1
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Tracking the Molecular Scenarios for Tumorigenic Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix Based on Gene Expression Profiling in Equine Skin Neoplasia Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126506. [PMID: 35742950 PMCID: PMC9223705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An important component of tissues is the extracellular matrix (ECM), which not only forms a tissue scaffold, but also provides the environment for numerous biochemical reactions. Its composition is strictly regulated, and any irregularities can result in the development of many diseases, including cancer. Sarcoid is the most common skin cancer in equids. Its formation results from the presence of the genetic material of the bovine papillomavirus (BPV). In addition, it is assumed that sarcoid-dependent oncogenic transformation arises from a disturbed wound healing process, which may be due to the incorrect functioning of the ECM. Moreover, sarcoid is characterized by a failure to metastasize. Therefore, in this study we decided to investigate the differences in the expression profiles of genes related not only to ECM remodeling, but also to the cell adhesion pathway, in order to estimate the influence of disturbances within the ECM on the sarcoid formation process. Furthermore, we conducted comparative research not only between equine sarcoid tissue bioptates and healthy skin-derived explants, but also between dermal fibroblast cell lines transfected and non-transfected with a construct encoding the E4 protein of the BP virus, in order to determine its effect on ECM disorders. The obtained results strongly support the hypothesis that ECM-related genes are correlated with sarcoid formation. The deregulated expression of selected genes was shown in both equine sarcoid tissue bioptates and adult cutaneous fibroblast cell (ACFC) lines neoplastically transformed by nucleofection with gene constructs encoding BPV1-E1^E4 protein. The identified genes (CD99, ITGB1, JAM3 and CADM1) were up- or down-regulated, which pinpointed the phenotypic differences from the backgrounds noticed for adequate expression profiles in other cancerous or noncancerous tumors as reported in the available literature data. Unravelling the molecular pathways of ECM remodeling and cell adhesion in the in vivo and ex vivo models of epidermal/dermal sarcoid-related cancerogenesis might provide powerful tools for further investigations of genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for both silencing and re-initiating the processes of sarcoid-dependent neoplasia. Recognizing those biomarkers might insightfully explain the relatively high capacity of sarcoid-descended cancerous cell derivatives to epigenomically reprogram their nonmalignant neoplastic status in domestic horse cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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2
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The Induced Expression of BPV E4 Gene in Equine Adult Dermal Fibroblast Cells as a Potential Model of Skin Sarcoid-like Neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041970. [PMID: 35216085 PMCID: PMC8877312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The equine sarcoid is one of the most common neoplasias in the Equidae family. Despite the association of this tumor with the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV), the molecular mechanism of this lesion has not been fully understood. The transgenization of equine adult cutaneous fibroblast cells (ACFCs) was accomplished by nucleofection, followed by detection of molecular modifications using high-throughput NGS transcriptome sequencing. The results of the present study confirm that BPV-E4- and BPV-E1^E4-mediated nucleofection strategy significantly affected the transcriptomic alterations, leading to sarcoid-like neoplastic transformation of equine ACFCs. Furthermore, the results of the current investigation might contribute to the creation of in vitro biomedical models suitable for estimating the fates of molecular dedifferentiability and the epigenomic reprogrammability of BPV-E4 and BPV-E4^E1 transgenic equine ACFC-derived sarcoid-like cell nuclei in equine somatic cell-cloned embryos. Additionally, these in vitro models seem to be reliable for thoroughly recognizing molecular mechanisms that underlie not only oncogenic alterations in transcriptomic signatures, but also the etiopathogenesis of epidermal and dermal sarcoid-dependent neoplastic transformations in horses and other equids. For those reasons, the aforementioned transgenic models might be useful for devising clinical treatments in horses afflicted with sarcoid-related neoplasia of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues.
