Durán GP, Ayala D, Quirino-Cerrillo AP, Loera-Salazar R, Cruz-González A, Caso JA, Joya-Ayala M, García-Oropesa EM, Salinas AB, Martinez L, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Differential Role of Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis in the Elderly versus Younger Adults. Pathogens 2022; 11:1551. [PMID: 36558885 PMCID: PMC9784720 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly are understudied despite their high risk of tuberculosis (TB). We sought to identify factors underlying the lack of an association between TB and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the elderly, but not adults. We conducted a case-control study in elderly (≥65 years old; ELD) vs. younger adults (young/middle-aged adults (18-44/45-64 years old; YA|MAA) stratified by TB and T2D, using a research study population (n = 1160) and TB surveillance data (n = 8783). In the research study population the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of TB in T2D was highest in young adults (AOR 6.48) but waned with age becoming non-significant in the elderly. Findings were validated using TB surveillance data. T2D in the elderly (vs. T2D in younger individuals) was characterized by better glucose control (e.g., lower hyperglycemia or HbA1c), lower insulin resistance, more sulphonylureas use, and features of less inflammation (e.g., lower obesity, neutrophils, platelets, anti-inflammatory use). We posit that differences underlying glucose dysregulation and inflammation in elderly vs. younger adults with T2D, contribute to their differential association with TB. Studies in the elderly provide valuable insights into TB-T2D pathogenesis, e.g., here we identified insulin resistance as a novel candidate mechanism by which T2D may increase active TB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca I. Restrepo
- School of Public Health and UTHealth Consortium on Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
- School of Medicine, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Julia M. Scordo
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Doris Ayala
- School of Public Health and UTHealth Consortium on Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | - Ana Paulina Quirino-Cerrillo
- School of Public Health and UTHealth Consortium on Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | - Raúl Loera-Salazar
- Secretaría de Salud de Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88630, Matamoros 87370 and Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico
| | - America Cruz-González
- Secretaría de Salud de Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88630, Matamoros 87370 and Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico
| | - Jose A. Caso
- Biology Department, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | - Mateo Joya-Ayala
- School of Public Health and UTHealth Consortium on Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | - Esperanza M. García-Oropesa
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa-Aztlán, Reynosa 88779, Mexico
| | - Alejandra B. Salinas
- School of Public Health and UTHealth Consortium on Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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Madeo SF, Stanghellini I, Predieri B, Ciancia S, Leo F, Bruzzi P, Calabrese O, Iughetti L. Copy Number Variation Analysis Increases the Number of Candidate Loci Associated with Pediatric Obesity. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 94:251-262. [PMID: 34482307 DOI: 10.1159/000519299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Obesity is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Currently, only a small number of obese children undergo genetic analysis, usually when obesity is associated with dysmorphic features. The aim of this study was to identify genomic rearrangement causing obesity. METHODS We analyzed the DNA of children and adolescents by single-nucleotide polymorphism-array (platform CytoScan HD, Affymetrix). Patients included in this study were obese with dysmorphic features and/or intellectual disabilities and/or neuropsychomotor signs. RESULTS Ninety-four children and adolescents with obesity (9.25 ± 4.04 years old, 60 males) were enrolled in the study. Dysmorphic features were found in 64 out of 94 subjects (68.1%), intellectual disability was found in 23 subjects (24.5%), and other neuropsychomotor signs in 31 (32.9%). Copy number variations (CNVs) were identified in 43 out of 94 patients (45.7%): among these 14 subjects showed at least 1 deletion, 22 duplication, whereas 7 patients showed both deletion and duplication. In 20 subjects (13 males), CNVs were linked or possibly related with obesity; in 23 subjects, this correlation cannot be inferred. CONCLUSION A genetic origin of obesity was detected in about half of our obese children and adolescents with associated dysmorphic features and/or intellectual disability and/or neuropsychomotor signs. In these children, array-CGH analysis can be useful to identify causative genetic mutations, with consequent advantage in therapeutic management and follow-up of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Filomena Madeo
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stanghellini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Predieri
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Ciancia
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Leo
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bruzzi
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Olga Calabrese
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Whitlow E, Mustafa AS, Hanif SNM. An Overview of the Development of New Vaccines for Tuberculosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040586. [PMID: 33027958 PMCID: PMC7712106 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is only one licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). Despite its protective efficacy against TB in children, BCG has failed to protect adults against pulmonary TB, lacks therapeutic value, and causes complications in immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, it compromises the use of antigens present in the purified protein derivate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the diagnosis of TB. Many approaches, e.g., whole-cell organisms, subunit, and recombinant vaccines are currently being explored for safer and more efficacious TB vaccines than BCG. These approaches have been successful in developing a large number of vaccine candidates included in the TB vaccine pipeline and are at different stages of clinical trials in humans. This paper discusses current vaccination strategies, provides directions for the possible routes towards the development of new TB vaccines and highlights recent findings. The efforts for improved TB vaccines may lead to new licensed vaccines capable of replacing/supplementing BCG and conferring therapeutic value in patients with active/latent TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Whitlow
- Department of Basic Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - A. S. Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - S. N. M. Hanif
- Department of Basic Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
- Correspondence:
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