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Wang J, Wang N, Xu L, Zeng X, Cheng J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yin D, Gou J, Pan X, Zhu X. High-Performance Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in Milk Using Recombinase-Aided Amplification-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat-Cas13a-Lateral Flow Detection. Foods 2024; 13:1601. [PMID: 38890830 PMCID: PMC11171503 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the microorganism responsible for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is transferred to people by the ingestion of unpasteurized milk and unprocessed fermented milk products obtained from animals with the infection. The identification of M. bovis in milk samples is of the utmost importance to successfully prevent zoonotic diseases and maintain food safety. This study presents a comprehensive description of a highly efficient molecular test utilizing recombinase-aided amplification (RPA)-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) 13a-lateral flow detection (LFD) for M. bovis detection. In contrast to ELISA, RPA-CRISPR-Cas13a-LFD exhibited greater accuracy and sensitivity in the detection of M. bovis in milk, presenting a detection limit of 2 × 100 copies/μL within a 2 h time frame. The two tests exhibited a moderate level of agreement, as shown by a kappa value of 0.452 (95%CI: 0.287-0.617, p < 0.001). RPA-CRISPR-Cas13a-LFD holds significant potential as a robust platform for pathogen detection in complex samples, thereby enabling the more dependable regulation of food safety examination, epidemiology research, and medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (J.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Nan Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100000, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Lei Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100000, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zeng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (J.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Junsheng Cheng
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100000, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100000, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100000, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (J.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Jiaojiao Gou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (J.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiaocheng Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (J.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100000, China (Y.Z.)
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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Itterbeek A, Possemiers A, Colak Y, Bäcker LE, Aertsen A, Lavigne R, Paeshuyse J. Characterization of mycophage endolysin cell wall binding domains targeting Mycobacterium bovis peptidoglycan. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 681:291-297. [PMID: 37801778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycophage endolysins are highly diverse and modular enzymes composed of domains involved in peptidoglycan binding and degradation. Mostly, they are characterized by a three-module design: an N-terminal peptidase domain, a central catalytic domain and a C-terminal peptidoglycan binding domain. Previously, the affinity of cell wall binding domains (CBDs) to the mycobacterial peptidoglycan layer was shown for some of these endolysins. In this study, an in depth screening was performed on twelve mycophage endolysins. The discovered CBDs were characterized for their binding affinity to Mycobacterium (M.) bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a largely unexplored target and an attenuated strain of M. bovis, responsible for bovine tuberculosis. Using homology-based annotation, only four endolysins showed the presence of a known peptidoglycan binding domain, the previously characterized pfam 01471 domain. However, analysis of the secondary structure aided by AlphaFold predictions revealed the presence of a C-terminal domain in the other endolysins. These were hypothesized as new, uncharacterized CBDs. Fusion proteins composed of these domains linked to GFP were constructed and positively assayed for their affinity to M. bovis BCG in a peptidoglycan binding assay. Moreover, two CBDs were able to fluorescently label M. bovis BCG in milk samples, highlighting the potential to further explore their possibility to function as CBD-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Itterbeek
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium; Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Amber Possemiers
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium; Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Yunus Colak
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium; Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Leonard E Bäcker
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Abram Aertsen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
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MONDE N, MUNYEME M, SIZIYA S, ZULU M, CHONGWE G, KABELENGA E, DAKA V, SIAME KK, TEMBO R, MALAMA S. Risk factors associated with zoonotic tuberculosis at the animal-human interface in a tuberculosis-endemic sub-Saharan country. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1136-1141. [PMID: 37574280 PMCID: PMC10600531 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the proportion of tuberculosis in humans and tuberculosis (TB)-associated abattoir condemnations from the animal sector, as well as determine risk factors of zoonotic tuberculosis at the animal-human interface in Zambia. The study involved 255 presumptive TB patients and 156 cattle carcasses and was conducted from April 2020 to December 2021. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed for risk factor analysis for zoonotic TB. The overall proportion of bovine tuberculosis in traditional cattle and the proportion of tuberculosis among presumptive TB patients were 39.7% and 10.2%, respectively. Consumption of raw milk (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73-4.28) and history of previous contact with a TB patient (AOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.17-2.95) were risk factors for zoonotic TB at the animal-human interface of Zambia. Therefore, community campaigns and sensitization on zoonotic TB transmission are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngula MONDE
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases
Research Center, Ndola, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Musso MUNYEME
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Seter SIZIYA
- Micheal Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt
University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mildred ZULU
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gershom CHONGWE
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases
Research Center, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Elijah KABELENGA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ndola Teaching
Hospital, Postal Agency, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor DAKA
- Micheal Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt
University, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Rabecca TEMBO
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sydney MALAMA