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de Alcântara BK, Lunardi M, Agnol AMD, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Detection and Quantification of the E6 Oncogene in Bovine Papillomavirus Types 2 and 13 From Urinary Bladder Lesions of Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:673189. [PMID: 34055956 PMCID: PMC8160092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.673189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus types 2 and 13 can induce tumors in both the cutaneous and mucosal epithelia of cattle. These viral types are associated with the development of benign cutaneous papillomas and malignant lesions in the urinary bladders of cattle, with the latter being known as bovine enzootic hematuria. Among the viral oncoproteins encoded by Deltapapillomavirus DNA, the E6 oncoprotein has an important role in cell proliferation and might be related to cancer initiation and promotion. The aim of this study was to present a standardized SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR for detection and quantification of the bovine papillomavirus 2 and 13 E6 oncogenes in urinary bladder samples from cattle. Twenty-four urinary bladders from cattle displaying tumors (n = 12) and normal bladder mucosa (n = 12) were tested by quantitative PCR. Of the 12 urinary bladders with tumors, six presented bovine papillomavirus 2 DNA concentrations ranging from 1.05 × 104 to 9.53 × 103 copies/μL, while two had bovine papillomavirus 13 DNA amplified at concentrations of 1.30 × 104 to 1.23 × 104 copies/μL. The healthy bladder mucosa samples were negative for both bovine papillomaviruses. Once the results were confirmed by conventional PCR and direct sequencing, the quantitative PCR assay developed in this study was shown to be a sensitive and specific tool for detecting and quantifying the E6 ORF of bovine papillomavirus 2 and 13 in a variety of clinical samples. Our findings of identification of bovine papillomavirus 2 and 13 DNA in urothelial tumors from cattle suffering from bovine enzootic hematuria agree with data from previous studies, representing the first detection of bovine papillomavirus 13 DNA in malignant bladder lesions of cattle from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Kussumoto de Alcântara
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Michele Lunardi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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4
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Roperto S, Cutarelli A, Corrado F, De Falco F, Buonavoglia C. Detection and quantification of bovine papillomavirus DNA by digital droplet PCR in sheep blood. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10292. [PMID: 33986444 PMCID: PMC8119674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) were detected and quantified for the first time using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) by liquid biopsy in 103 clinically healthy sheep. Overall, ddPCR detected BPVs in 68 blood samples (66%). BPV infection by a single genotype was revealed in 61.8% of the blood samples, and BPV coinfection by double, triple or quadruple genotypes was observed in 38.2% of liquid biopsies. The BPV-2 genotype was most frequently seen in sheep, whereas BPV-1 was the least common. Furthermore, ddPCR was very useful for detection and quantification; the BPV-14 genotype was observed for the first time in ovine species, displaying the highest prevalence in some geographical areas (Apulia). In 42 of the positive samples (61.8%), a single BPV infection was observed, 26 of which were caused by BPV-2 (61.9%) and 7 by BPV-13 (16.7%). BPV-14 was responsible for 7 single infections (16.7%) and BPV-1 for 2 single infections (4.7%). Multiple BPV coinfections were observed in the remaining 26 positive samples (38.2%), with dual BPV-2/BPV-13 infection being the most prevalent (84.6%). BPV infection by triple and quadruple genotypes was also observed in 11.5% and 3.8% of cases, respectively. The present study showed that ddPCR, a biotechnological refinement of conventional PCR, is by far the most sensitive and accurate assay for BPV detection compared to conventional qPCR. Therefore, ddPCR displayed an essential diagnostic and epidemiological value very useful for the identification of otherwise undetectable BPV genotypes as well as their geographical distributions and suggesting that animal husbandry practices contribute to cross-species transmission of BPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Veterinaria, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via della Salute 2, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Corrado
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via della Salute 2, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Veterinaria, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italia
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5
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De Falco F, Corrado F, Cutarelli A, Leonardi L, Roperto S. Digital droplet PCR for the detection and quantification of circulating bovine Deltapapillomavirus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1345-1352. [PMID: 33350088 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was used to quantify circulating bovine papillomavirus (BPV; genus: Deltapapillomavirus) DNA levels in blood samples from 25 clinically normal cows and 15 cows with chronic enzootic haematuria due to papillomavirus-associated bladder tumours. ddPCR detected BPV DNA in 95% of all the samples (i.e. in 24 of the clinically normal cows and 14 of the diseased animals), whereas quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) detected it in only 57.5% of the same blood samples, with percentage differences between ddPCR and qPCR being statistically significant (p-value ≤ .05), according to chi-squared test. Furthermore, ddPCR detected BPV infections by a single genotype and by multiple genotypes in 37% and 63% of the cows, whereas qPCR detected these in 16% and 16%. Of the two assays, ddPCR was the more sensitive and accurate clinical diagnostic tool, allowing the detection of otherwise undetectable BPV genotypes, and consequently, a higher number of BPV co-infections. qPCR failed to detect many BPV co-infections by multiple genotypes. Therefore, ddPCR may be an essential tool for improving diagnostic procedures, allowing the identification of the genotypic distribution of BPV and a better understanding about the territorial divergence, if any, of the BPV prevalence in different areas. No significant differences in the blood viral load estimations were observed between the two animal groups, suggesting that the bloodstream could be a site of primary infection. Finally, as BPV DNA was detected in cows affected by non-invasive urothelial tumours, including papilloma and papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential, the circulating BPVs appeared to be independent of the status of urothelial neoplasms. Therefore, unlike in humans, circulating BPVs cannot be an actual prognostic marker of urothelial tumours in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Federica Corrado
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, Italia
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, Italia
| | - Leonardo Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
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6
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Podstawski P, Witarski W, Szmatoła T, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Ropka-Molik K. Mobility and Invasion Related Gene Expression Patterns in Equine Sarcoid. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050880. [PMID: 32438542 PMCID: PMC7278424 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current studies profiled the expression of five equine sarcoid cell genes related to cell mobility and invasion (cell cycle control binding protein alpha, coronin 1b, metalloproteinase 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 and vimentin) and compared the expression of these genes in healthy skin fibroblasts. Cells were collected from healthy and sarcoid-affected skin biopsies obtained by a qualified veterinarian. Gene expression patterns were investigated under two different conditions of cell culture, with high and low availability of nutritional components in the culture medium. The results showed significant differences in the expression of the two analyzed genes (coronin 1b and vimentin) depending on culture conditions. The obtained results emphasize the complexity of the genomic background of sarcoids and indicate the importance of further research on genes related to the physiological changes that occur in sarcoids. Abstract Sarcoids are the most common skin neoplasm in the Equidae family. Sarcoids are benign, but may cause severe damage in affected animals. Due to the high risk of post-treatment recurrence and the lack of an effective method of treatment, it is reasonable to perform studies on the molecular aspects of this neoplasm. Therefore, the present studies analyzed five genes (cell cycle control binding protein alpha, coronin 1b, metalloproteinase 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 and vimentin) related to cell mobility and invasion traits. Primary healthy fibroblasts and sarcoid cells were obtained from skin biopsies. Cell lines were cultured in two different medium types with different concentrations of foetal bovine serum (10% and 0.5% FBS) to study its influence on the analyzed genes. Gene expression was measured using the real-time PCR method. The results showed significant differences in two genes (coronin and vimentin) depending on culture conditions. In conclusion, the results enabled finding two new genes, related to cell motility and invasion traits, in which gene expression is deregulated. Results of the study may put new knowledge into the complexity of the genetic background of this disease and show the importance of further analysis on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Podstawski
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Genomics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (W.W.); (T.S.); (K.R.-M.)
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Wojciech Witarski
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Genomics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (W.W.); (T.S.); (K.R.-M.)
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Genomics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (W.W.); (T.S.); (K.R.-M.)
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Genomics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (W.W.); (T.S.); (K.R.-M.)
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Tsuzuki M, Wei Z, Kok MK, Ishiyama D, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Dong J, Shimakura H, Haga T. Identification of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 from bovine anogenital fibropapillomas. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1000-1005. [PMID: 31155549 PMCID: PMC6656810 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from the aspect of
anogenital neoplasm is still on a learning curve. In the present study, two vulval and one anal warts, histologically diagnosed as fibropapillomas, excised from dairy cattle were analyzed.