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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de Farias Gabriel A, Kirschnick LB, Só BB, Schuch LF, Silveira FM, Martins MAT, Wagner VP, Lopes MA, Martins MD. Oral and maxillofacial tuberculosis: A systematic review. Oral Dis 2023; 29:2483-2492. [PMID: 35785411 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyze the demographic, clinical, histopathological, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up data on the occurrence of oral and maxillofacial tuberculosis (OMTB). METHODS Electronic searches without publication date restrictions were undertaken in four databases. Case reports and case series describing the occurrence of OMTB were included. Critical evaluation of studies was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute - University of Adelaide tool for case reports or case series. RESULTS A total of 217 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, for a total of 301 cases of OMTB. Of these patients, 192 (63.7%) were male, with an average age of 39.6 ± 19.8 (15 months to 81 years). The tongue (n = 80/26.6%) represented the most common affected site, followed by the mandible (n = 43/14.3%). The clinical presentation consisted mainly of a painful ulcerated lesion (n = 156/56.5%). Histopathological analysis showed a granulomatous inflammation in most cases (n = 156/63.1%). The main diagnostic methods used were sputum test (n = 53/26.8%), culture (n = 49/24.7%) and purified protein derivative (PPD), or Mantoux test (n = 49/24.7%). Antituberculosis therapy was used in 244 cases (100.0%) and 5.2% of patients died. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provided clinical, demographic data and information about diagnostic methods of OMTB lesions and served as an important guide to assist health professionals in the early diagnosis of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda de Farias Gabriel
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Borges Kirschnick
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barcelos Só
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lauren Frenzel Schuch
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Felipe Martins Silveira
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marco Antonio Trevizani Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vivian Petersen Wagner
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Pathology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Márcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Mu Y, Qi W, Zhang T, Zhang J, Mao S. Coordinated response of milk bacterial and metabolic profiles to subacute ruminal acidosis in lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:60. [PMID: 37138330 PMCID: PMC10158360 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk is an important source of nutrition for human consumption, and its quality is closely associated with the microbiota and metabolites in it. But there is limited knowledge about the milk microbiome and metabolome in cows with subacute ruminal acidosis. METHODS Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in mid lactation were selected for a 3-week experiment. The cows were randomly allocated into 2 groups, fed either a conventional diet (CON; 40% concentrate; dry matter basis) or a high-concentrate diet (HC; 60% concentrate; dry matter basis). RESULTS The results showed that there was a decreased milk fat percentage in the HC group compared to the CON group. The amplicon sequencing results indicated that the alpha diversity indices were not affected by the HC feeding. At the phylum level, the milk bacteria were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes both in the CON and HC groups. At the genus level, the HC cows displayed an improved proportion of Labrys (P = 0.015) compared with the CON cows. Results of both the principal components analysis and partial least squares of discriminant analysis of milk metabolome revealed that samples of the CON and HC groups clustered separately. A total of 31 differential metabolites were identified between the two groups. Of these, the levels of 11 metabolites decreased (α-linolenic acid, prostaglandin E2, L-lactic acid, L-malic acid, 3-hydroxysebacic acid, succinyladenosine, guanosine, pyridoxal, L-glutamic acid, hippuric acid, and trigonelline), whereas the levels of the other 20 metabolites increased in the HC group with respect to the CON group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggested that subacute ruminal acidosis less impacted the diversity and composition of milk microbiota, but altered the milk metabolic profiles, which led to the decline of the milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Mu
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wangpan Qi
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiyou Zhang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Kapoor S, Goel AD, Jain V. Milk-borne diseases through the lens of one health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1041051. [PMID: 37089537 PMCID: PMC10117966 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reviewing “zoonotic diseases” classically brings to mind human infections contracted in close association with animals, where outdoor occupations and afforested lands usually play a key role in the epidemiological triad. However, there is a very common, yet overlooked route of infection where humans may not come in direct contact with animals or implicated environments. Milk-borne diseases are a unique set of infections affecting all age groups and occupational categories of humans, causing 4% of all the foodborne diseases in the world. The infection reservoir may lie with milch animals and associated enzootic cycles, and the infectious agent is freely secreted into the animal’s milk. Commercial pooling and processing of milk create unique environmental challenges, where lapses in quality control could introduce infective agents during downstream processing and distribution. The infectious agent is finally brought to the doorstep of both rural and urban households through such animal products. The domestic hygiene of the household finally determines human infections. One health approach can target preventive measures like immunization in animals, pasteurization and stringent quality control during the commercial processing of milk, and finally, hygienic practices at the level of the consumer, to reduce the burden of milk-borne diseases. This review hopes to draw the attention of policymakers to this unique route of infection, because it can be easily regulated with cost-effective interventions, to ensure the safety of this precious food product, permeating the life and livelihood of humans from all walks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunandini Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Akhil Dhanesh Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Vidhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- *Correspondence: Vidhi Jain,
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Abdominal Tuberculosis in Children: A Case Series of Five Patients. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030730. [PMID: 36985303 PMCID: PMC10054026 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains (TB) to be one of the most common causes of child morbidity and mortality. Abdominal TB is not frequently diagnosed and, although its incidence is not definitively established, there are data that seem to indicate that it accounts for approximately 1–3% of all pediatric TB cases and for no more than 10% of those with extrapulmonary manifestations. It seems, however, that abdominal TB is significantly more common than usually thought as signs and symptoms are non-specific and may mimic other diseases. The delayed or wrong diagnosis of pediatric abdominal TB can have dramatic consequences as they can lead to untreated TB with miliary dissemination, unnecessary surgery, or dangerous drug therapies. This report describes five cases of abdominal TB diagnosed among 216 pediatric patients admitted for TB in Italy from 2011 to 2021. Our cases evidence that abdominal TB is a complex and potentially very severe disease that, when not appropriately diagnosed, may be associated with severe complications and prolonged anti-TB therapy. Discussion among specialists is crucial to achieve an early diagnosis and to promptly start the anti-TB treatment. Further studies are needed to clarify the appropriate duration of therapy as well as management of MDR abdominal TB cases.
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Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host–pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host–pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
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