PCR and sequencing revealed that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2 were detected from anal and vulval fibropapillomas, respectively. Immunohistochemistry detected PV antigen in
a few differentiated keratinocytes of one vulval case. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected the early region, but not the late region of BPV mRNA in all three cases. The present study will
provide new insight into the relationship between BPV and anogenital papilloma in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masano Tsuzuki
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Zhu Wei
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, 88, Shenglidong Street, Weifang 261061, China.,The Co-constructing State Key Laboratory of Three Rivers Sources Ecology and Plateau Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, 25 Ningda Road, Xining 810016, China
| | - Mun Keong Kok
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Dai Ishiyama
- Yachiyo Branch Office, Western Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federated Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 2-5-12 Midorigaoka, Yachiyo-shi, Chiba 276-0049, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jianbao Dong
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, 88, Shenglidong Street, Weifang 261061, China.,The Co-constructing State Key Laboratory of Three Rivers Sources Ecology and Plateau Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, 25 Ningda Road, Xining 810016, China
| | - Hidekatsu Shimakura
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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8
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Araldi RP, Sant’Ana TA, Módolo DG, de Melo TC, Spadacci-Morena DD, de Cassia Stocco R, Cerutti JM, de Souza EB. The human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer biology: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1537-1556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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9
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Semik E, Gurgul A, Ząbek T, Ropka-Molik K, Koch C, Mählmann K, Bugno-Poniewierska M. Transcriptome analysis of equine sarcoids. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1370-1381. [PMID: 27779365 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are the most commonly detected skin tumours in Equidae. In the present research, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed which aimed at looking inside a tumour biology and identification of the expression profile as a potential source of cancer specific genes useful as biomarkers. We have used Horse Gene Expression Microarray data from matched equine sarcoids and tumour-distant skin samples. In total, 901 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between lesional and healthy skin samples have been identified (fold change ≥ 2; P < 0.05). The large subset of DEGs, with decreased expression, was associated with a suppression of malignant transformation, whereas several overexpressed genes were involved in the processes associated with growth and progression of a tumour or immune system activity. Our results, as a first to date, showed comprehensive transcriptome analysis of skin tumour in horses and pinpointed significant pathways and genes related with oncogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Semik
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - A Gurgul
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - T Ząbek
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - K Ropka-Molik
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - C Koch
- ISME - Equine Clinic Bern, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Mählmann
- Equine Clinic, General Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
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11
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Gaynor AM, Zhu KW, Dela Cruz FN, Affolter VK, Pesavento PA. Localization of Bovine Papillomavirus Nucleic Acid in Equine Sarcoids. Vet Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26215759 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815594852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV1/BPV2) have long been associated with equine sarcoids; deciphering their contribution has been difficult due to their ubiquitous presence on skin and in the environment, as well as the lack of decent techniques to interrogate their role in pathogenesis. We have developed and characterized an in situ hybridization (ISH) assay that uses a pool of probes complementary to portions of the E5, E6, and E7 genes. This assay is highly sensitive for direct visualization of viral transcript and nucleic acid in routinely processed histopathologic samples. We demonstrate here the visualization of BPV nucleic acid in 18 of 18 equine sarcoids, whereas no detectable viral DNA was present in 15 of 15 nonsarcoid controls by this technique. In nearly 90% (16/18) of the sarcoids, 50% or more of the fibroblastic cell nuclei distributed throughout the neoplasm had detectable hybridization. In the remaining 2 cases, fewer than half of the fibroblastic cells contained detectable hybridization, but viral nucleic acid was also detected in epithelial cells of the sebaceous glands, hair follicles and epidermis. A sensitive ISH assay is an indispensable addition to the molecular methods used to detect viral nucleic acid in tissue. We have used this technique to determine the specific cellular localization and distribution of BPV in a subset of equine sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gaynor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K W Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - F N Dela Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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Cota JB, Peleteiro MC, Petti L, Tavares L, Duarte A. Detection and quantification of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in urinary bladders and lymph nodes in cases of Bovine Enzootic Hematuria from the endemic region of Azores. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:138-43. [PMID: 26003566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Enzootic Hematuria (BEH) is a disease with a severe impact on production indexes and characterized by the development of bovine urinary bladder tumors, particularly in the Azores archipelago. The purpose of this study was to investigate and quantify BPV2 tissue distribution in bovine urinary bladder tumors, normal bladders, and iliac lymph nodes of cattle from the Azores. A real-time PCR system targeting the L1 gene was developed and allowed for the specific detection of the virus. BPV2 DNA was detected in a large proportion of the samples tested, both from neoplastic and healthy tissues, indicating that this virus is very prevalent in the bovine population of the Azores. Moreover, all types of tissues tested were positive, confirming a wide viral distribution within the infected animal. Bovine cutaneous papillomas sampled from Portuguese mainland dairy cattle were used as controls. Viral load ranged between 2.2×10(4) copies/cell in the skin papillomas, and 0.0002 copies/cell in the urinary bladders tumors from the Azores. This is the first report presenting quantitative data on BPV2 infection in bovine urinary bladder lesions from the Azores. This approach will provide a useful tool to evaluate the role of BPV2 not only in the pathogenesis BEH but also in cell transformation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B Cota
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maria C Peleteiro
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lisa Petti
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Luís Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Duarte
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Trewby H, Ayele G, Borzacchiello G, Brandt S, Campo MS, Del Fava C, Marais J, Leonardi L, Vanselow B, Biek R, Nasir L. Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2748-2756. [PMID: 25185436 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving DNA viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. However, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of cross-species transmission of a papillomavirus. Here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1 in equine sarcoids to our knowledge, allowing us to explore the evolutionary history of BPV-1 and investigate its cross-species association with equids. A phylogenetic analysis of the BPV-1 transcriptional promoter region (the long control region or LCR) was conducted on 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents. Incorporating previous estimates for evolutionary rates in papillomavirus implied that the genetic diversity in the LCR variants was ancient and predated domestication of both equids and cattle. The phylogeny demonstrated geographical segregation into an ancestral group (African, South American and Australian samples), and a more recently derived, largely European clade. Whilst our data are consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, we found evidence of multiple, probably relatively recent, cross-species transmission events into horses. We also demonstrated the high prevalence of one particular sequence variant (variant 20), and suggest this may indicate that this variant shows a fitness advantage in equids. Although strong host specificity remains the norm in papillomaviruses, our results demonstrate that exceptions to this rule exist and can become epidemiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Trewby
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gizachew Ayele
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Oncology Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Saveria Campo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Leonardo Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vanselow
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, UNE, Armidale, NSW, Australia University of New England, Australia
| | - Roman Biek
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lubna Nasir
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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14
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Gaynor AM, Fish S, Duerr RS, Cruz FND, Pesavento PA. Identification of a novel papillomavirus in a Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) with viral production in cartilage. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:553-61. [PMID: 25034110 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814542812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of a novel papillomavirus, Fulmarus glacialis papillomavirus 1 (FgPV1), present within an interdigital foot mass of a Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). The mass of interest was composed of normal stratified and keratinized epithelium and dense mesenchymal cells with central cartilaginous islands. Within the nuclei of many chondrocytes were loose aggregates or paracrystalline arrays of virions approximately 50 nm in size. Degenerate polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the virus as a putative papillomavirus, and the entire viral genome of 8132 base pairs was subsequently amplified and sequenced. Analysis revealed canonical papillomavirus architecture, including the early open reading frames E6, E7, E1, and E2 and the 2 late proteins L1 and L2. FgPV1 is most closely related to a cluster of avian and reptilian papillomaviruses as visualized by phylogenetic trees. This observation suggests that papillomavirus virion production can occur in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gaynor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Fish
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R S Duerr
- International Bird Rescue, San Francisco Bay Center, Fairfield, CA, USA
| | - F N Dela Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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16
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Papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Equine sarcoids are locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasms considered to be the most common skin tumors of horses worldwide. Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 have typically been associated with sarcoids in equids. Investigations aiming to identify papillomavirus strains, aside from bovine papillomaviruses 1 and 2, which might be associated with sarcoid lesions, have been lacking. The aim of this article is to report the identification of a third bovine papillomavirus type, bovine papillomavirus 13, associated with equine sarcoids. Six sarcoid lesions were collected from diverse anatomical sites on two horses from southern Brazil. To detect a broad spectrum of papillomavirus strains, eight degenerate primer pairs designed to detect conserved regions on the L1 and E1 genes were tested on the DNA samples. Direct sequencing was then performed on the obtained amplicons, and sequence identities were compared with sequences from all bovine papillomavirus types. The FAP59/FAP64, MY09/MY11, and AR-E1F2/AR-E1R4 sequences generated from the sarcoids were shown to present 99 to 100% identity with bovine papillomavirus 13, a new bovine papillomavirus type previously described in cattle. The results from this study suggest that there is a need to identify bovine papillomavirus type 13 and other papillomavirus strains that might be associated with sarcoids in diverse geographical areas; such investigations might establish the frequency of occurrence of this viral type in these common tumors of equids.
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18
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Foster AP, Barlow AM, Nasir L, Wilson CD, Everest DJ, Erdelyi K, Finnegan CJ, Schock A. Fibromatous lesions of antler velvet and haired skin in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus
). Vet Rec 2013; 172:452. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Foster
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)-Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD UK
| | - A. M. Barlow
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Langford; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DX UK
| | - L. Nasir
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; Institute of Infection; Immunity and Inflammation; Affiliated to the School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - C. D. Wilson
- Donview Veterinary Centre; Burghmuir Place, Blackhall Industrial Estate, Inverurie Aberdeenshire AB51 4FW UK
| | - D. J. Everest
- Mammalian Virus Investigation Unit; Department of Virology; AHVLA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - K. Erdelyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office; Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; 1149 Budapest Tabornok Hungary
| | - C. J. Finnegan
- Mammalian Virus Investigation Unit; Department of Virology; AHVLA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - A. Schock
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Lasswade; Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan Penicuik EH26 OPZ UK
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19
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Yuan Z, Gault EA, Campo MS, Nasir L. Upregulation of equine matrix metalloproteinase 1 by bovine papillomavirus type 1 is through the transcription factor activator protein-1. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2608-2619. [PMID: 21775582 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids represent the most common skin tumours in equids worldwide, characterized by extensive invasion and infiltration of lymphatics, rare regression and high recurrence after surgical intervention. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) activity is necessary for the transformation phenotype of equine fibroblasts. Among the many changes induced by BPV-1, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) upregulation contributes to the invasiveness of equine fibroblasts. However, it is not yet known how BPV-1 proteins regulate equine MMP-1 expression. To elucidate this mechanism, the equine MMP-1 promoter was cloned and analysed. A putative activator protein-1 (AP-1)-binding site was demonstrated to be crucial for upregulated MMP-1 promoter activity by BPV-1. BPV-1 E6 and E7 proteins increased MMP-1 promoter activity, and inhibition of BPV-1 gene expression by small interfering RNA significantly reduced the promoter activity. c-Jun and Fra-1, two components of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, were overexpressed and activated by BPV-1 in equine fibroblasts. Finally, BPV-1 E5, E6 and E7 proteins increased MMP-1 mRNA and protein expression. In conclusion, the expression of MMP-1 can be enhanced by BPV-1 oncoproteins E6 and E7 through the AP-1 transcription factor and by E5 via an indirect mechanism. These findings shed light on the mechanism of BPV-1-mediated equine fibroblast infiltration and indicate that both BPV-1 oncoproteins and AP-1 could be potential targets for equine sarcoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Gault
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M Saveria Campo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lubna Nasir
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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20
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BRANDT S, SCHOSTER A, TOBER R, KAINZBAUER C, BURGSTALLER JP, HARALAMBUS R, STEINBORN R, HINTERHOFER C, STANEK C. Consistent detection of bovine papillomavirus in lesions, intact skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of horses affected by hoof canker. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:202-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Yuan Z, Gault EA, Campo MS, Nasir L. Different contribution of bovine papillomavirus type 1 oncoproteins to the transformation of equine fibroblasts. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:773-83. [PMID: 21177927 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids represent the most common skin tumours in equids worldwide, characterized by localized invasion, rare regression and high recurrence following surgical intervention. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and less commonly BPV-2 are now widely recognized as the causative agents of the disease. Fibroblasts isolated from sarcoids are highly invasive. Invasion is associated with a high level of viral gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase upregulation. However, it remains unclear to what extent BPV-1 proteins are involved in the transformation of equine cells. To address this question, the individual viral genes E5, E6 and E7 were overexpressed in normal equine fibroblasts (EqPalF cells) and in the immortal but not fully transformed sarcoid-derived EqS02a cell line. The proliferation and invasiveness of these cell lines were assessed. E5 and E6 were found to be responsible for the enhanced cell proliferation and induction of increased invasion in EqS02a cells, whilst E7 appeared to enhance cell anchorage independence. Knockdown of BPV-1 oncogene expression by small interfering RNA reversed the transformed phenotype of sarcoid fibroblasts. Together, these observations strongly suggest that BPV-1 proteins play indispensable roles in the transformation of equine fibroblasts. These data also suggest that BPV-1 proteins are potential drug targets for equine sarcoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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22
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Bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 and E7 proteins down-regulate Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in equine fibroblasts. Virus Res 2010; 149:124-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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Association of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) and urinary bladder tumours in cattle from the Azores archipelago. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:526-9. [PMID: 20189209 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Urinary bladder tumours in cattle are caused by chronic ingestion of bracken fern and BPV-1/2 infection. The objective of the present study was to assess if BPV-2 was present in urinary bladder lesions from cattle with chronic enzootic haematuria (CEH) from the Azores archipelago (Portugal), in order to gain further information regarding the epidemiologic distribution of this virus. Samples were analysed using PCR specific primers for BPV-2 DNA and an immunohistochemistry for BPV E5 oncoprotein detection. We found a 28% incidence rate of BPV-2 DNA in different types of tumours and cystitis cases (13 out of 46 samples). Tested positive samples for PCR were also positive for the viral E5 oncoprotein; protein immunolabeling was mainly detected within the cytoplasm of urothelial cells, displaying a juxtanuclear distribution. This is the first report of BPV-2 detection in urinary bladder tumours associated with CEH in cattle from the Azores archipelago.
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24
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Marchetti B, Gault EA, Cortese MS, Yuan Z, Ellis SA, Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 oncoprotein E5 inhibits equine MHC class I and interacts with equine MHC I heavy chain. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2865-2870. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 is one of the aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. The viral major oncoprotein E5 is expressed in virtually all sarcoids, sarcoid cell lines and in vitro-transformed equine fibroblasts. To ascertain whether E5 behaves in equine cells as it does in bovine cells, we introduced the E5 open reading frame into fetal equine fibroblasts (EqPalF). As observed in primary bovine fibroblasts (BoPalF), E5 by itself could not immortalize EqPalF and an immortalizing gene, such as human telomerase (hTERT/hT), was required for the cells to survive selection. The EqPalF-hT-1E5 cells were morphologically transformed, elongated with many pseudopodia and capable of forming foci. Equine major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) was inhibited in these cells at least at two levels: transcription of MHC I heavy chain was inhibited and the MHC I complex was retained in the Golgi apparatus and prevented from reaching the cell surface. We conclude that, as in bovine cells and tumours, E5 is a player in the transformation of equine cells and the induction of sarcoids, and a potential major cause of MHC I downregulation and hence poor immune clearance of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Marchetti
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Elisabeth A. Gault
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Marc S. Cortese
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - ZhengQiang Yuan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Lubna Nasir
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - M. Saveria Campo
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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25
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The detection of Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 DNA in flies. Virus Res 2009; 144:315-7. [PMID: 19409942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BPVs are double stranded DNA viruses that can infect several species other than the natural host, cattle, including equids. In equids, BPV-1, and, less commonly BPV-2, infection gives rise to fibroblastic tumours of the skin. Whilst a causal relationship between BPV-1/2 and equine sarcoids is now well established, how the disease is transmitted is not known. In this study we show BPV-1 DNA can be detected in flies trapped in the proximity of sarcoid-affected animals. Sequence analysis of the BPV-1 LCR from flies indicates that flies harbour BPV-1 LCR sequence variants II and IV which are commonly detected in equine sarcoids. These data suggest that flies may be able to transmit BPV-1 between equids.
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26
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Transcriptional changes induced by bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine fibroblasts. J Virol 2008; 82:6481-91. [PMID: 18434409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00429-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and, less commonly, BPV-2 are associated with the pathogenesis of common equine skin tumors termed sarcoids. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms by which BPV-1 induces sarcoids, we used gene expression profiling as a screening tool to identify candidate genes implicated in disease pathogenesis. Gene expression profiles of equine fibroblasts transformed by BPV-1 experimentally or from explanted tumors were compared with those of control equine fibroblasts to identify genes associated with expression of BPV-1. Analysis of the microarray data identified 81 probe sets that were significantly (P < 0.01) differentially expressed between the BPV-1-transformed and control cell lines. Expression of several deregulated genes, including MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, NKG7, TLR4, and the gene encoding the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) protein, was confirmed using other BPV-1-transformed cell lines. Furthermore, expression of these genes was examined using a panel of 10 sarcoids. Increased expression of MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, and NKG7 was detected in a subset of tumors, and TLR4 and MHC I showed robust down-regulation in all tumors. Deregulated expression was confirmed at the protein level for MMP-1 and MHC-I. The present report identifies genes modulated by BPV-1 transformation and will help identify the molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis.
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27
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Brandt S, Haralambus R, Shafti-Keramat S, Steinborn R, Stanek C, Kirnbauer R. A subset of equine sarcoids harbours BPV-1 DNA in a complex with L1 major capsid protein. Virology 2008; 375:433-41. [PMID: 18395238 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (BPV-1, BPV-2) are accepted causal factors in equine sarcoid pathogenesis. Whereas viral genomes are consistently found and expressed within lesions, intact virions have never been detected, thus permissiveness of sarcoids for BPV-1 replication remains unclear. To reassess this issue, an immunocapture PCR (IC/PCR) was established using L1-specific antibodies to capture L1-DNA complexes followed by amplification of the viral genome. Following validation of the assay, 13 sarcoid-bearing horses were evaluated by IC/PCR. Samples were derived from 21 tumours, 4 perilesional/intact skin biopsies, and 1 serum. Tissue extracts from sarcoid-free equines served as controls. IC/PCR scored positive in 14/24 (58.3%) specimens obtained from sarcoid-patients, but negative for controls. Quantitative IC/PCR demonstrated <125 immunoprecipitable viral genomes/50 microl extract for the majority of specimens. Moreover, full-length BPV-1 genomes were detected in a complex with L1 proteins. These complexes may correspond to virion precursors or intact virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brandt
- Equine Biotechnology Unit (EBU), Equine Centre, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Yuan ZQ, Gault EA, Gobeil P, Nixon C, Campo MS, Nasir L. Establishment and characterization of equine fibroblast cell lines transformed in vivo and in vitro by BPV-1: model systems for equine sarcoids. Virology 2008; 373:352-61. [PMID: 18191170 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely recognized that BPV-1 and less commonly BPV-2 are the causative agents of equine sarcoids. Here we present the generation of equine cell lines harboring BPV-1 genomes and expressing viral genes. These lines have been either explanted from sarcoid biopsies or generated in vitro by transfection of primary fibroblasts with BPV-1 DNA. Previously detected BPV-1 genome variations in equine sarcoids are also found in sarcoid cell lines, and only variant BPV-1 genomes can transform equine cells. These equine cell lines are morphologically transformed, proliferate faster than parental cells, have an extended life span and can grow independently of substrate. These characteristics are more marked the higher the level of viral E5, E6 and E7 gene expression. These findings confirm that the virus has an active role in the induction of sarcoids and the lines will be invaluable for further studies on the role of BPV-1 in sarcoid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Yuan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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29
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Ashrafi GH, Piuko K, Burden F, Yuan Z, Gault EA, Müller M, Trawford A, Reid SWJ, Nasir L, Campo MS. Vaccination of sarcoid-bearing donkeys with chimeric virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 1. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:148-157. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are fibroblastic skin tumours affecting equids worldwide. While the pathogenesis is not entirely understood, infection with bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 (and less commonly type 2) has been implicated as a major factor in the disease process. Sarcoids very seldom regress and in fact often recrudesce following therapy. Nothing is known about the immune response of the equine host to BPV. Given that the viral genes are expressed in sarcoids, it is reasonable to assume that vaccination of animals against the expressed viral proteins would lead to the induction of an immune response against the antigens and possible tumour rejection. To this end we vaccinated sarcoid-bearing donkeys in a placebo-controlled trial using chimeric virus-like particles (CVLPs) comprising BPV-1 L1 and E7 proteins. The results show a tendency towards enhanced tumour regression and reduced progression in the vaccinated group compared to control animals. Although promising, further studies are required with larger animal groups to definitely conclude that vaccination with CVLPs is a potential therapy for the induction of sarcoid regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. H. Ashrafi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - K. Piuko
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F. Burden
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Department, Salcombe Regis, Sidmouth, UK
| | - Z. Yuan
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - E. A. Gault
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M. Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Trawford
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Department, Salcombe Regis, Sidmouth, UK
| | - S. W. J. Reid
- Comparative Epidemiology and Informatics, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - L. Nasir
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M. S. Campo
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Knottenbelt DC. Cancer--blame it all on viruses! Bladder tumours in cattle and sarcoids in horses may help us understand the relationship between some cancers and viruses. Vet J 2007; 174:456-9. [PMID: 17344078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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